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大米价格波动及其效应研究
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摘要
中国作为世界上第一大大米生产国,同时也是消费大国和主要出口国,大米价格的任何变动,对国际大米市场都将造成重大影响。粮食是社会安定和国家发展的重要基础。大米作为主要粮食作物之一,其价格波动将直接影响整个社会的福利水平与经济发展。因此,维持大米价格稳定、促进大米生产是保障国家粮食安全的重要方式。近段时期以来,我国大米价格波动加剧,对人民的生产生活以及经济的稳定运行带来不利影响。宏观经济方面,我国已进入农业结构战略性调整的新阶段。在耕地面积持续下降的背景下,水稻种植面积减少已是不争的事实。随着人口的不断增长,大米需求刚性不可逆转,我国大米生产发展形势极其严峻。在这种形势下,如何保障大米价格的稳定,满足由于人口刚性增长带来口粮需求的增加,确保中国的大米供应,保证国家粮食安全,对促进我国社会经济协调发展和农村小康社会的顺利实现,农业增效、农民增收都具有极其重要的战略意义。
     因此,本文在对我国大米价格波动及其效应测度等相关文献进行系统性分析的基础上,考察我国大米生产现状,分析国内外大米市场价格的波动特征,探讨大米价格长期变动趋势。首先,构建多市场局部均衡模型,通过对大米价格变动作用于大米生产、消费、贸易、库存等子要素市场的局部均衡分析,阐述不同要素市场相互作用形成价格波动机制的作用机理。其次,识别大米价格波动的供求冲击,探讨供给冲击与需求冲击对大米价格波动的影响程度,发现供给冲击是导致国内市场大米价格波动的决定性因素。因此,从供给冲击和外部冲击角度分析大米价格波动的具体影响因素与传递路径。构建误差修正模型,从供给弹性角度实证分析大米价格波动的供给冲击效应,揭示供给变动引致价格波动的内在机理。通过分析国际大米市场价格波动对国内市场的传递效应,考察国际大米市场与国内市场的整合程度,探索大米价格波动的传导机制。最后,实证分析大米价格波动的农户福利效应,以期为建立我国农产品价格调控机制提供理论依据,为政府协调不同主体利益和实现社会福利均衡提供决策参考。本文研究的主要结论如下:
     第一,我国大米价格波动具有明显的周期性特征。大米价格长期呈上升趋势,短期具有较大的波动性,其波动呈现集簇性和非对称性特征。大米价格波动主要受前期价格波动的影响,具有记忆效应,且大米价格上涨对大米价格波动的冲击比大米价格下降对大米价格波动的冲击显著。究其原因,大米市场价格波动是不同要素市场相互作用与相互影响的结果。大米生产、消费、贸易、库存等价格与非价格因素分别作用于总供给与总需求,形成大米市场价格波动均衡机制。
     第二,供给冲击是导致国内大米价格波动的主导性因素。大米价格波动的供给冲击主要通过供给弹性的变动传导至大米产出,并产生新一轮的波动。我国大米供给对价格变动的反应程度短期较小,大米供给对价格波动的反应存在滞后性;但长期来看,通过耕作技术的研发、品种改良等方式提高大米产量,从而大米供给量可以对价格变动做出较大的反应。
     第三,国际大米价格波动与国内大米价格波动存在长期稳定的均衡关系。国际大米价格波动通过外贸途径和期货途径对国内大米价格产生影响,其中期货途径对国内大米价格波动的传导更为显著。而国内大米价格的传导效应主要由通货膨胀带动,且价格传递具有明显的调整效应和时滞效应。
     第四,大米价格变化引起农户收入与大米消费支出变化的相对值决定农户总福利效应。大米价格变动的农户长期福利效应与短期福利效应表现出相同的变化趋势。大米生产价格变动与农户生产福利变动具有正向作用关系,而大米消费价格变动与农户消费福利变动存在负向作用关系。大米供给弹性和需求弹性较小,农户生产对大米价格变化做出调整决策的过程比较迟钝和滞后,单纯依靠价格来调控、引导农户生产行为效果可能有限,需要政府配套其他政策措施来提高价格政策调节的有效性,保障农户利益,增加大米有效供给。
As the largest rice-producing country in the world, China is also the main consuming andexporting country. Any variation of the rice price will have a significant impact on China'sgrain security. Food is the foundation for social stability and national development. Rice asone of the vital staple food, its price fluctuations will have a direct influence on the socialwelfare level and economic development. Therefore, maintaining the rice price stability andpromoting rice production is a crucial way to ensure national food security. Recently, theincreased rice price volatility in China has adversely affected people's normal living andproduction order, as well as affected the entire economy and stable operations. Withinmacroeconomics, China has entered a new stage of the agricultural strategic structureadjustment. Among the background of declining arable land, China's rice acreage reduction isan indisputable fact. As the population continues to grow, the demand for rice is rigidlyirreversible and the production situation is extremely serious. Therefore, it has extremelyimportant strategic significance to guarantee the rice price stability to meet the demandincrease due to the population growth, to ensure the rice supply,national food security, andthe harmonious socio-economic development
     Therefore, this paper conducts a systematic analysis on literatures about price fluctuationsand its effects, then we analyze the status quo of China rice production, domestic andinternational rice market price fluctuations’characteristics from different aspects, amulti-market partial equilibrium model is applied to demonstrate the inner relationship amongrice prodcution, consumption, trade, stocks, and the other sub-elements to clarify the differentelements of the market mechanism.On this basis, in order to identify the supply and demandimpulse from rice price fluctuation, to investigate the impact of supply and demand impulseto rice price fluctuation, it is found that supply impulse is leading factor for rice pricefluctuation.So we focus on supply and external impulse to specify the factors that influencetransmission path. Error correction model is recruited to empirically analyse the supplyimpulse from supply elasticity perspective, the aim is to examine the mechanism that supplychange exacerbate the rice price fluctuation.Through the analysis of the transmissionmechanism on the international rice market price fluctuations to domestic market, we try toinspect the mutual influence and integration level between two markets. Based on the analysis of the transfer effect of international rice market price fluctuations on the domestic market,farmers' welfare effects of rice price fluctuations are explored to establish our country’sagricultural product price regulation system; the objective is to coordinate different interestsand social welfare equilibrium to provide reference for government decision-making process.The main conclusions of this study are as follows:
     First, China rice price fluctuations have significant cyclical characteristics. The rice pricein long-term shows upward trend with greater volatility;In the short-term, it presentsclustering and asymmetric feature. Price fluctuation is mainly affected by the impact of theprevious period fluctuations with the memory effect; the impact of fluctuations in the pricedecrease is significantly lower than the price increase. The reason lies in the rice market pricevolatility is a result of interaction and mutual influence of the different elements in the market.Rice production, consumption, trade, stocks, and other price and non-price factors acting onthe total supply and demand, at the end, it forms the rice price balancing mechanism.
     Second, supply impulse is the dominant factor in the domestic rice price fluctuations. Ricesupply impulse is mainly conducted by the supply elasticity change to the rice output, andproduces a new round of volatility. Rice supply response to price changes have short-termlags with little influence; However, in the long run, through the research and development offarming techniques, improved varieties, the yield of rice will increase, so rice supply willmake greater reaction to the price change.
     Third, international and domestic rice price fluctuation exist a long-term stableequilibrium relationship. Foreign trade and futures channels are main ways that internationalrice price fluctuations influence the domestic market, while futures channel has moresignificant impact on price transmission. Rice domestic price is mainly driven by inflation andprice transmission which has a significant adjustment and time lag effects.
     Fourth, the empirical analysis of rice price fluctuation on farmers' welfare shows that, riceproduction price fluctuation has a positive impact on the farmer welfare changes, while riceconsumping price fluctuation has negative one; the relative value of farmers' income to riceconsuming expenditure caused by rice price fluctuation decide farmers’ total welfare effect.When the price fluctuation leads to farmers income change is greater than the riceconsumption expenditure change, farmers’ welfare improves; farmers’ long-term andshort-term welfare effects exhibit the same tendency. However, the long-term welfare effectsare better than short-term ones. Moreover, rice supply and demand elasticity is inelastic, theelasticity of supply is less than the elasticity of demand, farmers rice production adjustmentand decision-making process is relatively slow and lag to rice price change, so relying solelyon the price control and farmers production guidance may be limited, thus the government price support policies and measures to improve the price policy regulation effectiveness toprotect the farmers interests, increase the effective rice supply is necessary.
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