海上退役石油平台造礁工程生态效应研究
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摘要
海上退役石油平台和相关设施的处置是世界各国普遍关注的重要环境问题之一。将海上退役采油设施改造为人工鱼礁可以节约拆除成本，降低海上作业风险，减少海洋生态环境的影响，具有重要的经济、社会和环境意义。
本文以埕岛油田退役石油平台为研究对象，在区域环境概况调查的基础上，对海上退役石油平台礁址选择进行了评价，并对采油平台功能、结构进行了系统研究，分析了退役石油平台拆除和人工造礁方案，全面研究了鱼礁周围流场变化特征、沉积物冲刷状况以及人工鱼礁对鱼类诱集效果，调查和评价平台造礁的生态环境效应。取得的主要结论如下：
(1)当地的渔业资源亟需进行养护和恢复，而埕岛油田海域的地势地质条件、水质条件、水体流速、水深以及生态渔业条件均满足人工鱼礁的选址要求，埕岛油田CB6A平台栈桥北海域可以作为人工鱼礁工程实施海域。
(2)将退役石油平台钢结构作为主体框架，在平台钢架结构中心及周边区域合理配置不同类型的鱼礁单体，并在水下平台钢架结构上悬挂塑料浮体，可以形成退役石油平台人工造礁工程。
(3)鱼礁的流场效应在纵向上主要发生在鱼礁前2a/3（a为正方体鱼礁模型的边长）至鱼礁后20a/3范围内，在20a/3处流场影响较小，主要横向影响区域为-4a/3到4a/3。在鱼礁前方形成了明显的上升流，鱼礁左右两端处流速也随来流流速的增加而上升，但其增加幅度是逐渐降低的。鱼礁后尾流区的范围及高度随来流流速的增大而增大，且尾流区内流速也相应增加。相对于无盖的鱼礁，有盖的鱼礁周围流场变化幅度较大，其尾流区影响范围较大。
(4)在同一水流速度的情况下，有盖的鱼礁周围受冲刷的程度比无盖的鱼礁要大，然而两者周围水体中悬浮物浓度基本一致。鱼礁在有盖或无盖的情况下，随着流速的增加雷诺数是逐渐增加的，但是阻力系数趋于递减的趋势。其中，在相同流速和迎流角度的情况下，有盖的礁体的阻力系数比无盖的礁体的阻力系数要大；对于同一鱼礁礁体，在相同的流速下，迎流角度为0°时比迎流角度为45°的阻力系数要大。
(5)在有礁体存在情况下，聚鱼效果远高于无礁体存在情况下的聚鱼效果，聚鱼率最大差别达到29%。对于同一形状的礁体，有孔礁体比有框鱼礁具有更好的聚鱼效果。对不同形状、不同结构的礁体，正方体有盖有孔鱼礁对黑头鱼的诱集作用最显著。
(6)鱼礁群建成15个月后，礁群高度与建成2个月时的礁群高度相差不大，且礁群未发生明显倒塌，具有很好的稳定性；与对照区相比，投礁后鱼礁区浮游植物数量增加，而浮游动物和底栖生物的数量减少，这可能与鱼类对浮游动物和底栖生物的摄食有关；鱼礁区的渔业资源密度高于对照区，约为对照区的1.6倍。
The disposition of the decommissioning offshore oil platform and related facilities hasbecome one of the most critical environmental issues that draw attention all over the worldin recent years. Transforming the decommissioning offshore oil production facilities intoartificial reefs can not only save the cost of demolition, but also reduce the risk of offshoreoperation and minimize the influence to marine ecological environment. So it has importanteconomic, social and environmental significance.
In this paper, Chengdao oilfield was taken as the research object. Based on theinvestigation of the regional environmental situation, the main researches were focused onevaluation of reef site, systemic study of the function and structure of the oil platforms,analysis of the scheme regarding platform demolition and artificial reef construction, thechange of flow field and sediment scouring around the reef, and fish attracting effects of thereef. The main conclusions obtained in this research were shown as follows:
(1) The local fishery resources need maintenance and recovery, and the terrainconditions, geologic conditions, water quality, water flow velocity, water depth and theecological fishery conditions of Chengdao offshore oilfield meet the requirements forartificial reef construction. The waters south of the trestle of Chengdao CB6A platform canbe used as artificial reef construction area.
(2) By taking the steel structure of the decommissioning oil platform as the main frame,allocating artificial reef monomers in the center of and around the platform steel structurerationally, as well as hanging plastic floating bodies on the underwater steel structure, theartificial reef construction project can be done.
(3) In the longitudinal direction, flow field effect of reefs occurs mainly in the rangefrom2a/3to20a/3of the reef, very little at20a/3. Mainly lateral influence area is-4a/3to4a/3. Upwelling forms in front of the reef, and the flow velocity at the two flanks of the reefaccelerate with increasing inflow velocity, but its increasing extent gradually reduces. Theregion and height of wake region behind reefs increase with the faster inflow velocity, wake flow velocity will increase correspondingly. Compared to reefs without cover, the flow fieldsof reefs with cover change more serious, and their wake regions are much bigger.
(4) With the same flow velocity, the scouring extent around the reef with cover is moreserious than that without cover. The concentration of suspended matter around the reefgradually increases with the increasing of the flow velocity. For both kinds of reefs, theReynolds number generally increases with increasing flow velocity, while the resistancecoefficient decreases with increasing flow velocity. In the case of the same flow velocity andattacking angle, the resistance coefficient of reef with cove is bigger than that without cover,and for one reef with the same velocity, the resistance coefficient of attacking0°is biggerthan attacking45°.
(5) The fish gathering effects of the artificial reef monomers are much better than thereis no reef existence, with the biggest difference on fish gathering rate being29%. For thereef with the same shape, the fish gathering effect of the reef with holes is better than thatwith frames. For the reefs with different shapes, the fish gathering effect of the cube reef isbetter than that the triangular pyramid reef.
(6)15months after the completion of reef cluster construction, its height is almost thesame as that of13months before, and there is no apparent collapse, indicating that it hasgood stability. Compared with the control area, the biomass of phytoplankton around the reefarea has increased, and that of zooplankton as well as benthos has decreased. This is possiblybecause the latter two are consumed by fish. In the reef area, the stock density of fisheryresources is higher by a multiple of1.6than that in the control area.
本文以埕岛油田退役石油平台为研究对象，在区域环境概况调查的基础上，对海上退役石油平台礁址选择进行了评价，并对采油平台功能、结构进行了系统研究，分析了退役石油平台拆除和人工造礁方案，全面研究了鱼礁周围流场变化特征、沉积物冲刷状况以及人工鱼礁对鱼类诱集效果，调查和评价平台造礁的生态环境效应。取得的主要结论如下：
(1)当地的渔业资源亟需进行养护和恢复，而埕岛油田海域的地势地质条件、水质条件、水体流速、水深以及生态渔业条件均满足人工鱼礁的选址要求，埕岛油田CB6A平台栈桥北海域可以作为人工鱼礁工程实施海域。
(2)将退役石油平台钢结构作为主体框架，在平台钢架结构中心及周边区域合理配置不同类型的鱼礁单体，并在水下平台钢架结构上悬挂塑料浮体，可以形成退役石油平台人工造礁工程。
(3)鱼礁的流场效应在纵向上主要发生在鱼礁前2a/3（a为正方体鱼礁模型的边长）至鱼礁后20a/3范围内，在20a/3处流场影响较小，主要横向影响区域为-4a/3到4a/3。在鱼礁前方形成了明显的上升流，鱼礁左右两端处流速也随来流流速的增加而上升，但其增加幅度是逐渐降低的。鱼礁后尾流区的范围及高度随来流流速的增大而增大，且尾流区内流速也相应增加。相对于无盖的鱼礁，有盖的鱼礁周围流场变化幅度较大，其尾流区影响范围较大。
(4)在同一水流速度的情况下，有盖的鱼礁周围受冲刷的程度比无盖的鱼礁要大，然而两者周围水体中悬浮物浓度基本一致。鱼礁在有盖或无盖的情况下，随着流速的增加雷诺数是逐渐增加的，但是阻力系数趋于递减的趋势。其中，在相同流速和迎流角度的情况下，有盖的礁体的阻力系数比无盖的礁体的阻力系数要大；对于同一鱼礁礁体，在相同的流速下，迎流角度为0°时比迎流角度为45°的阻力系数要大。
(5)在有礁体存在情况下，聚鱼效果远高于无礁体存在情况下的聚鱼效果，聚鱼率最大差别达到29%。对于同一形状的礁体，有孔礁体比有框鱼礁具有更好的聚鱼效果。对不同形状、不同结构的礁体，正方体有盖有孔鱼礁对黑头鱼的诱集作用最显著。
(6)鱼礁群建成15个月后，礁群高度与建成2个月时的礁群高度相差不大，且礁群未发生明显倒塌，具有很好的稳定性；与对照区相比，投礁后鱼礁区浮游植物数量增加，而浮游动物和底栖生物的数量减少，这可能与鱼类对浮游动物和底栖生物的摄食有关；鱼礁区的渔业资源密度高于对照区，约为对照区的1.6倍。
The disposition of the decommissioning offshore oil platform and related facilities hasbecome one of the most critical environmental issues that draw attention all over the worldin recent years. Transforming the decommissioning offshore oil production facilities intoartificial reefs can not only save the cost of demolition, but also reduce the risk of offshoreoperation and minimize the influence to marine ecological environment. So it has importanteconomic, social and environmental significance.
In this paper, Chengdao oilfield was taken as the research object. Based on theinvestigation of the regional environmental situation, the main researches were focused onevaluation of reef site, systemic study of the function and structure of the oil platforms,analysis of the scheme regarding platform demolition and artificial reef construction, thechange of flow field and sediment scouring around the reef, and fish attracting effects of thereef. The main conclusions obtained in this research were shown as follows:
(1) The local fishery resources need maintenance and recovery, and the terrainconditions, geologic conditions, water quality, water flow velocity, water depth and theecological fishery conditions of Chengdao offshore oilfield meet the requirements forartificial reef construction. The waters south of the trestle of Chengdao CB6A platform canbe used as artificial reef construction area.
(2) By taking the steel structure of the decommissioning oil platform as the main frame,allocating artificial reef monomers in the center of and around the platform steel structurerationally, as well as hanging plastic floating bodies on the underwater steel structure, theartificial reef construction project can be done.
(3) In the longitudinal direction, flow field effect of reefs occurs mainly in the rangefrom2a/3to20a/3of the reef, very little at20a/3. Mainly lateral influence area is-4a/3to4a/3. Upwelling forms in front of the reef, and the flow velocity at the two flanks of the reefaccelerate with increasing inflow velocity, but its increasing extent gradually reduces. Theregion and height of wake region behind reefs increase with the faster inflow velocity, wake flow velocity will increase correspondingly. Compared to reefs without cover, the flow fieldsof reefs with cover change more serious, and their wake regions are much bigger.
(4) With the same flow velocity, the scouring extent around the reef with cover is moreserious than that without cover. The concentration of suspended matter around the reefgradually increases with the increasing of the flow velocity. For both kinds of reefs, theReynolds number generally increases with increasing flow velocity, while the resistancecoefficient decreases with increasing flow velocity. In the case of the same flow velocity andattacking angle, the resistance coefficient of reef with cove is bigger than that without cover,and for one reef with the same velocity, the resistance coefficient of attacking0°is biggerthan attacking45°.
(5) The fish gathering effects of the artificial reef monomers are much better than thereis no reef existence, with the biggest difference on fish gathering rate being29%. For thereef with the same shape, the fish gathering effect of the reef with holes is better than thatwith frames. For the reefs with different shapes, the fish gathering effect of the cube reef isbetter than that the triangular pyramid reef.
(6)15months after the completion of reef cluster construction, its height is almost thesame as that of13months before, and there is no apparent collapse, indicating that it hasgood stability. Compared with the control area, the biomass of phytoplankton around the reefarea has increased, and that of zooplankton as well as benthos has decreased. This is possiblybecause the latter two are consumed by fish. In the reef area, the stock density of fisheryresources is higher by a multiple of1.6than that in the control area.
引文
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