中国东中西部城市扩展遥感监测、驱动因素及效应比较研究
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摘要
城市起源于人类分工和互助的需要,是社会分工发展到一定阶段的产物,是人类经济发展和社会文明进步的结晶,也是各种矛盾的汇集处。伴随着工业化的浪潮,城市迅速扩大。虽然城市的发展带来了物质和文化的繁荣,但是也使一些问题凸显,如消耗了部分优良耕地,环境污染、交通堵塞等。因此,城市的扩展引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。
我国长期以来以农为主,不重视城市的发展,城市欠账太多,城市化快速地推进,城市建成区扩展迅速,使环境与社会问题尤为突出。此外,我国幅员辽阔,由于政策、地理位置等原因,东中西部城市问题有较大差异,所以,对我国城市扩展进行东中西部比较研究具有重要的现实意义,可为决策部门制定城市发展和土地管理政策提供参考依据,使国家在宏观层面上对东中西部的城市发展作出更科学的政策指导,以协调区域发展平衡问题,有效推进我国的城市化进程。
本研究选取了我国东中西部3个有代表性省会城市杭州市、合肥市和贵阳市,沿着东→中→西这条空间主线,以这些目标城市为研究切入点,运用遥感与地理信息系统技术对相关的数据信息进行提取。然后,沿着城市扩展过程监测→扩展驱动力分析→扩展带来的影响这条逻辑主线,结合统计资料和具体的国情,监测比较了研究区域内城市建成区扩展的特征,分析了城市建成区扩展的驱动因素和城市建成区扩展扩展效应。最后,对我国土地资源管理和城市发展提出了一些建设性意见。
本文研究的结论如下：
(1)通过对遥感影像的解译获取目标城市建成区在不同历史年份的面积、空间分布及扩展过程变化等信息,采用相同的城市扩展量化测度指标,分别进行了建成区扩展过程的时空量化对比。结果表明：建成区扩展在时空上都存在速度和程度的差异。首先,从建成区年均扩展速度来看,时间上,三个时间段各城市都有不同程度的增加。第一个时间段建成区年均扩展速度最小,然后逐渐加速第三时间段(2005-2009年)达到最大,是第一个时间段的2倍以上。空间上,东中西部城市建成区扩展差异明显,总体上,东部扩展最快,中部次之,西部最慢。东部的杭州城市建成区呈现了快速扩展、高速扩展和高速扩展的阶段性特征,中部合肥呈现了中速扩展、快速扩展和高速扩展的阶段性特征,西部贵阳呈现了缓慢扩展、中速扩展和快速扩展的阶段性特征。其次,从城市用地扩展系数和人均建设用地面积来看,三个研究时段内,东部杭州建成区扩展速度与城市化相适应,中部的合肥前两个时段,建成区扩展速度与城市化相适应,但第三时段(2005～2009年)合肥城市建成区扩展明显过快,西部的贵阳第一个时段(1993～2001年)城市建成区扩展明显不足,后两个时段,建成区扩展速度与城市化相适应。最后,从城市建成区内的地表覆盖分类来看,随着建成区的扩展,东中西部研究区城市建成区的绿地和水体都呈增加趋势,绿化覆盖率显著增加,但水体比例则呈下降趋势。
(2)从社会、经济和政策三个方面定性分析了东中西部目标城市建成区扩展的驱动因素,同时对非农人口、高校在校人数和工业总产值等5个社会经济因素进行了建成区扩展灰色关联分析。结果表明：我国的特殊国情决定了政策因素在三大因素中占据主导地位,政策的实施决定了社会经济因素的变化；在5个社会经济因素中,非农人口对建成区扩展的驱动力最大,固定资产投资总额最小；高教扩招对城市扩展有重要作用；对杭州和合肥来说,建成区扩展驱动因素作用大小顺序为：非农业人口>高等学校在校人数>工业总产值>地区生产总值>固定资产投资总额;贵阳驱动因素作用大小顺序为：非农业人口>工业总产值>地区生产总值>高等学校在校人数>固定资产投资总额；5个社会经济驱动因素与建成区扩展的关联度以杭州最高,合肥次之,贵阳最小。
(3)通过绿地覆盖率、人均绿地面积和热岛比例指数的定量分析表明：纵向上看,随着东中西部研究区城市建成区扩展,绿地面积和热岛区域都逐渐增大,且与城市扩展的时空分布基本一致,绿化覆盖率和人均绿地面积均不断增高,在2005-2009年时间段增高尤为显著。城市热岛比例指数呈下降趋势,较强一极强的热岛区域(生态环境较差)占建成区比例也在减小,城市热岛区域从相对集中于市中心向四周分散,反映了我国城市建设总体上愈来愈重视生态环境的改善和绿地的合理布局,城市在向生态化趋势前进。横向上看,东部的杭州绿化覆盖率和人均绿地面积增加最快,中部的合肥次之,西部的贵阳最慢,这反映了杭州和合肥城市建成区绿化发展好于贵阳的事实。以上分析从时空上说明了建成区的扩展并没有必然带来生态环境质量的下降,相反,随着建成区扩展加快,建成区生态环境质量趋好。
综上所述,本文认为：不宜普遍将用地控制很严,对东中西部城市供地应该差异对待,适当的土地供应是保障城市发展和改善城市生态环境必不可少的,是对城市化发展的主动适应;东中西部应采取不同的城市发展战略,东部地区大力发展都市连绵区,以技术密集型企业和资本密集型企业为主,重点解决高校毕业生就业,中部地区有选择地适度发展都市连绵区,大力发展大中城市,西部地区有选择地发展大中城市,大力发展中小城市,中西部城市以劳动密集型产业为主,重点是解决大量文化素质和劳动技能不高的劳动力就业。
City is originated from human labor division and cooperation. It not only is the product of social division of labor development at a certain stage, and is the crystallization of economic development and social civilization, but also is place with a variety of contradictions collection. Along with the industrialization, city expands rapidly. Although the city's development has brought the material and cultural prosperity, but also has made some problems, such as consumption of good arable land, environmental pollution, traffic jam.Therefore, the expansion of the city has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad.
Since China is a long-term farming country, it has not attached importance to the development of the city, resulting in the lag development of city. Recently, China is under the rapid urbanization, and urban built-up area expands rapidly, so that the environmental and social problems are particularly prominent. In addition, China has a vast territory, there are greater differences among different regions due to the policy, geographical location and other reasons. Therefore, the comparison of eastern, central and western on urban expansion is very important in China. It provide a reference not only for the decision-making of urban development and land management but also for government scientific guidance to the urban development of eastern, central and western at the macro level, thereby, to coordinate regional developments, and to effectively advance the process of China's urbanization.
This study selected Hangzhou, Hefei and Guiyang as representatives of eastern, central and western cities in China. The main line of space is along the east to the central to the west. The use of remote sensing and GIS technology extract the relevant information about these cities. Combined with statistical data and specific national conditions, this dissertation took urban expansion process monitoring, driving force and expansion effects as a main logic line to compare the expansion features of the urban built-up areas, and to analyse the driving forces and urbanization effects of urban expansion in the study area. Based on the above research achievements, this dissertation put forward some constructive suggestions on land resources management and urban development in China.
The main results of this study are as follows:
1) The information of the urban built-up areas, the spatial distribution and the change of expansion was obtained by remote sensing images interpreting in this study, and the same indicators for quantitatively measuring the city expansion were used for all the representative cities to make quantitative comparison of expansion process temporally and spatially.The results show that there are differences of the expansion of built-up area in rate and extent in space.
First, from the view of the average annual rate of built-up areas expansion, each of three periods has different degrees of increase:minimum, gradually accelerate, and maximum (2005to2009). The expansion of urban built-up area differed obviously in space. Overall, the expansion rate for eastern region is fastest, followed by the central and the west regions. The eastern urban built-up area of Hangzhou City show the three stage characteristics of rapid expansion, high expansion, and high expansion. The three stage expansion characteristics of central Hefei City are moderate expansion, rapid expansion and high expansion. For the Western Guiyang City, the three stage expansion characteristics are slow expansion, moderate expansion and rapid expansion.
Second, from the view of urban expansion elasticity coefficient and construction land area per capita, In the three study periods, the pace of the built-up area expansion adapt urbanization for Hangzhou city; during the first two periods, the pace of the built-up area expansion adapt urbanization for Hefei city, but the urban built-up area expansion of in the third period (2005-2009) is obviously too fast for Hefei city; while the urban built-up area expansion of the first period (1993-2001) is obviously insufficient in Guiyang, and the pace of the built-up area expansion during later two periods adapt urbanization in Guiyang.
Finally, from the view of land classification of the urban built-up area, green land and water of the urban built-up of east-central--western study area both experienced an increasing trend with the expansion of built-up areas. The green coverage rate increased significantly, but the proportion of water showed a downward trend.
2) This study analysed qualitatively the driving force of the urban built-up areas expansion from the perspective of social, economic and policy factors, and made the grey correlational degree analysis between urban built-up area expansion and the main social economic factors in east-central--western study area such as the non-agricultural population, the number of college students and the total industrial output value et al. The results showed that the driving force of Policy factors play a leading role in the three major factors because of China's special national conditions, and the implementation of the policy determine the changes of the socio-economic factors. For driving force of urban built-up area expansion, non-agricultural population is maximum in five socio-economic factors, and the total investment in fixed assets is minimum, and the amount of higher education enrollment played an important role; For Hangzhou and Hefei, the driving forces for urban built-up area expansion are in the following order:Non-agricultural population> on-campus college students> industrial output value> GDP> the total investment in fixed assets; For Guiyang. the driving forces for urban built-up area expansion are in the following order:Non-agricultural population> industrial output value> GDP> on-campus college students> the total investment in fixed assets; The correlation degree between the five socio-economic drivers and the built-up area expansion is highest Hangzhou, followed by Hefei, and Guiyang.
3) The quantitative analysis of the green coverage rate, the green area per capita and the urban-heat-island ratio index for showed that, from time of view, with the expansion of urban built-up area in the east, central and west of the study area, green area and the heat island area are gradually increasing, and is temporally and spatially consistent with the expansion of the city expansion. Green coverage and green area per capita increased constantly, particularly for the2005-2009period with a significant increase. The urban-heat-island ratio index showed a downward trend, and the area of thermal field variability index≥0.010(poor ecological environment) proportion of total built-up area was reduced, with occurring zone scattered around city from relatively concentrated in the city center, reflecting the increasing emphasis on the improvement of the ecological environment and the rational distribution of green space in the process of city building as a whole, and cities are developed towards ecology trend. From region of view, the fastest increase of green coverage rate, the green area per capita occurred in Hangzhou in eastern region, followed by Hefei city in central region and Guiyang city in western region, reflecting the greening development in Hangzhou and Hefei are better than that in Guiyang. All these results indicate that urban expansion not only did not cause the decrese of ecological environment but also made the ecological environment better than before with the speeding up of the construction of built-up area.
In summary, this study think land control policy should not always be homogenously strict, and spatial differences of land control might be supplied. Appropriate land supply is necessary to the guarantee of urban development and improvement of the city's ecological environment, which is an initiative adaption to the urbanization. The eastern region need vigorously develop the Metropolitan Interlocking Region. The government should focus on solving the problem of employment of graduates from college enrollment via the technical and capital intensive enterprises; the central region should selectively develop Metropolitan Interlocking Region, substantially developing the large and medium-sized cities; western region should selectively develop the large medium-sized cities, and put more effort to develop small and medium-sized city. That is because the central and western regions should focus on solving the urgent problem of employment of a large number of low labor skill labors, probably via the labor-intensive industries.
我国长期以来以农为主,不重视城市的发展,城市欠账太多,城市化快速地推进,城市建成区扩展迅速,使环境与社会问题尤为突出。此外,我国幅员辽阔,由于政策、地理位置等原因,东中西部城市问题有较大差异,所以,对我国城市扩展进行东中西部比较研究具有重要的现实意义,可为决策部门制定城市发展和土地管理政策提供参考依据,使国家在宏观层面上对东中西部的城市发展作出更科学的政策指导,以协调区域发展平衡问题,有效推进我国的城市化进程。
本研究选取了我国东中西部3个有代表性省会城市杭州市、合肥市和贵阳市,沿着东→中→西这条空间主线,以这些目标城市为研究切入点,运用遥感与地理信息系统技术对相关的数据信息进行提取。然后,沿着城市扩展过程监测→扩展驱动力分析→扩展带来的影响这条逻辑主线,结合统计资料和具体的国情,监测比较了研究区域内城市建成区扩展的特征,分析了城市建成区扩展的驱动因素和城市建成区扩展扩展效应。最后,对我国土地资源管理和城市发展提出了一些建设性意见。
本文研究的结论如下：
(1)通过对遥感影像的解译获取目标城市建成区在不同历史年份的面积、空间分布及扩展过程变化等信息,采用相同的城市扩展量化测度指标,分别进行了建成区扩展过程的时空量化对比。结果表明：建成区扩展在时空上都存在速度和程度的差异。首先,从建成区年均扩展速度来看,时间上,三个时间段各城市都有不同程度的增加。第一个时间段建成区年均扩展速度最小,然后逐渐加速第三时间段(2005-2009年)达到最大,是第一个时间段的2倍以上。空间上,东中西部城市建成区扩展差异明显,总体上,东部扩展最快,中部次之,西部最慢。东部的杭州城市建成区呈现了快速扩展、高速扩展和高速扩展的阶段性特征,中部合肥呈现了中速扩展、快速扩展和高速扩展的阶段性特征,西部贵阳呈现了缓慢扩展、中速扩展和快速扩展的阶段性特征。其次,从城市用地扩展系数和人均建设用地面积来看,三个研究时段内,东部杭州建成区扩展速度与城市化相适应,中部的合肥前两个时段,建成区扩展速度与城市化相适应,但第三时段(2005～2009年)合肥城市建成区扩展明显过快,西部的贵阳第一个时段(1993～2001年)城市建成区扩展明显不足,后两个时段,建成区扩展速度与城市化相适应。最后,从城市建成区内的地表覆盖分类来看,随着建成区的扩展,东中西部研究区城市建成区的绿地和水体都呈增加趋势,绿化覆盖率显著增加,但水体比例则呈下降趋势。
(2)从社会、经济和政策三个方面定性分析了东中西部目标城市建成区扩展的驱动因素,同时对非农人口、高校在校人数和工业总产值等5个社会经济因素进行了建成区扩展灰色关联分析。结果表明：我国的特殊国情决定了政策因素在三大因素中占据主导地位,政策的实施决定了社会经济因素的变化；在5个社会经济因素中,非农人口对建成区扩展的驱动力最大,固定资产投资总额最小；高教扩招对城市扩展有重要作用；对杭州和合肥来说,建成区扩展驱动因素作用大小顺序为：非农业人口>高等学校在校人数>工业总产值>地区生产总值>固定资产投资总额;贵阳驱动因素作用大小顺序为：非农业人口>工业总产值>地区生产总值>高等学校在校人数>固定资产投资总额；5个社会经济驱动因素与建成区扩展的关联度以杭州最高,合肥次之,贵阳最小。
(3)通过绿地覆盖率、人均绿地面积和热岛比例指数的定量分析表明：纵向上看,随着东中西部研究区城市建成区扩展,绿地面积和热岛区域都逐渐增大,且与城市扩展的时空分布基本一致,绿化覆盖率和人均绿地面积均不断增高,在2005-2009年时间段增高尤为显著。城市热岛比例指数呈下降趋势,较强一极强的热岛区域(生态环境较差)占建成区比例也在减小,城市热岛区域从相对集中于市中心向四周分散,反映了我国城市建设总体上愈来愈重视生态环境的改善和绿地的合理布局,城市在向生态化趋势前进。横向上看,东部的杭州绿化覆盖率和人均绿地面积增加最快,中部的合肥次之,西部的贵阳最慢,这反映了杭州和合肥城市建成区绿化发展好于贵阳的事实。以上分析从时空上说明了建成区的扩展并没有必然带来生态环境质量的下降,相反,随着建成区扩展加快,建成区生态环境质量趋好。
综上所述,本文认为：不宜普遍将用地控制很严,对东中西部城市供地应该差异对待,适当的土地供应是保障城市发展和改善城市生态环境必不可少的,是对城市化发展的主动适应;东中西部应采取不同的城市发展战略,东部地区大力发展都市连绵区,以技术密集型企业和资本密集型企业为主,重点解决高校毕业生就业,中部地区有选择地适度发展都市连绵区,大力发展大中城市,西部地区有选择地发展大中城市,大力发展中小城市,中西部城市以劳动密集型产业为主,重点是解决大量文化素质和劳动技能不高的劳动力就业。
City is originated from human labor division and cooperation. It not only is the product of social division of labor development at a certain stage, and is the crystallization of economic development and social civilization, but also is place with a variety of contradictions collection. Along with the industrialization, city expands rapidly. Although the city's development has brought the material and cultural prosperity, but also has made some problems, such as consumption of good arable land, environmental pollution, traffic jam.Therefore, the expansion of the city has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad.
Since China is a long-term farming country, it has not attached importance to the development of the city, resulting in the lag development of city. Recently, China is under the rapid urbanization, and urban built-up area expands rapidly, so that the environmental and social problems are particularly prominent. In addition, China has a vast territory, there are greater differences among different regions due to the policy, geographical location and other reasons. Therefore, the comparison of eastern, central and western on urban expansion is very important in China. It provide a reference not only for the decision-making of urban development and land management but also for government scientific guidance to the urban development of eastern, central and western at the macro level, thereby, to coordinate regional developments, and to effectively advance the process of China's urbanization.
This study selected Hangzhou, Hefei and Guiyang as representatives of eastern, central and western cities in China. The main line of space is along the east to the central to the west. The use of remote sensing and GIS technology extract the relevant information about these cities. Combined with statistical data and specific national conditions, this dissertation took urban expansion process monitoring, driving force and expansion effects as a main logic line to compare the expansion features of the urban built-up areas, and to analyse the driving forces and urbanization effects of urban expansion in the study area. Based on the above research achievements, this dissertation put forward some constructive suggestions on land resources management and urban development in China.
The main results of this study are as follows:
1) The information of the urban built-up areas, the spatial distribution and the change of expansion was obtained by remote sensing images interpreting in this study, and the same indicators for quantitatively measuring the city expansion were used for all the representative cities to make quantitative comparison of expansion process temporally and spatially.The results show that there are differences of the expansion of built-up area in rate and extent in space.
First, from the view of the average annual rate of built-up areas expansion, each of three periods has different degrees of increase:minimum, gradually accelerate, and maximum (2005to2009). The expansion of urban built-up area differed obviously in space. Overall, the expansion rate for eastern region is fastest, followed by the central and the west regions. The eastern urban built-up area of Hangzhou City show the three stage characteristics of rapid expansion, high expansion, and high expansion. The three stage expansion characteristics of central Hefei City are moderate expansion, rapid expansion and high expansion. For the Western Guiyang City, the three stage expansion characteristics are slow expansion, moderate expansion and rapid expansion.
Second, from the view of urban expansion elasticity coefficient and construction land area per capita, In the three study periods, the pace of the built-up area expansion adapt urbanization for Hangzhou city; during the first two periods, the pace of the built-up area expansion adapt urbanization for Hefei city, but the urban built-up area expansion of in the third period (2005-2009) is obviously too fast for Hefei city; while the urban built-up area expansion of the first period (1993-2001) is obviously insufficient in Guiyang, and the pace of the built-up area expansion during later two periods adapt urbanization in Guiyang.
Finally, from the view of land classification of the urban built-up area, green land and water of the urban built-up of east-central--western study area both experienced an increasing trend with the expansion of built-up areas. The green coverage rate increased significantly, but the proportion of water showed a downward trend.
2) This study analysed qualitatively the driving force of the urban built-up areas expansion from the perspective of social, economic and policy factors, and made the grey correlational degree analysis between urban built-up area expansion and the main social economic factors in east-central--western study area such as the non-agricultural population, the number of college students and the total industrial output value et al. The results showed that the driving force of Policy factors play a leading role in the three major factors because of China's special national conditions, and the implementation of the policy determine the changes of the socio-economic factors. For driving force of urban built-up area expansion, non-agricultural population is maximum in five socio-economic factors, and the total investment in fixed assets is minimum, and the amount of higher education enrollment played an important role; For Hangzhou and Hefei, the driving forces for urban built-up area expansion are in the following order:Non-agricultural population> on-campus college students> industrial output value> GDP> the total investment in fixed assets; For Guiyang. the driving forces for urban built-up area expansion are in the following order:Non-agricultural population> industrial output value> GDP> on-campus college students> the total investment in fixed assets; The correlation degree between the five socio-economic drivers and the built-up area expansion is highest Hangzhou, followed by Hefei, and Guiyang.
3) The quantitative analysis of the green coverage rate, the green area per capita and the urban-heat-island ratio index for showed that, from time of view, with the expansion of urban built-up area in the east, central and west of the study area, green area and the heat island area are gradually increasing, and is temporally and spatially consistent with the expansion of the city expansion. Green coverage and green area per capita increased constantly, particularly for the2005-2009period with a significant increase. The urban-heat-island ratio index showed a downward trend, and the area of thermal field variability index≥0.010(poor ecological environment) proportion of total built-up area was reduced, with occurring zone scattered around city from relatively concentrated in the city center, reflecting the increasing emphasis on the improvement of the ecological environment and the rational distribution of green space in the process of city building as a whole, and cities are developed towards ecology trend. From region of view, the fastest increase of green coverage rate, the green area per capita occurred in Hangzhou in eastern region, followed by Hefei city in central region and Guiyang city in western region, reflecting the greening development in Hangzhou and Hefei are better than that in Guiyang. All these results indicate that urban expansion not only did not cause the decrese of ecological environment but also made the ecological environment better than before with the speeding up of the construction of built-up area.
In summary, this study think land control policy should not always be homogenously strict, and spatial differences of land control might be supplied. Appropriate land supply is necessary to the guarantee of urban development and improvement of the city's ecological environment, which is an initiative adaption to the urbanization. The eastern region need vigorously develop the Metropolitan Interlocking Region. The government should focus on solving the problem of employment of graduates from college enrollment via the technical and capital intensive enterprises; the central region should selectively develop Metropolitan Interlocking Region, substantially developing the large and medium-sized cities; western region should selectively develop the large medium-sized cities, and put more effort to develop small and medium-sized city. That is because the central and western regions should focus on solving the urgent problem of employment of a large number of low labor skill labors, probably via the labor-intensive industries.
引文
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