视场可调节海洋激光雷达实验系统研制与ICCD激光荧光实验研究
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摘要
作为一种主动遥感海洋探测技术，海洋激光雷达具有探测动态范围大、时间分辨率高、测量效率高等优点，可以用于水体光学性质和海洋荧光的测量，能够实现多种海洋光学参数的探测。
海水光学特性参数探测方面，海洋激光雷达的优势在于能够通过雷达衰减系数K lidar反演水体的吸收系数a、衰减系数c或漫射衰减系数K d，但由于受到单一视场结构的限制，常规海洋激光雷达仅能测量其中一个参数。因此，发展多视场或可调节视场海洋激光雷达成为必然趋势。另外，如何利用多个接收视场情况的探测回波反演多个海水光学参数，也是海洋激光雷达探测应用的前沿问题。
海洋荧光探测方面，利用激光诱导荧光分析海表或海水中物质成分，也是海洋激光雷达探测应用的热点问题。时间分辨荧光光谱的探测应用，以及分析饱和激发情况下物质荧光非线性变化对探测结果的影响，对海洋荧光雷达的应用发展具有重要意义。
本文针对海洋激光雷达的上述问题进行了相关实验研究，成功研制了一套可调节视场的船载海洋激光雷达系统原理样机，并基于ICCD对激光雷达探测海洋荧光进行了实验室研究。根据探测机制不同，本文的研究工作分为两部分。
第一部分，可调节视场海洋激光雷达系统研制与实验研究。具体内容包括：（1）总结目前涉及视场参量的海洋激光雷达探测水体光学参数理论，模拟不同接收视场情况下海洋激光雷达探测水体光学参数的激光回波，分析激光雷达衰减系数与水体光学参数、c和的反演关系变化；分析对比Walker-McLean模型和Kopilevich模型，提出船载海洋激光雷达应用情况下多个水体光学参数的提取方法；（2）依据激光雷达探测理论计算和噪声分析确定船载可调节视场的设计范围，研制出一套可调节视场海洋激光雷达原理样机，并利用该系统对水体光学参数进行实验测量，分析与接收视场的变化关系，获得与理论一致的趋势。水池实验中，激光雷达所测参数和c值与AC-S测量的值比对一致，误差小于5%。外场实验中对青岛中苑码头浑浊水体进行了测量，实验分析了相同视场情况不同探测高度或不同水质对K lidar反演的影响，结果表明：相同视场情况下，随探测高度增加，值逐渐趋向于参数a；相同视场和探测高度情况下，对比浑浊水体和水池较清洁水体的探测，随着接收视场的变化趋势一致。
第二部分，基于ICCD的海洋荧光激光雷达实验研究。具体研究内容包括：（1）利用ICCD的时间分辨测量优势，实验分析海水中可溶性有机物和叶绿素荧光寿命与海水Raman存在的响应差异；针对溢油探测，利用不同时刻油样本荧光光谱在主成分特征矢量空间中样本位置点间相关距离的变化，实现油荧光的时序变化差异分析，优化了不同油样本间的区分能力。（2）海洋荧光探测应用中，实验分析了激光能量密度过大（即饱和激发情况）引起的荧光非线性变化对油荧光测量的影响，尝试利用饱和激发情况下油荧光的非线性变化，对普通荧光光谱法和ICCD时间分辨荧光光谱均无法区分的油样本进行分析，建立基于激光能量变化的三维油荧光光谱作为一种荧光指纹，用于优化油样本间的区分。
本文创新点主要包括：（1）研制可调节视场的船载海洋激光雷达原理样机，在理论计算和噪声分析基础上确定该原理样机的系统设计参数；（2）利用可调节视场海洋激光雷达原理样机，开展水池和近岸水体实验研究，初步实验结果表明该系统能够用于海水光学参数的测量。结合Walker-McLean和Kopilevich激光雷达理论，提出船载探测情况下水体光学参数的提取方法；（3）针对海洋荧光探测应用，基于ICCD开展了激光荧光探测研究，利用不同时刻油荧光光谱特征和基于激光能量参量的三维油荧光谱提高不同油样本间的区分能力。
As an active remote sensing technology for detecting the ocean, Ocean Lidar takesadvantage of larger detection dynamic ranges, higher temporal resolution, and highefficiency measurement. It can be used to measure both the backscattering energyfrom seawater and marine fluorescence in order to obtain a variety of oceanographicparameters. Therefore, the development of Ocean Lidar shows a good perspective forfast and effective oceanographic survey.
In terms of the estimation of seawater optical parameters by ocean Lidar, the elasticbackscattering power of laser photons is a decaying exponential function of theattenuation lengths through the water. Generally, the Lidar attenuation coefficient(K lidar) from traditional equation cannot be used to estimate more than one parameterof the water optical properties due to the limitation of only once measurement with asingle field-of-view (FOV). Recent researches show that the Lidar attenuationcoefficient of this exponential decay is strongly dependent on the FOV of Lidar andon the optical properties of seawater. Thus, an approach for compensating thedeficiency in the information from traditional Lidar by using return signals obtainedwith a variable FOV receiver becomes a frontier topic in ocean Lidar applications.Developing the Lidar with multiple or variable FOV is becoming a trend in theapplication of oceanographic Lidar.
On the other hand, in the apppliaction of marine fluorescence detection,time-resolved fluorescence technology can be used to analyze the characteristics offluorescent substances, and to estimate the distribution of fluorescent material inseawater. This is also a hot topic in the application of ocean Lidar.
In this dissertation, a shipboard ocean Lidar with variable field-of-view is developed to study these two issues and used to detect multiple ocean opticalparameters. According to different probing mechanisms, this work is divided into twoparts.
The first part is the development of an ocean Lidar with variable FOV and itsexperimental study. The specific content includes three aspects:(1) On the basis ofhistorical models of ocean Lidar to detect water optical properties parameters, Lidarreturn signals are simulated under different FOVs for analyzing the relationshipbetweenK lidarand the water optical parameters, namely the absorption coefficienta, the attenuation coefficient c and the diffuse attenuation coefficientK d. Basedon Walker-McLean model and Kopilevich model, a method for extracting multipleoptical parameters of water was proposed in the case of shipborne ocean Lidar.(2)According to the theoretical simulation results, an appropriateness of FOV should beset at the range from10.0mrad to174.5mrad with considering the impact ofbackground noise, and a shipboard ocean lidar system with variable FOV is designed.In the cases of different FOVs, the optical properties parameters of water bodies aremeasured in the laboratory and Qingdao coastal area. The experimental results showthat this Lidar can be used to measure optical property parameters of seawater.
The second part is the experimental study of ocean fluorescence lidar based on theICCD, which is divided into the following aspects:(1) In order to effectively analyzethe fluorescence characteristics of seawater, with an excitation source at355nm,ICCD is used to measure fluorescent substances in seawater, i.e. the ChromophoricDissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) and chlorophyll for analyzing the fluorescencelifetimes. And in the application of oil spill detection, time-resolved fluorescencespectroscopies of oil samples are analyzed by using the principal component analysis(PCA) method, and a method for enlarging spectral differences of different delaytimes is used to improve the recognition rate of the oil spill types.(2) The nonlinearfluorescence changes of chlorophyll and oil with saturated excitation are studied forsupporting the measurement of ocean fluorescence Lidar. For oil fluorescence undersaturated excitation, the offset of spectral peak and the nonlinear changes of fluorescence intensity are studied for identifying oil samples which can not bedistinguished from each other by using ordinary fluorescence spectra.
The innovations of the dissertation included three points:(1) a set of shipboardocean lidar system with variable FOV was designed on the basis of theoreticalderivation and simulation;(2) On the basis of historical models of ocean Lidar, amethod for extracting multiple optical parameters of water was proposed in the caseof shipborne ocean Lidar.(3) The nonlinear changes of oil fluorescence undersaturated excitation are analyzed and the three-dimensional oil fluorescence spectrabased on the excitation light energy are used to identify oil samples.
海水光学特性参数探测方面，海洋激光雷达的优势在于能够通过雷达衰减系数K lidar反演水体的吸收系数a、衰减系数c或漫射衰减系数K d，但由于受到单一视场结构的限制，常规海洋激光雷达仅能测量其中一个参数。因此，发展多视场或可调节视场海洋激光雷达成为必然趋势。另外，如何利用多个接收视场情况的探测回波反演多个海水光学参数，也是海洋激光雷达探测应用的前沿问题。
海洋荧光探测方面，利用激光诱导荧光分析海表或海水中物质成分，也是海洋激光雷达探测应用的热点问题。时间分辨荧光光谱的探测应用，以及分析饱和激发情况下物质荧光非线性变化对探测结果的影响，对海洋荧光雷达的应用发展具有重要意义。
本文针对海洋激光雷达的上述问题进行了相关实验研究，成功研制了一套可调节视场的船载海洋激光雷达系统原理样机，并基于ICCD对激光雷达探测海洋荧光进行了实验室研究。根据探测机制不同，本文的研究工作分为两部分。
第一部分，可调节视场海洋激光雷达系统研制与实验研究。具体内容包括：（1）总结目前涉及视场参量的海洋激光雷达探测水体光学参数理论，模拟不同接收视场情况下海洋激光雷达探测水体光学参数的激光回波，分析激光雷达衰减系数与水体光学参数、c和的反演关系变化；分析对比Walker-McLean模型和Kopilevich模型，提出船载海洋激光雷达应用情况下多个水体光学参数的提取方法；（2）依据激光雷达探测理论计算和噪声分析确定船载可调节视场的设计范围，研制出一套可调节视场海洋激光雷达原理样机，并利用该系统对水体光学参数进行实验测量，分析与接收视场的变化关系，获得与理论一致的趋势。水池实验中，激光雷达所测参数和c值与AC-S测量的值比对一致，误差小于5%。外场实验中对青岛中苑码头浑浊水体进行了测量，实验分析了相同视场情况不同探测高度或不同水质对K lidar反演的影响，结果表明：相同视场情况下，随探测高度增加，值逐渐趋向于参数a；相同视场和探测高度情况下，对比浑浊水体和水池较清洁水体的探测，随着接收视场的变化趋势一致。
第二部分，基于ICCD的海洋荧光激光雷达实验研究。具体研究内容包括：（1）利用ICCD的时间分辨测量优势，实验分析海水中可溶性有机物和叶绿素荧光寿命与海水Raman存在的响应差异；针对溢油探测，利用不同时刻油样本荧光光谱在主成分特征矢量空间中样本位置点间相关距离的变化，实现油荧光的时序变化差异分析，优化了不同油样本间的区分能力。（2）海洋荧光探测应用中，实验分析了激光能量密度过大（即饱和激发情况）引起的荧光非线性变化对油荧光测量的影响，尝试利用饱和激发情况下油荧光的非线性变化，对普通荧光光谱法和ICCD时间分辨荧光光谱均无法区分的油样本进行分析，建立基于激光能量变化的三维油荧光光谱作为一种荧光指纹，用于优化油样本间的区分。
本文创新点主要包括：（1）研制可调节视场的船载海洋激光雷达原理样机，在理论计算和噪声分析基础上确定该原理样机的系统设计参数；（2）利用可调节视场海洋激光雷达原理样机，开展水池和近岸水体实验研究，初步实验结果表明该系统能够用于海水光学参数的测量。结合Walker-McLean和Kopilevich激光雷达理论，提出船载探测情况下水体光学参数的提取方法；（3）针对海洋荧光探测应用，基于ICCD开展了激光荧光探测研究，利用不同时刻油荧光光谱特征和基于激光能量参量的三维油荧光谱提高不同油样本间的区分能力。
As an active remote sensing technology for detecting the ocean, Ocean Lidar takesadvantage of larger detection dynamic ranges, higher temporal resolution, and highefficiency measurement. It can be used to measure both the backscattering energyfrom seawater and marine fluorescence in order to obtain a variety of oceanographicparameters. Therefore, the development of Ocean Lidar shows a good perspective forfast and effective oceanographic survey.
In terms of the estimation of seawater optical parameters by ocean Lidar, the elasticbackscattering power of laser photons is a decaying exponential function of theattenuation lengths through the water. Generally, the Lidar attenuation coefficient(K lidar) from traditional equation cannot be used to estimate more than one parameterof the water optical properties due to the limitation of only once measurement with asingle field-of-view (FOV). Recent researches show that the Lidar attenuationcoefficient of this exponential decay is strongly dependent on the FOV of Lidar andon the optical properties of seawater. Thus, an approach for compensating thedeficiency in the information from traditional Lidar by using return signals obtainedwith a variable FOV receiver becomes a frontier topic in ocean Lidar applications.Developing the Lidar with multiple or variable FOV is becoming a trend in theapplication of oceanographic Lidar.
On the other hand, in the apppliaction of marine fluorescence detection,time-resolved fluorescence technology can be used to analyze the characteristics offluorescent substances, and to estimate the distribution of fluorescent material inseawater. This is also a hot topic in the application of ocean Lidar.
In this dissertation, a shipboard ocean Lidar with variable field-of-view is developed to study these two issues and used to detect multiple ocean opticalparameters. According to different probing mechanisms, this work is divided into twoparts.
The first part is the development of an ocean Lidar with variable FOV and itsexperimental study. The specific content includes three aspects:(1) On the basis ofhistorical models of ocean Lidar to detect water optical properties parameters, Lidarreturn signals are simulated under different FOVs for analyzing the relationshipbetweenK lidarand the water optical parameters, namely the absorption coefficienta, the attenuation coefficient c and the diffuse attenuation coefficientK d. Basedon Walker-McLean model and Kopilevich model, a method for extracting multipleoptical parameters of water was proposed in the case of shipborne ocean Lidar.(2)According to the theoretical simulation results, an appropriateness of FOV should beset at the range from10.0mrad to174.5mrad with considering the impact ofbackground noise, and a shipboard ocean lidar system with variable FOV is designed.In the cases of different FOVs, the optical properties parameters of water bodies aremeasured in the laboratory and Qingdao coastal area. The experimental results showthat this Lidar can be used to measure optical property parameters of seawater.
The second part is the experimental study of ocean fluorescence lidar based on theICCD, which is divided into the following aspects:(1) In order to effectively analyzethe fluorescence characteristics of seawater, with an excitation source at355nm,ICCD is used to measure fluorescent substances in seawater, i.e. the ChromophoricDissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) and chlorophyll for analyzing the fluorescencelifetimes. And in the application of oil spill detection, time-resolved fluorescencespectroscopies of oil samples are analyzed by using the principal component analysis(PCA) method, and a method for enlarging spectral differences of different delaytimes is used to improve the recognition rate of the oil spill types.(2) The nonlinearfluorescence changes of chlorophyll and oil with saturated excitation are studied forsupporting the measurement of ocean fluorescence Lidar. For oil fluorescence undersaturated excitation, the offset of spectral peak and the nonlinear changes of fluorescence intensity are studied for identifying oil samples which can not bedistinguished from each other by using ordinary fluorescence spectra.
The innovations of the dissertation included three points:(1) a set of shipboardocean lidar system with variable FOV was designed on the basis of theoreticalderivation and simulation;(2) On the basis of historical models of ocean Lidar, amethod for extracting multiple optical parameters of water was proposed in the caseof shipborne ocean Lidar.(3) The nonlinear changes of oil fluorescence undersaturated excitation are analyzed and the three-dimensional oil fluorescence spectrabased on the excitation light energy are used to identify oil samples.
引文
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