半封闭海域河流水龄时空分布及其影响因素数值研究
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摘要
水体微团在空间某点的水龄定义为该水体微团自进入控制体以来到流经该点所需要的时间。水龄是定量描述海洋水动力过程的环境效应的辅助变量，对深入理解陆源物质在海域中的输运具有重要的参考意义。然而，关于河流水在半封闭海域中的水龄研究甚少。本文以渤海和濑户内海作为代表区域，利用基于CART理论（constituent-oriented age and residence time theory）的三维水龄模型，模拟分析了黄河水（流入渤海的最大河流）在渤海中和淀川河水（流入濑户内海的最大河流）在濑户内海中水龄时空分布及其影响因素，尝试给出了半封闭海域河流水龄分布特征。主要结论如下：
黄河水在整个渤海中的年平均水龄为3年。水龄显示明显的水平空间变化：在莱州湾中为1.7年而在辽东湾中为3.9年。除春季和夏季在黄河入海口附近和渤海中部南端外，在其他区域和季节水龄在垂向上几乎是均匀的。除莱州湾外，整个渤海的水龄季节变化很小。黄河水在渤海海峡处的水龄为3.4年。在各季节内，黄河水在渤海海峡南部的水龄都要低于北部。但在垂向上，表底差异并不明显。如果黄河水离开渤海后不能再次返回渤海，黄河水在渤海中水龄的四季空间分布特征并未发生改变，但水龄绝对数值会显著减小。例如黄河水在整个渤海中年平均水龄将自3年锐减为1.2年。潮是控制黄河水在渤海中水龄的最主要动力因素。无潮时，黄河水在渤海中水龄将减少超过50%。风是第二重要因素。无风时，黄河水在渤海中水龄增加20%~30%。无斜压过程或黄河水径流量的改变，对水龄影响很小。
淀川河水在整个濑户内海中的年平均水龄为152天。水龄显示明显的水平空间变化：在大阪湾、播磨滩和濑户内海其他区域中依次为97天、199天和450天。在濑户内海中，除四季在大阪湾外，在其他区域水龄在垂向上几乎是均匀的。大阪湾和整个濑户内海的水龄季节变化均很明显。淀川河水自淀川河入海口排入大阪湾后（0.8×10~(10)m~3），分为二支：第一支（0.3×10~(10)m~3）经明石海峡进入播磨滩，进而经铭门海峡进入纪伊水道；第二支（0.5×10~(10)m~3）经纪淡海峡直接进入纪伊水道。而经备赞海峡进入濑户内海其他区域的量极少。淀川河水在铭门海峡和纪淡海峡处的水龄依次为203天和128天。冬季，在纪淡海峡西部的水龄要高于东部，垂向分布无差异。而夏季，在纪淡海峡西部的水龄要低于东部，垂向差异非常明显。如果淀川河水离开濑户内海后不能再次返回濑户内海，淀川河水在濑户内海中水龄的四季空间分布特征并未发生改变，但水龄绝对数值会显著减小。例如淀川河水在整个濑户内海中年平均水龄将自152天锐减为69天。斜压是控制淀川河水在濑户内海中水龄的最主要动力因素。无斜压时，淀川河水在大阪湾和播磨滩中水龄增加均超过50%。潮是第二重要因素。无潮时，淀川河水在大阪湾和播磨滩中水龄分别增加6%和51%。而且淀川河水自大阪湾分为二支进入纪伊水道的通道由潮决定。无风时或淀川河水径流量的改变，对水龄影响很小。
通过分析黄河水在渤海中和淀川河水在濑户内海中水龄时空分布及其影响因素，尝试给出了半封闭海域河流水龄分布特征。在半封闭海域中，河流水龄呈现明显的水平空间变化。河流水在河流入海口附近水龄最低，随着与入海口距离的增加，水龄逐渐增大。在河流入海口及其邻近海域中，水龄在垂向上呈现明显差异。在河流入海口及其邻近海域中，水龄季节变化也很明显。黄河水经渤海海峡这唯一的通道离开渤海，而淀川河水主要经铭门海峡和纪淡海峡这2个通道离开濑户内海。如果河流水离开半封闭海域后不能再次返回半封闭海域，河流水在半封闭海域中水龄的四季空间分布特征并未发生改变，但水龄绝对数值会显著减小。河流水在半封闭海域中水龄对河流径流量的响应并不明显。渤海中，潮是最主要的动力控制因素，其次是风。而在濑户内海中，斜压是最主要的，其次是潮。
Water age is defined as the time elapsed since the departure of a water parcelfrom an area, where its age is prescribed to be0, to its arrival at a water body ofinterest. Water age is such one auxiliary variable that quantitatively reflects theenvironmental functions of dynamic processes and helps to understand the transporttimescales of land-based materials in the sea. However, little study has considered theage of river water in the semienclosed sea. To understand the age distribution of riverwater and its control factors in the semienclosed sea, the age of Yellow River water inthe Bohai Sea and Yodo River water in the Seto Inland Sea was calculated by athree-dimensional model based on the constituent-oriented age and residence timetheory (CART). The Yellow River and Yodo River is the largest river that feeds intothe Bohai Sea and Seto Inland Sea, respectively. Significant results and usefulconclusions have been achieved:
Yellow River water has a mean of3.0years for the entire Bohai Sea. The spatialvariation of the water age is significant:1.7years in the Laizhou Bay but3.9years inthe Liaodong Bay. The vertical variation in age of Yellow River water in the BohaiSea is small except for the area close the Yellow River mouth and the southern part ofCentral Basin in spring and summer. Except for the Laizhou Bay, the age of YellowRiver water in the entire Bohai Sea shows weak seasonal variation. The age of YellowRiver water at the Bohai Strait is3.4years. The age of Yellow River water at theBohai Strait is lower at the southern side than at the northern side throughout a year.But the vertical variation in the age of Yellow River water at the Bohai Strait is small.The exclusion of the return of old Yellow River water to the Bohai Sea does notchange the spatial distribution of water age for the four seasons but reduces theabsolute value of water age greatly. Without the reentry process, the mean age ofYellow River water in the entire Bohai Sea decreases to1.2years. Among all of thedynamic processes associated with circulations, the tide is the most dominant factor to affect the age of Yellow River water. Without tidal forcing, the mean age of YellowRiver water was reduced by more than50%. The winds are a secondary factor incontrolling the age of Yellow River water. Without winds, the mean of Yellow Riverwater increases by20%~30%. Without baroclinic force or changes in Yellow Riverdischarges have only slight influences on the age of Yellow River water in the BohaiSea.
Yodo River water has a mean of152days for the entire Seto Inland Sea. Thespatial variation of the water age is significant:97days in the Osaka Bay,199days inthe Harima-Nada but450days in other regions of the Sea Inland Sea. The verticalvariation in age of Yodo River water in the Seto Inland Sea is small except for OsakaBay throughout a year. The age of Yodo River water in the Osaka Bay and entire SetoInland Sea both shows strong seasonal variation. After discharging into the Osaka Bay,Yodo River water divides into two branches. One of them (~0.3×10~(10)m~3) flows intothe Harima-Nada through the Akashi Strait, and then flows into the Kii Channelthrough the Naruto Strait. The other branch (~0.5×10~(10)m~3) flows into the Kii Channeldirectly through the Kitan Strait. Only a little Yodo River water flows into otherregions of the Seto Inland Sea. The age of Yodo River water at the Naruto Strait andKitan Strait is203days and128days, respectively. In winter, the age at the KitanStrait is lower at the eastern side than at the western side and the age distribution inthe vertical direction is homogenous. While in summer, the age at the Kitan Strait islower at the western side than at the eastern side and the age in the vertical directionshows strong stratification. The exclusion of the return of old Yodo River water to theSeto Inland Sea does not change the spatial distribution of water age for the fourseasons but reduces the absolute value of water age greatly. Without the reentryprocess, the mean age of Yodo River water in the entire Seto Inland Sea decreases to69days. Among all of the dynamic processes associated with circulations, thebaroclinic force is the most dominant factor to affect the age of Yodo River water.Without baroclinic force, the mean age of Yodo River water in the Osaka Bay andHarima-Nada both increases by more than50%. The tide is a secondary factor incontrolling the age of Yodo River water. Without tidal forcing, the mean of Yodo River water in the Osaka Bay and Harima-Nada increases by6%and51%,respectively. Without winds or changes in Yodo River discharges have only slightinfluences on the age of Yodo River water in the Seto Inland Sea.
To understand the age distribution of river water and its control factors in thesemienclosed sea, the age of Yellow River water in the Bohai Sea is compared withthe age of Yodo River water in the Seto Inland Sea. In the semienclosed sea, the waterage varies significantly in the horizontal direction. The age of river water is smallestaround the river mouth and increases in proportion to the distance away from the rivermouth. The vertical variation in age of river water in the area close the river mouth islarge. And the age of river water in the area close to the river mouth shows strongseasonal variation. Yellow River water flows out of the Bohai Sea through the BohaiStrait, while Yodo River water mainly flows out of the Seto Inland Sea through theNaruto Strait and Kitan Strait. The exclusion of the return of old river water to thesemienclosed sea does not change the spatial distribution of water age for the fourseasons but reduces the absolute value of water age greatly. Changes in riverdischarges have only slight influence on the age of river water in the semienclosed sea.Among all of the dynamic processes associated with circulations, tide is the mostdominant factor to affect the age of Yellow River water in the Bohai Sea. And windsare a secondary factor. While baroclinic force is the most dominant factor to affect theage of Yodo River water in the Seto Inland Sea. And tide is a secondary factor.
黄河水在整个渤海中的年平均水龄为3年。水龄显示明显的水平空间变化：在莱州湾中为1.7年而在辽东湾中为3.9年。除春季和夏季在黄河入海口附近和渤海中部南端外，在其他区域和季节水龄在垂向上几乎是均匀的。除莱州湾外，整个渤海的水龄季节变化很小。黄河水在渤海海峡处的水龄为3.4年。在各季节内，黄河水在渤海海峡南部的水龄都要低于北部。但在垂向上，表底差异并不明显。如果黄河水离开渤海后不能再次返回渤海，黄河水在渤海中水龄的四季空间分布特征并未发生改变，但水龄绝对数值会显著减小。例如黄河水在整个渤海中年平均水龄将自3年锐减为1.2年。潮是控制黄河水在渤海中水龄的最主要动力因素。无潮时，黄河水在渤海中水龄将减少超过50%。风是第二重要因素。无风时，黄河水在渤海中水龄增加20%~30%。无斜压过程或黄河水径流量的改变，对水龄影响很小。
淀川河水在整个濑户内海中的年平均水龄为152天。水龄显示明显的水平空间变化：在大阪湾、播磨滩和濑户内海其他区域中依次为97天、199天和450天。在濑户内海中，除四季在大阪湾外，在其他区域水龄在垂向上几乎是均匀的。大阪湾和整个濑户内海的水龄季节变化均很明显。淀川河水自淀川河入海口排入大阪湾后（0.8×10~(10)m~3），分为二支：第一支（0.3×10~(10)m~3）经明石海峡进入播磨滩，进而经铭门海峡进入纪伊水道；第二支（0.5×10~(10)m~3）经纪淡海峡直接进入纪伊水道。而经备赞海峡进入濑户内海其他区域的量极少。淀川河水在铭门海峡和纪淡海峡处的水龄依次为203天和128天。冬季，在纪淡海峡西部的水龄要高于东部，垂向分布无差异。而夏季，在纪淡海峡西部的水龄要低于东部，垂向差异非常明显。如果淀川河水离开濑户内海后不能再次返回濑户内海，淀川河水在濑户内海中水龄的四季空间分布特征并未发生改变，但水龄绝对数值会显著减小。例如淀川河水在整个濑户内海中年平均水龄将自152天锐减为69天。斜压是控制淀川河水在濑户内海中水龄的最主要动力因素。无斜压时，淀川河水在大阪湾和播磨滩中水龄增加均超过50%。潮是第二重要因素。无潮时，淀川河水在大阪湾和播磨滩中水龄分别增加6%和51%。而且淀川河水自大阪湾分为二支进入纪伊水道的通道由潮决定。无风时或淀川河水径流量的改变，对水龄影响很小。
通过分析黄河水在渤海中和淀川河水在濑户内海中水龄时空分布及其影响因素，尝试给出了半封闭海域河流水龄分布特征。在半封闭海域中，河流水龄呈现明显的水平空间变化。河流水在河流入海口附近水龄最低，随着与入海口距离的增加，水龄逐渐增大。在河流入海口及其邻近海域中，水龄在垂向上呈现明显差异。在河流入海口及其邻近海域中，水龄季节变化也很明显。黄河水经渤海海峡这唯一的通道离开渤海，而淀川河水主要经铭门海峡和纪淡海峡这2个通道离开濑户内海。如果河流水离开半封闭海域后不能再次返回半封闭海域，河流水在半封闭海域中水龄的四季空间分布特征并未发生改变，但水龄绝对数值会显著减小。河流水在半封闭海域中水龄对河流径流量的响应并不明显。渤海中，潮是最主要的动力控制因素，其次是风。而在濑户内海中，斜压是最主要的，其次是潮。
Water age is defined as the time elapsed since the departure of a water parcelfrom an area, where its age is prescribed to be0, to its arrival at a water body ofinterest. Water age is such one auxiliary variable that quantitatively reflects theenvironmental functions of dynamic processes and helps to understand the transporttimescales of land-based materials in the sea. However, little study has considered theage of river water in the semienclosed sea. To understand the age distribution of riverwater and its control factors in the semienclosed sea, the age of Yellow River water inthe Bohai Sea and Yodo River water in the Seto Inland Sea was calculated by athree-dimensional model based on the constituent-oriented age and residence timetheory (CART). The Yellow River and Yodo River is the largest river that feeds intothe Bohai Sea and Seto Inland Sea, respectively. Significant results and usefulconclusions have been achieved:
Yellow River water has a mean of3.0years for the entire Bohai Sea. The spatialvariation of the water age is significant:1.7years in the Laizhou Bay but3.9years inthe Liaodong Bay. The vertical variation in age of Yellow River water in the BohaiSea is small except for the area close the Yellow River mouth and the southern part ofCentral Basin in spring and summer. Except for the Laizhou Bay, the age of YellowRiver water in the entire Bohai Sea shows weak seasonal variation. The age of YellowRiver water at the Bohai Strait is3.4years. The age of Yellow River water at theBohai Strait is lower at the southern side than at the northern side throughout a year.But the vertical variation in the age of Yellow River water at the Bohai Strait is small.The exclusion of the return of old Yellow River water to the Bohai Sea does notchange the spatial distribution of water age for the four seasons but reduces theabsolute value of water age greatly. Without the reentry process, the mean age ofYellow River water in the entire Bohai Sea decreases to1.2years. Among all of thedynamic processes associated with circulations, the tide is the most dominant factor to affect the age of Yellow River water. Without tidal forcing, the mean age of YellowRiver water was reduced by more than50%. The winds are a secondary factor incontrolling the age of Yellow River water. Without winds, the mean of Yellow Riverwater increases by20%~30%. Without baroclinic force or changes in Yellow Riverdischarges have only slight influences on the age of Yellow River water in the BohaiSea.
Yodo River water has a mean of152days for the entire Seto Inland Sea. Thespatial variation of the water age is significant:97days in the Osaka Bay,199days inthe Harima-Nada but450days in other regions of the Sea Inland Sea. The verticalvariation in age of Yodo River water in the Seto Inland Sea is small except for OsakaBay throughout a year. The age of Yodo River water in the Osaka Bay and entire SetoInland Sea both shows strong seasonal variation. After discharging into the Osaka Bay,Yodo River water divides into two branches. One of them (~0.3×10~(10)m~3) flows intothe Harima-Nada through the Akashi Strait, and then flows into the Kii Channelthrough the Naruto Strait. The other branch (~0.5×10~(10)m~3) flows into the Kii Channeldirectly through the Kitan Strait. Only a little Yodo River water flows into otherregions of the Seto Inland Sea. The age of Yodo River water at the Naruto Strait andKitan Strait is203days and128days, respectively. In winter, the age at the KitanStrait is lower at the eastern side than at the western side and the age distribution inthe vertical direction is homogenous. While in summer, the age at the Kitan Strait islower at the western side than at the eastern side and the age in the vertical directionshows strong stratification. The exclusion of the return of old Yodo River water to theSeto Inland Sea does not change the spatial distribution of water age for the fourseasons but reduces the absolute value of water age greatly. Without the reentryprocess, the mean age of Yodo River water in the entire Seto Inland Sea decreases to69days. Among all of the dynamic processes associated with circulations, thebaroclinic force is the most dominant factor to affect the age of Yodo River water.Without baroclinic force, the mean age of Yodo River water in the Osaka Bay andHarima-Nada both increases by more than50%. The tide is a secondary factor incontrolling the age of Yodo River water. Without tidal forcing, the mean of Yodo River water in the Osaka Bay and Harima-Nada increases by6%and51%,respectively. Without winds or changes in Yodo River discharges have only slightinfluences on the age of Yodo River water in the Seto Inland Sea.
To understand the age distribution of river water and its control factors in thesemienclosed sea, the age of Yellow River water in the Bohai Sea is compared withthe age of Yodo River water in the Seto Inland Sea. In the semienclosed sea, the waterage varies significantly in the horizontal direction. The age of river water is smallestaround the river mouth and increases in proportion to the distance away from the rivermouth. The vertical variation in age of river water in the area close the river mouth islarge. And the age of river water in the area close to the river mouth shows strongseasonal variation. Yellow River water flows out of the Bohai Sea through the BohaiStrait, while Yodo River water mainly flows out of the Seto Inland Sea through theNaruto Strait and Kitan Strait. The exclusion of the return of old river water to thesemienclosed sea does not change the spatial distribution of water age for the fourseasons but reduces the absolute value of water age greatly. Changes in riverdischarges have only slight influence on the age of river water in the semienclosed sea.Among all of the dynamic processes associated with circulations, tide is the mostdominant factor to affect the age of Yellow River water in the Bohai Sea. And windsare a secondary factor. While baroclinic force is the most dominant factor to affect theage of Yodo River water in the Seto Inland Sea. And tide is a secondary factor.
引文
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