三峡水库蓄水初期鱼类中重金属污染研究
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摘要
三峡库区的水生态环境问题引人瞩目。三峡水库地处长江中上游山地与下游平原区过渡的关键生态节点上,库区水生态环境的演化发育状况,不仅关系到库区水生态安全,也关系到下游广大沿江地区及河口的生态环境健康。同时,三峡水库库容巨大,是我国最重要的淡水资源储库,关系到我国供水安全。
三峡库区潜在的重金属生态风险一直以来都是受到高度关注的热点问题。由于长江中上游流域处于我国主要的重金属成矿带(如,库区毗邻武陵汞矿成矿亚区),三峡库区位于重金属高背景值区域。此外,国内外最新的研究证据表明,水库蓄水后,水文水动力从天然河流的“动水”状态转化为人工湖泊的“静水”状态,湖沼作用可能加强水环境中重金属(如汞)的活化,水库生态系统有可能成为有利于重金属在鱼类中累积放大的“热点”,蓄水运行后可能出现库区鱼类肌体中重金属含量显著增加的“水库效应”。
针对三峡水库蓄水后可能存在的重金属生态风险问题,本研究首次系统调查了蓄水后库区鱼类食物链(关键种)中重金属(汞Hg、铬Cr、镉Cd、铅Pb、砷As、铜Cu、锌Zn和镍Ni)的含量水平,初步分析了库区内鱼体中重金属的水平现状及影响因素、不同鱼种间的差异以及空间分布特征,从总体上掌握了蓄水以来三峡库区鱼类中重金属污染特征。根据水库水体类型分区状况,在库区中挑选有代表性的典型水域,利用稳定同位素技术对鱼类食物网特征进行了分析,探索了重金属在水生食物网上的迁移转化和富集放大规律及库区鱼类中重金属水平分布,分析其变化趋势及潜在风险。最后,再对库区居民食用鱼类的健康风险进行了评价。
本论文针对三峡水库蓄水运行近10年后库区鱼类中重金属含量及生态风险进行了系统研究,其研究成果如下：
1.2011-2012年对库区12种常见鱼类研究表明,三峡水库自2003年蓄水运用以来,鱼体中重金属含量与蓄水之前相比没有显著升高,鱼体中Hg、 Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn、As和Cd的平均浓度分别为0.56mg/kg,0.28mg/kg,0.23mg/kg,0.19mg/kg,0.60mg/kg,6.1mg/kg,0.46mg/kg和5.6μg/kg,总绝对浓度水平变化看,三峡水库的重金属“水库效应”并不十分显著。
2.库区鱼体中重金属含量表现出较明显的空间异质性特征,这可能与蓄水引起的鱼类栖息地环境特征变化有较大关系。在干流中Zg、Zn、Pb和Cr等重金属在鱼体中的浓度表现出从上游的库尾向下游的库中递减的趋势,库区泥沙沉积作用沿程加强的“净化作用”一定程度降低了三峡库区重金属的暴露风险。在库区典型支流(大宁河)的回水区和河口分别采集的11种鱼类中,中上层鱼类体内重金属含量无明显区别,但支流回水区的底层鱼类体内Ni、Cu、Zn、As含量显著高于采自支流河口的底层鱼类含量。
3.采用稳定同位素分析技术对库区鱼类食物链结构进行了细致分析,结果表明,库区干、支流间鱼类δ13C和δ15N差异显著,支流中鱼体的813C和δ15N明显低于干流,同种鱼类在库区干流、支流的摄食途径可能有较大差异。以大宁河为典型支流的调查结果进一步证实,支流回水区(如大昌断面)与毗邻长江干流河口水域(如巫山断面)鱼类的食物来源迥异,大昌断面水域鱼类食物谱可能包括了浮游生物、沉积碎屑和底栖动物等在内的多种食源(鱼体的δ13C范围：-28.8‰～-22.5‰),表现出较为典型湖沼型特点；与之形成鲜明对比的是,巫山断面由于受长江干流库区的影响,鱼类的食物来源比较单一(δ13C范围：-26.2‰～-23.1%o),主要以来自江水中的颗粒有机物为主,表现为典型的河流生态类型。
4.库区不同水域鱼类食物来源的差异可能造成了重金属暴露途径的不同,并导致了重金属在底层鱼类体内与沉积物中分布趋势的差异。库区的干、支流水体中均存在Hg的食物链生物放大现象,但不同水域间的放大效率存在显著差别,其中支流鱼类上汞的放大效率显著高于干流水域。而在典型支流的回水区和河口中,回水区中汞的放大效率高于河口水域。支流回水区和河口的食物网结构存在明显差别,回水区食物网偏向于湖泊型,河口食物网结构偏向于河流型。在回水区食物网中,汞通过浮游食物链传递放大的效率显著高于通过底栖食物链传递的放大效率,但汞在浮游食物链中传递时的初始浓度低于通过底栖食物链传递时的初始浓度。随着水库环境条件的不断变化,鱼体的汞暴露存在一定的潜在风险。
5.三峡库区16种鱼类中重金属含量与氮稳定同位素815N回归分析结果显示,鱼体中的Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd、As和Hg浓度随营养等级的升高而增加,Ni和Cu则表现出随营养等级的升高而降低的趋势,但其浓度与δ15N的相关性均不显著。所有重金属中只有Hg与δ15N呈显著正相关(p<0.05),表现出明显的生物放大现象,但放大效率明显低于国内外一些水库水域的报道。
6.库区鱼类中重金属健康风险评价表明,食用库区鱼类所摄入的Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、 Pb、Cd和As的目标危害系数(Target hazard quotients, THQ)均小于1,库区居民每周通过鱼类摄入各种重金属的量远低于暂定每周允许摄入量,目前食用库区鱼类的健康风险较低。
Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is located in the lower section of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, China. It is a giant canyon-shape reservoir with great depth, and an important aquatic ecosystem to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Due to its large scale, the environmental effect of TGR raises great social concern. Reservoir has been believed as sensitive ecosystem to heavy metal pollution. The "Reservoir Effect" after impoundment can increase methylmercury production in the base of food web and lead to substantial increase in the predator fish, posing a risk to humans. Even before its construction, there were predictions of sharply increased heavy metal levels, e.g. mercury, in fish bodies from TGR after impoundment.
This study tried to investigate the heavy metal concentrations in fish and its biomagnification characters along food chains in TGR after175m impoundment. Eleven specie of fish were collected from the main stem and tributaries of TGR, and the contents of mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in muscle tissue of all fish samples were determined. The levels, spatial distributions and factors of heavy metals in fish from TGR were analyzed based on these data. More over, typical areas were selected to make intensive study, food sources and nutrition levels of the samples were evaluated by using stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N). The characteristic of heavy metal transfer and biomagnification along food chain were investigated. And the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) was used to assess the potential health risks to local citizens. Result shows:
1. The average concentrations of Hg、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn、As and Cd in twelve fish species were0.56,0.28,0.23,0.19,0.60,6.1,0.46mg/kg and5.6μg/kg. All heavy metals concentrations in carps were lower than the tolerance limits in the related national standards. Significant positive correlations between Hg、Pb and fish sizes were observed. Heavy metal concentrations of fish related with its feeding type and habitats.
2. There was no significant difference between concentrations in fish from main stem and tributary. However, due to strengthening sedimentation along reservoir flow, an obvious decreasing trend of these heavy metals in carp was observed from upstream to middle area of TGR in main stem. In typical tributary, there was no significant difference between the heavy metal concentrations in fishes from backwater and river mouth. But the heavy metal contents in demersal fishes from backwater were significantly higher than those in corresponding species from river mouth.
3. Stable isotope results indicate that the food sources of fishes in stem and tributary of TGR could be different:fishes in tributary rely more on pelagic primary production while those in main stem tend to take allochthonous materials carried by runoff. In typical tributary, fishes in backwater have a wide range of food sources including phytoplankton, detritus and insect larvae in sediment, while fishes in river mouth mainly rely on suspended particle organic matter in water. Compared with other fishes, the demersal fishes in backwater water area have more contact with sediment, and this may be an important reason for its higher heavy metal levels.
4. The log concentrations of Hg、Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd and As in fish increases through815N increments in TGR, while the log concentrations of Ni and Cu decrease through815N increments. Significant positive correlations in the regressions of log metal content of the biota versus815N was obtained for mercury, indicating that an overall biomagnification of Hg. However, the increase of Hg concentration per trophic level was lower than in previous studies.
5. While Log-transformed mercury contents were consistently correlated with δ15N yalues for the fish food web in TGR, the regression slope was significant higher in tributary than that in main stem. This indicates that biomagnification power of mercury is greater in tributary than in main stem of TGR. In typical tributary, the biomagnification power was greater for pelagic species compared with the benthic species, but higher concentration of Hg was found in the base of benthic food chains (intercept) compared with the pelagic food chain.
6. The target hazard quotients (THQ) of Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd and As was less than1, and the estimated weekly intake (EWI) was far below the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), which indicates the risks for the general population consumption is low in TGR.
三峡库区潜在的重金属生态风险一直以来都是受到高度关注的热点问题。由于长江中上游流域处于我国主要的重金属成矿带(如,库区毗邻武陵汞矿成矿亚区),三峡库区位于重金属高背景值区域。此外,国内外最新的研究证据表明,水库蓄水后,水文水动力从天然河流的“动水”状态转化为人工湖泊的“静水”状态,湖沼作用可能加强水环境中重金属(如汞)的活化,水库生态系统有可能成为有利于重金属在鱼类中累积放大的“热点”,蓄水运行后可能出现库区鱼类肌体中重金属含量显著增加的“水库效应”。
针对三峡水库蓄水后可能存在的重金属生态风险问题,本研究首次系统调查了蓄水后库区鱼类食物链(关键种)中重金属(汞Hg、铬Cr、镉Cd、铅Pb、砷As、铜Cu、锌Zn和镍Ni)的含量水平,初步分析了库区内鱼体中重金属的水平现状及影响因素、不同鱼种间的差异以及空间分布特征,从总体上掌握了蓄水以来三峡库区鱼类中重金属污染特征。根据水库水体类型分区状况,在库区中挑选有代表性的典型水域,利用稳定同位素技术对鱼类食物网特征进行了分析,探索了重金属在水生食物网上的迁移转化和富集放大规律及库区鱼类中重金属水平分布,分析其变化趋势及潜在风险。最后,再对库区居民食用鱼类的健康风险进行了评价。
本论文针对三峡水库蓄水运行近10年后库区鱼类中重金属含量及生态风险进行了系统研究,其研究成果如下：
1.2011-2012年对库区12种常见鱼类研究表明,三峡水库自2003年蓄水运用以来,鱼体中重金属含量与蓄水之前相比没有显著升高,鱼体中Hg、 Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn、As和Cd的平均浓度分别为0.56mg/kg,0.28mg/kg,0.23mg/kg,0.19mg/kg,0.60mg/kg,6.1mg/kg,0.46mg/kg和5.6μg/kg,总绝对浓度水平变化看,三峡水库的重金属“水库效应”并不十分显著。
2.库区鱼体中重金属含量表现出较明显的空间异质性特征,这可能与蓄水引起的鱼类栖息地环境特征变化有较大关系。在干流中Zg、Zn、Pb和Cr等重金属在鱼体中的浓度表现出从上游的库尾向下游的库中递减的趋势,库区泥沙沉积作用沿程加强的“净化作用”一定程度降低了三峡库区重金属的暴露风险。在库区典型支流(大宁河)的回水区和河口分别采集的11种鱼类中,中上层鱼类体内重金属含量无明显区别,但支流回水区的底层鱼类体内Ni、Cu、Zn、As含量显著高于采自支流河口的底层鱼类含量。
3.采用稳定同位素分析技术对库区鱼类食物链结构进行了细致分析,结果表明,库区干、支流间鱼类δ13C和δ15N差异显著,支流中鱼体的813C和δ15N明显低于干流,同种鱼类在库区干流、支流的摄食途径可能有较大差异。以大宁河为典型支流的调查结果进一步证实,支流回水区(如大昌断面)与毗邻长江干流河口水域(如巫山断面)鱼类的食物来源迥异,大昌断面水域鱼类食物谱可能包括了浮游生物、沉积碎屑和底栖动物等在内的多种食源(鱼体的δ13C范围：-28.8‰～-22.5‰),表现出较为典型湖沼型特点；与之形成鲜明对比的是,巫山断面由于受长江干流库区的影响,鱼类的食物来源比较单一(δ13C范围：-26.2‰～-23.1%o),主要以来自江水中的颗粒有机物为主,表现为典型的河流生态类型。
4.库区不同水域鱼类食物来源的差异可能造成了重金属暴露途径的不同,并导致了重金属在底层鱼类体内与沉积物中分布趋势的差异。库区的干、支流水体中均存在Hg的食物链生物放大现象,但不同水域间的放大效率存在显著差别,其中支流鱼类上汞的放大效率显著高于干流水域。而在典型支流的回水区和河口中,回水区中汞的放大效率高于河口水域。支流回水区和河口的食物网结构存在明显差别,回水区食物网偏向于湖泊型,河口食物网结构偏向于河流型。在回水区食物网中,汞通过浮游食物链传递放大的效率显著高于通过底栖食物链传递的放大效率,但汞在浮游食物链中传递时的初始浓度低于通过底栖食物链传递时的初始浓度。随着水库环境条件的不断变化,鱼体的汞暴露存在一定的潜在风险。
5.三峡库区16种鱼类中重金属含量与氮稳定同位素815N回归分析结果显示,鱼体中的Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd、As和Hg浓度随营养等级的升高而增加,Ni和Cu则表现出随营养等级的升高而降低的趋势,但其浓度与δ15N的相关性均不显著。所有重金属中只有Hg与δ15N呈显著正相关(p<0.05),表现出明显的生物放大现象,但放大效率明显低于国内外一些水库水域的报道。
6.库区鱼类中重金属健康风险评价表明,食用库区鱼类所摄入的Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、 Pb、Cd和As的目标危害系数(Target hazard quotients, THQ)均小于1,库区居民每周通过鱼类摄入各种重金属的量远低于暂定每周允许摄入量,目前食用库区鱼类的健康风险较低。
Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is located in the lower section of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, China. It is a giant canyon-shape reservoir with great depth, and an important aquatic ecosystem to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Due to its large scale, the environmental effect of TGR raises great social concern. Reservoir has been believed as sensitive ecosystem to heavy metal pollution. The "Reservoir Effect" after impoundment can increase methylmercury production in the base of food web and lead to substantial increase in the predator fish, posing a risk to humans. Even before its construction, there were predictions of sharply increased heavy metal levels, e.g. mercury, in fish bodies from TGR after impoundment.
This study tried to investigate the heavy metal concentrations in fish and its biomagnification characters along food chains in TGR after175m impoundment. Eleven specie of fish were collected from the main stem and tributaries of TGR, and the contents of mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in muscle tissue of all fish samples were determined. The levels, spatial distributions and factors of heavy metals in fish from TGR were analyzed based on these data. More over, typical areas were selected to make intensive study, food sources and nutrition levels of the samples were evaluated by using stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N). The characteristic of heavy metal transfer and biomagnification along food chain were investigated. And the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) was used to assess the potential health risks to local citizens. Result shows:
1. The average concentrations of Hg、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn、As and Cd in twelve fish species were0.56,0.28,0.23,0.19,0.60,6.1,0.46mg/kg and5.6μg/kg. All heavy metals concentrations in carps were lower than the tolerance limits in the related national standards. Significant positive correlations between Hg、Pb and fish sizes were observed. Heavy metal concentrations of fish related with its feeding type and habitats.
2. There was no significant difference between concentrations in fish from main stem and tributary. However, due to strengthening sedimentation along reservoir flow, an obvious decreasing trend of these heavy metals in carp was observed from upstream to middle area of TGR in main stem. In typical tributary, there was no significant difference between the heavy metal concentrations in fishes from backwater and river mouth. But the heavy metal contents in demersal fishes from backwater were significantly higher than those in corresponding species from river mouth.
3. Stable isotope results indicate that the food sources of fishes in stem and tributary of TGR could be different:fishes in tributary rely more on pelagic primary production while those in main stem tend to take allochthonous materials carried by runoff. In typical tributary, fishes in backwater have a wide range of food sources including phytoplankton, detritus and insect larvae in sediment, while fishes in river mouth mainly rely on suspended particle organic matter in water. Compared with other fishes, the demersal fishes in backwater water area have more contact with sediment, and this may be an important reason for its higher heavy metal levels.
4. The log concentrations of Hg、Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd and As in fish increases through815N increments in TGR, while the log concentrations of Ni and Cu decrease through815N increments. Significant positive correlations in the regressions of log metal content of the biota versus815N was obtained for mercury, indicating that an overall biomagnification of Hg. However, the increase of Hg concentration per trophic level was lower than in previous studies.
5. While Log-transformed mercury contents were consistently correlated with δ15N yalues for the fish food web in TGR, the regression slope was significant higher in tributary than that in main stem. This indicates that biomagnification power of mercury is greater in tributary than in main stem of TGR. In typical tributary, the biomagnification power was greater for pelagic species compared with the benthic species, but higher concentration of Hg was found in the base of benthic food chains (intercept) compared with the pelagic food chain.
6. The target hazard quotients (THQ) of Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd and As was less than1, and the estimated weekly intake (EWI) was far below the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), which indicates the risks for the general population consumption is low in TGR.
引文
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