土壤中除草剂毒草胺的迁移行为和阿特拉津对水稻幼苗生物毒性的研究
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摘要
除草剂在许多国家的农业生产中必不可少,集约化的农业生产方式使过去的十年间施入耕地的除草剂急剧增加。由于除草剂的迁移扩散,在世界范围内许多湖泊、河流及地下水中都检测到除草剂的存在。因此,土壤中残留的除草剂已成为生态环境污染的主要途径。在实际使用下,高残留和难降解的除草剂会在土壤和作物中积累,不仅会直接影响作物的品质,还会通过食物链威胁到人类的健康。除草剂被作物过量吸收后,会导致作物代谢紊乱,最终造成对作物的伤害。因此,研究除草剂在生态环境中的移动、毒性及作物对其适应机制显得尤为重要。
农药毒草胺的水溶性约为700mg L-1。本文通过标准批量平衡法、土柱淋溶法和土壤薄层层析法,研究了毒草胺在浙江义乌土(YW)(29°18'N,120°4'E.)、江苏南京黄棕壤州J)(32°10'N,118°45'E.)和贵州铜仁土(TR)(27°43'N,109°11'E.)三种不同地区土壤中的吸附-解吸及迁移行为。同时,研究了三种不同地区土壤施用污泥和猪粪堆肥对毒草胺迁移行为的影响。吸附动力学研究结果表明,25±1℃时,毒草胺在NJ、TR和YW三种土壤中达到吸附平衡的时间分别为7、15和11h。毒草胺在贵州铜仁土(TR)中吸附性最强而迁移性最小,而在浙江义乌土上吸附性最弱但迁移性最强。加入固体有机质后,三种不同地区土壤对毒草胺的吸附性增大,迁移性变小,施入猪粪堆肥(PMC)后土壤对毒草胺的吸附能力比加入污泥(SL)后大。
除草剂阿特拉津广泛应用于谷物类作物生产中。然而,阿特拉津的应用使同茬或后茬作物遭受污染和伤害的事件屡有发生。为此,本文采用水培盆栽方法研究了阿特拉津对水稻幼苗的毒性伤害。结果表明,在0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4和0.8mg L-1阿特拉津浓度范围内,水稻幼苗的生长量和叶绿素含量等指标与阿特拉津浓度呈负相关。水稻幼苗组织中硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)的含量在0.1～0.8mg L-1浓度阿特拉津处理时显著升高,在0.4mg kg-1阿特拉津处理下达到最高值。阿特拉津会处理导致水稻幼苗中活性氧的产生,组织化学原位检测表明,处理组的叶片中O2·-和H202的累积量增加,活性氧会导致脂质膜的过氧化损伤,甚至会导致细胞的程序性死亡(PCD)。为了解水稻幼苗对阿特拉津胁迫的响应,还研究了其抗氧化酶系活力的变化,包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)等。结果表明,在阿特拉津的胁迫下,水稻幼苗中SOD、CAT、POD、APX和GR酶活力被激活；同时,半定量反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)测定结果表明,GST-3,4,APX-2,3,GR-1,3和HO-1的基因表达均被诱导上调或下调。
为了从分子水平上探讨阿特拉津对作物的影响,采用高通量测序法对水稻幼苗转录组进行大规模测序。构建了水稻茎叶和根系在阿特拉津处理(0.4mg L-1)和非处理(对照)下的四个基因表达文库(Root-Atr., Shoot-Atr., Root+Atr. and Shoot+Atr.).结果显示,四个表达文库的Clean tags测序量达到5,375,999～6,039,618个,其中Distinct tags分别达到为111,301～248,802个。通过对基因组的比对分析,四个库中比对上已注释的基因数为18,833～21,007个。在水稻幼苗根系和茎叶中分别筛选出对阿特拉津胁迫响应差异表达基因6,714和3,596个。进一步对差异表达基因进行Gene Ontology (GO)功能注释。在阿特拉津的诱导下,与代谢、基因表达和生物调节等过程相关的基因表达发生了较大的改变；Pathway显著性分析表明,在阿特拉津处理下,属于代谢和次生代谢物合成途径的基因表达也发生了改变。上述研究结果为后续研究毒物诱导的抗逆基因的调控机制表达提供了分析平台。
最后,本论文对阿特拉津在水稻幼苗茎叶和根系组织中的积累量进行了研究。结果表明,在0.05,0.1,0.2,0.4和0.8mg L-1阿特拉津处理浓度下,地上部分阿特拉津的积累量高于地下部分,处理2d后,地上部分的生物富集因子(BCF)高于根部,且均随处理浓度增加而增加；迁移因子(TF)值与处理浓度呈现负相关。
Herbicides are indispensable for modern agriculture in most of countries. However, the intensive agriculture over the last decades has led to dramatically elevated releases of herbicides into arable soils. Due to their massive emission into environments, toxic herbicides have become global environmental problems. Recent studies have shown that herbicides applied to soils are frequently detected as pollutants in lakes, rivers, coastal marine waters and even underground waters. The mobility of herbicides into groundwater via soil media has become one of the primary approaches leading to the widespread pollution to ecosystems. Although they are designed to kill weeds through specific mechanisms, herbicides are not specific to their targets. Moreover, when practically used, herbicides are also accumulated in soils or where crops are growing. Herbicides accumulated by crops not only exert detrimental effects on crop itself, but also are very harmful to ecosystems. Contamination with herbicides not only affects the quality of crops which directly accumulate herbicides, but also serves as a food chain threatening human health. As herbicides are readily uptaken by crops, overload of herbicides into crop tissues is most likely to disrupt many biological processes. Thus, it is very important to dissect mobility, toxicological and adaptive response to herbicides.
The sorption-desorption and mobility of propachlor was investigated in three cultivated soils:collected from Nanjing (NJ)(32°10'N,118°45'E.), Tongren (TR)(27°43' N,109°11'E.) and Yiwu (YW)(29°18'N,120°4'E.) in China. The effects of two type solid organic matters were also studied. Two sorts of solid organic matters were air-dried lakebed sludge (SL) and pig manure compost (PMC). In this study, sorption equilibrium studies were conducted for all the three soils. The equilibrium time of propachlor in NJ, TR and YW soil-water (1/5, w/v) were7,15and11h at25±1℃, respectively. Batch equilibrium experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two types of solid organic matters on the sorption-desorption behavior of propachlor in the soils. Our analysis showed that the sorption-desorption data fitted the Freundlich equation, and that sorption capacity in soils for propachlor by application of PMC was promoted more than SL, but desorption capacity of propachlor by SL treatment was largest. We also tested the mobility of propachlor in packed soil columns and soil plate. The results indicated that addition of solid organic matters to three soils influenced significantly the mobility of propachlor.
Atrazine is widely used for controlling grass weeds for cereal production. However, overuse of the herbicide resulted in frequent occurrence of contamination in soils. To assess atrazine-induced toxicity in rice, we investigated the physiological response of rice to the herbicide. Rice seedings were cultured in the nutrient solution with atrazine at concentrations of0-0.8mg L-1. Treatment with atrazine induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants and triggered the peroxidation of plasma membrane lipids, programmed cell death (PCD) in the plant. To understand the biochemical responses to the herbicide, activities of the antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were assayed. We also assayed genes expression of GST, APX, GR and HO-1by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Under the atrazine exposure, the SOD, POD, CAT, APX, GR activities were increased. Also, expression of GST-3,4, APX-2,3, GR-1,3and HO-1were upregulated or downregulated.
The toxicological processes of atrazine in food crops and human beings are not fully understood. High-throughput sequencing of atrazine-exposed rice (Oryza sativa) were performed to analyze global expression and complexity of genes in the crop. Four libraries were constructed from shoots and roots with or without atrazine exposure. We sequenced5,375,999-6,039,618clean tags that corresponded to111,301-248,802distinct tags for Root-Atr., Shoot-Atr., Root+Atr. and Shoot+Atr. libraries, respectively. Mapping the clean tags to gene databases generated18,833-21,007annotated genes for each library. Most of annotated genes were differentially expressed among the libraries. The most40differentially expressed genes were associated with resistance to environmental stress, degradation of xenobiotics and molecule metabolism. Validation of genes by quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the deep-sequencing results. The transcriptome sequences were further subjected to Gene Orthology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis and showed modified molecular functions and metabolic pathways. Results not only demonstrate transcriptional complexity in rice with atrazine but also represent a major improvement for analyzing transcriptional changes on a large scale in xenobiotics-responsive toxicology.
Finally, the accumulation of atrazine in rice seedlings were determined. The plants were cultured in the nutrient solution with atrazine at concentrations of0.05-0.8mg L-1. Accumulation of atrazine in rice seedings was positively correlated with the external atrazine concentrations, but negatively with the plant growth. In shoots, the value of bioconcentration factors (BCFs) higher than root, and the value of translocation factors (TFs) were negative correlated with the external atrazine concentrations.
农药毒草胺的水溶性约为700mg L-1。本文通过标准批量平衡法、土柱淋溶法和土壤薄层层析法,研究了毒草胺在浙江义乌土(YW)(29°18'N,120°4'E.)、江苏南京黄棕壤州J)(32°10'N,118°45'E.)和贵州铜仁土(TR)(27°43'N,109°11'E.)三种不同地区土壤中的吸附-解吸及迁移行为。同时,研究了三种不同地区土壤施用污泥和猪粪堆肥对毒草胺迁移行为的影响。吸附动力学研究结果表明,25±1℃时,毒草胺在NJ、TR和YW三种土壤中达到吸附平衡的时间分别为7、15和11h。毒草胺在贵州铜仁土(TR)中吸附性最强而迁移性最小,而在浙江义乌土上吸附性最弱但迁移性最强。加入固体有机质后,三种不同地区土壤对毒草胺的吸附性增大,迁移性变小,施入猪粪堆肥(PMC)后土壤对毒草胺的吸附能力比加入污泥(SL)后大。
除草剂阿特拉津广泛应用于谷物类作物生产中。然而,阿特拉津的应用使同茬或后茬作物遭受污染和伤害的事件屡有发生。为此,本文采用水培盆栽方法研究了阿特拉津对水稻幼苗的毒性伤害。结果表明,在0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4和0.8mg L-1阿特拉津浓度范围内,水稻幼苗的生长量和叶绿素含量等指标与阿特拉津浓度呈负相关。水稻幼苗组织中硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)的含量在0.1～0.8mg L-1浓度阿特拉津处理时显著升高,在0.4mg kg-1阿特拉津处理下达到最高值。阿特拉津会处理导致水稻幼苗中活性氧的产生,组织化学原位检测表明,处理组的叶片中O2·-和H202的累积量增加,活性氧会导致脂质膜的过氧化损伤,甚至会导致细胞的程序性死亡(PCD)。为了解水稻幼苗对阿特拉津胁迫的响应,还研究了其抗氧化酶系活力的变化,包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)等。结果表明,在阿特拉津的胁迫下,水稻幼苗中SOD、CAT、POD、APX和GR酶活力被激活；同时,半定量反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)测定结果表明,GST-3,4,APX-2,3,GR-1,3和HO-1的基因表达均被诱导上调或下调。
为了从分子水平上探讨阿特拉津对作物的影响,采用高通量测序法对水稻幼苗转录组进行大规模测序。构建了水稻茎叶和根系在阿特拉津处理(0.4mg L-1)和非处理(对照)下的四个基因表达文库(Root-Atr., Shoot-Atr., Root+Atr. and Shoot+Atr.).结果显示,四个表达文库的Clean tags测序量达到5,375,999～6,039,618个,其中Distinct tags分别达到为111,301～248,802个。通过对基因组的比对分析,四个库中比对上已注释的基因数为18,833～21,007个。在水稻幼苗根系和茎叶中分别筛选出对阿特拉津胁迫响应差异表达基因6,714和3,596个。进一步对差异表达基因进行Gene Ontology (GO)功能注释。在阿特拉津的诱导下,与代谢、基因表达和生物调节等过程相关的基因表达发生了较大的改变；Pathway显著性分析表明,在阿特拉津处理下,属于代谢和次生代谢物合成途径的基因表达也发生了改变。上述研究结果为后续研究毒物诱导的抗逆基因的调控机制表达提供了分析平台。
最后,本论文对阿特拉津在水稻幼苗茎叶和根系组织中的积累量进行了研究。结果表明,在0.05,0.1,0.2,0.4和0.8mg L-1阿特拉津处理浓度下,地上部分阿特拉津的积累量高于地下部分,处理2d后,地上部分的生物富集因子(BCF)高于根部,且均随处理浓度增加而增加；迁移因子(TF)值与处理浓度呈现负相关。
Herbicides are indispensable for modern agriculture in most of countries. However, the intensive agriculture over the last decades has led to dramatically elevated releases of herbicides into arable soils. Due to their massive emission into environments, toxic herbicides have become global environmental problems. Recent studies have shown that herbicides applied to soils are frequently detected as pollutants in lakes, rivers, coastal marine waters and even underground waters. The mobility of herbicides into groundwater via soil media has become one of the primary approaches leading to the widespread pollution to ecosystems. Although they are designed to kill weeds through specific mechanisms, herbicides are not specific to their targets. Moreover, when practically used, herbicides are also accumulated in soils or where crops are growing. Herbicides accumulated by crops not only exert detrimental effects on crop itself, but also are very harmful to ecosystems. Contamination with herbicides not only affects the quality of crops which directly accumulate herbicides, but also serves as a food chain threatening human health. As herbicides are readily uptaken by crops, overload of herbicides into crop tissues is most likely to disrupt many biological processes. Thus, it is very important to dissect mobility, toxicological and adaptive response to herbicides.
The sorption-desorption and mobility of propachlor was investigated in three cultivated soils:collected from Nanjing (NJ)(32°10'N,118°45'E.), Tongren (TR)(27°43' N,109°11'E.) and Yiwu (YW)(29°18'N,120°4'E.) in China. The effects of two type solid organic matters were also studied. Two sorts of solid organic matters were air-dried lakebed sludge (SL) and pig manure compost (PMC). In this study, sorption equilibrium studies were conducted for all the three soils. The equilibrium time of propachlor in NJ, TR and YW soil-water (1/5, w/v) were7,15and11h at25±1℃, respectively. Batch equilibrium experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two types of solid organic matters on the sorption-desorption behavior of propachlor in the soils. Our analysis showed that the sorption-desorption data fitted the Freundlich equation, and that sorption capacity in soils for propachlor by application of PMC was promoted more than SL, but desorption capacity of propachlor by SL treatment was largest. We also tested the mobility of propachlor in packed soil columns and soil plate. The results indicated that addition of solid organic matters to three soils influenced significantly the mobility of propachlor.
Atrazine is widely used for controlling grass weeds for cereal production. However, overuse of the herbicide resulted in frequent occurrence of contamination in soils. To assess atrazine-induced toxicity in rice, we investigated the physiological response of rice to the herbicide. Rice seedings were cultured in the nutrient solution with atrazine at concentrations of0-0.8mg L-1. Treatment with atrazine induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants and triggered the peroxidation of plasma membrane lipids, programmed cell death (PCD) in the plant. To understand the biochemical responses to the herbicide, activities of the antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were assayed. We also assayed genes expression of GST, APX, GR and HO-1by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Under the atrazine exposure, the SOD, POD, CAT, APX, GR activities were increased. Also, expression of GST-3,4, APX-2,3, GR-1,3and HO-1were upregulated or downregulated.
The toxicological processes of atrazine in food crops and human beings are not fully understood. High-throughput sequencing of atrazine-exposed rice (Oryza sativa) were performed to analyze global expression and complexity of genes in the crop. Four libraries were constructed from shoots and roots with or without atrazine exposure. We sequenced5,375,999-6,039,618clean tags that corresponded to111,301-248,802distinct tags for Root-Atr., Shoot-Atr., Root+Atr. and Shoot+Atr. libraries, respectively. Mapping the clean tags to gene databases generated18,833-21,007annotated genes for each library. Most of annotated genes were differentially expressed among the libraries. The most40differentially expressed genes were associated with resistance to environmental stress, degradation of xenobiotics and molecule metabolism. Validation of genes by quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the deep-sequencing results. The transcriptome sequences were further subjected to Gene Orthology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis and showed modified molecular functions and metabolic pathways. Results not only demonstrate transcriptional complexity in rice with atrazine but also represent a major improvement for analyzing transcriptional changes on a large scale in xenobiotics-responsive toxicology.
Finally, the accumulation of atrazine in rice seedlings were determined. The plants were cultured in the nutrient solution with atrazine at concentrations of0.05-0.8mg L-1. Accumulation of atrazine in rice seedings was positively correlated with the external atrazine concentrations, but negatively with the plant growth. In shoots, the value of bioconcentration factors (BCFs) higher than root, and the value of translocation factors (TFs) were negative correlated with the external atrazine concentrations.
引文
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