水稻“三高一保”栽培技术及其高产优质机理研究
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摘要
水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一,提高单产和改善米质是保障国家粮食安全与提高消费者生活水平的客观需要。我国已培育了一批具有超高产潜力品种,研究出与之相配套的栽培技术,对挖掘这些品种产量与米质潜力具有重要意义。构建前发、中稳、后健的群体是优质高产栽培的本质要求,特别是在超高产栽培条件下。双季稻区由于气候和品种生育期等原因,水稻前期难早发、中期无效分蘖多、后期易早衰,为此,我们以双季超级稻为材料,采用田间试验与室内分析相结合的方法,以高成穗率、高结实率、高籽粒充实度和挖掘品种米质潜力(保优质)的“三高一保”为核心,在前期已研制出水稻育秧专用肥和筛选出不同控蘖剂、壮秆剂等原料的基础上,开展了育秧专用肥壮秧促早发效应及机理、水稻复合控蘖剂复配筛选与应用、水稻控蘖高产肥水优化调控技术、“三控”结合控制无效分蘖技术、三高一保栽培模式(简称SGYB)集成及其效应、三高一保栽培模式高产优质的机理等研究,取得主要结果如下：
(1)育秧肥育秧能促进秧苗矮壮多蘖、增加根量和地上部干重,提高秧苗生理活性和抗逆性,促进栽后早发,提高产量。经双向电泳分离和质谱分析,有16个差异表达蛋白质得到鉴定,对这些蛋白质的相关功能分析表明,育秧肥育秧可能通过提高相关蛋白质的表达量,从而促进壮秧和栽后早发。
(2)通过复配后初筛、复筛和完善,已筛选出能控蘖、增粒、增产的水稻复合控蘖剂配方,并初步提出了施用方法为：在水稻有效分蘖临界叶龄期或当苗数达到计划穗数时喷施浓度2g/kg的控蘖剂药液750kg/hm2,或分两次喷,在上述时期先喷一半,另一半在3-4d后再喷；“水稻复合控蘖剂”申报了国家发明专利(公告号：CN101444209),为化学控蘖提供了技术。
(3)研究提出了双季稻的N、K肥料运筹模式均以基肥：分蘖肥：穗肥：粒肥为5：2：2：1最适宜,灌溉模式以控水灌溉、提早晒田的管理模式为好,这种肥料运筹模式和灌溉模式有利于控制无效分蘖、提高成穗率和产量,为水控和肥控提供了控蘖技术。
(4)化控、水控、肥控3项控蘖措施的都有控制无效分蘖发生、提高成穗率、增加产量的效果,控蘖和提高成穗率效果以化控最好、其次是肥控、最后是水控,而且各措施组合后应用有一定协同效应,以3项措施组合的效果最好。
(5)集成创新形成了一套双季稻三高一保栽培技术模式,并获国家发明专利(专利号：ZL200810136592.4),与常规栽培模式比较,该模式能促进早发、控制无效分蘖发生,提高成穗率、结实率、籽粒充实度,增加产量和改善米质。
(6)与常规栽培模式比较,三高一栽培模式的水稻具有如下生理生态特性：一是全生育期的LAI高,除无效分蘖发生期的叶片SPAD和Pn低外,其它时期SPAD和Pn都高,因此,干物质生产量多,而且茎鞘物质输出率高、分配到穗部比例高；根量多、根系活力强；除N-n叶期至拔节期的养分吸收速率较低外,其它时期的养分吸收速率都高,总养分吸收量多。二是灌浆期籽粒灌浆速率快,茎鞘储藏物质多,前期输出速率快、后期输出速率慢,籽粒中APDGPase和SSase两种淀粉合成的关键酶活性强,籽粒中IAA、iPA、Z+ZR、GAs等促进生长的激素含量高,而抑制生长的ABA含量低；籽粒灌浆过程中叶片、根系、籽粒衰老速率慢,表现出后健的群体特征。三是行间透光率高、株间透光率低、平均透光率高,株高和基部节间长略有增加,但大多不显著,纹枯病发病轻,抗倒伏能力强。分析发现,三高一保栽培模式高产优质的机理可能是育秧肥培育壮秧促进了前期早发；三控结合控制了无效分蘖分生,促进了根系生长和分蘖成穗,提高了成穗率和茎鞘储存物质量；中期高成穗率和配套技术的应用,使后期构建了高光效群体、改善了群体生态条件、减缓了器官衰老进程、增加了灌浆物质量,促进了籽粒灌浆。
As we know, rice is the most important food crop in China and even in the world. Increasing the rice yield per unit area and improving rice quality are necessary for safeguarding national food security and improving people's living level. Nowaday China has bred a series of new rice varieties with a potential of super-high yield. Studying the cultivation technology matching with these varieties would have very important significance to exploit the potentialities of yield and quality of those varieties. The construction of population with flourishing growth at previous period, steady development at middle period and vigorous grain filling at later period is the essential requirement for high yielding and quality cultivation, especially for super-high-yield cultivation. Because of the climate and growth period of rice varieties, the rice in double cropping cultivation area usually has the characteristics with difficulty to have a flourishing growth at previous period, too many of ineffective tillers at middle period and early senescence at later period. So, super hybrid rice varieties were used as the study materials to study the effects and mechanism of special raising seedling fertilizer on improving the seedlings quality and the growth at previous period, formula, screening and application of rice tiller-inhibitor, the optimal regulation techniques of fertilizer and irrigation for controlling tiller and high yielding, the techniques of "three control" combination to control ineffective tillers, the cultivation model integration of "three high one ensure"(eg. SGYB) and its effects, the high yielding and quality mechimism SGYB cultivation model by the method of combining field experiment with lab analysis, around the core of "three high one ensure" namely high percent effective panicle, high seed setting rate, high grain plumpness and ensure of high quality, and on the basis of development of the special raising seedling fertilizer and the materials of tiller-inhibitor. The main research results are followings:
(1) Special raising seedlings fertilizer improved the number of the tiller and the quality of the seedlings, increased the number of roots and the dry weight of aerial parts, improved the physiological activity and stress resistance of seedlings, and promoted the flourishing growth after transplanting so as to increase the grain yield. Moreover, the analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry found that16differential expression proteins were identified. And the relative function analysis of those proteins indicated that the special raising seedlings fertilizer improved the amount of protein expression, subsequently improved the seedlings quality and flourishing growth after transplanting.
(2) The formula of rice tiller-inhibitor which can control tillering, increase number of spikelets per panicle and grain yield had screened out by prescreening, screening and improving. Additionally, its application method was preliminarily worked out, namely:750kg/hm2tiller-inhibitor solution with the concentration of2g/kg will be sprayed at the critical leaf age of effective tiller or when the number of tillers is same to the planned number of panicles; or, split spraying by two times, half sprayed at the period stated above, and the other half sprayed after3-4d. Additionally,"rice compound tiller-inhibitor" had applied the national patent for invention (Bulletin No.:CN101444209). It would provide the technological support on tiller chemical control.
(3) A rational fertilization management model of N, K fertilizer and an optimal irrigation model were worked out. The rational fertilization management model of N, K fertilizer was.base fertilizer: tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer:grain fertilizer=5:2:2:1. The optimal irrigation model was ahead of drying field and water-saving irrigation. Both this fertilization management model and the irrigation model were in favor of controlling ineffective tillers, improving percent effective panicles and grain yield.
(4) Whatever measures of tiller control including chemical control, water control and fertilizer control could obviously reduce the number of ineffective tiller, and increase the percent of effective panicles and grain yield, and the chemical control was best in effect, followed by fertilizer control and water control. Furthermore, three kinds of tiller control method showed the synernies interaction at a certain extent, and the effects of combination with three tiller control methods were optimal.
(5) The SGYB cultivation model of double cropping rice was integrated, and it had already obtained the national patent for invention (patent NO.:ZL200810136592.4). This model could promote the flourishing growth at previous period, decrease the number of ineffective tillers, increase the percent of effective panicle, seed setting rate and grain plumpness, and improve the grain yield and the rice quality, compared to conventional cultivation model.
The rice under SGYB cultivation model possessed the following characteristics compared to conventional cultivation method:first, the LAI in the whole growth duration was higher, and the SPAD and Pn value in the whole growth duration were higher except in the period of ineffective tillering. Therefore, dry matter was more and the export ratio of dry matter in stem and sheath was higher, accordingly the proportion of dry matter transported to panicles was higher. The dry weight of roots was more and the activity of roots were stronger, so the rate and amount of absorption for nutrient in the whole growth duration were higher except from the N-n leaf stage to enlongation stage. Secondly, the grain filling rate was higher during grain filling period, the matter deposited in stem and sheath was more, the export rate was faster at previous period but slower at later period, the activity of APDGPase and Ssase in grains was stronger, the content of IAA、iPA、Z+ZR、GAs in grains was higher, but the content ABA was lower, and the senescence rate of leaves, roots and grains during grain filling period was lower. All these were the performances of the vigorous population characteristic during later period. Thirdly, the light transmittance between rows was higher but lower between hills, and the average light transmittance was also higher. The plant height and the length of basal stem internodes increased slightly but not significantly. The incidence of sheath blight was lower, and the ability of lodging resistance was stronger. Analysis found that the probable mechanisms of the high yielding and quality for SGYB method were promoting the flourishing growth after transplanting because of high seedlings quality cultivated with special raising seedlings fertilizer; controlling the ineffective tillering, improving root growth and panicle formation, increasing percent of effective panicle and matter amount in stem and sheath because of combinated with application of three tiller controlling measures; constructing population for high photosynthetic efficency, improving population ecological conditions, delaying organ senescence progress,increasing filling matter amount and promting seed filling during later period because of the high percent of effecfive panicle and the application of intergreted techniques.
(1)育秧肥育秧能促进秧苗矮壮多蘖、增加根量和地上部干重,提高秧苗生理活性和抗逆性,促进栽后早发,提高产量。经双向电泳分离和质谱分析,有16个差异表达蛋白质得到鉴定,对这些蛋白质的相关功能分析表明,育秧肥育秧可能通过提高相关蛋白质的表达量,从而促进壮秧和栽后早发。
(2)通过复配后初筛、复筛和完善,已筛选出能控蘖、增粒、增产的水稻复合控蘖剂配方,并初步提出了施用方法为：在水稻有效分蘖临界叶龄期或当苗数达到计划穗数时喷施浓度2g/kg的控蘖剂药液750kg/hm2,或分两次喷,在上述时期先喷一半,另一半在3-4d后再喷；“水稻复合控蘖剂”申报了国家发明专利(公告号：CN101444209),为化学控蘖提供了技术。
(3)研究提出了双季稻的N、K肥料运筹模式均以基肥：分蘖肥：穗肥：粒肥为5：2：2：1最适宜,灌溉模式以控水灌溉、提早晒田的管理模式为好,这种肥料运筹模式和灌溉模式有利于控制无效分蘖、提高成穗率和产量,为水控和肥控提供了控蘖技术。
(4)化控、水控、肥控3项控蘖措施的都有控制无效分蘖发生、提高成穗率、增加产量的效果,控蘖和提高成穗率效果以化控最好、其次是肥控、最后是水控,而且各措施组合后应用有一定协同效应,以3项措施组合的效果最好。
(5)集成创新形成了一套双季稻三高一保栽培技术模式,并获国家发明专利(专利号：ZL200810136592.4),与常规栽培模式比较,该模式能促进早发、控制无效分蘖发生,提高成穗率、结实率、籽粒充实度,增加产量和改善米质。
(6)与常规栽培模式比较,三高一栽培模式的水稻具有如下生理生态特性：一是全生育期的LAI高,除无效分蘖发生期的叶片SPAD和Pn低外,其它时期SPAD和Pn都高,因此,干物质生产量多,而且茎鞘物质输出率高、分配到穗部比例高；根量多、根系活力强；除N-n叶期至拔节期的养分吸收速率较低外,其它时期的养分吸收速率都高,总养分吸收量多。二是灌浆期籽粒灌浆速率快,茎鞘储藏物质多,前期输出速率快、后期输出速率慢,籽粒中APDGPase和SSase两种淀粉合成的关键酶活性强,籽粒中IAA、iPA、Z+ZR、GAs等促进生长的激素含量高,而抑制生长的ABA含量低；籽粒灌浆过程中叶片、根系、籽粒衰老速率慢,表现出后健的群体特征。三是行间透光率高、株间透光率低、平均透光率高,株高和基部节间长略有增加,但大多不显著,纹枯病发病轻,抗倒伏能力强。分析发现,三高一保栽培模式高产优质的机理可能是育秧肥培育壮秧促进了前期早发；三控结合控制了无效分蘖分生,促进了根系生长和分蘖成穗,提高了成穗率和茎鞘储存物质量；中期高成穗率和配套技术的应用,使后期构建了高光效群体、改善了群体生态条件、减缓了器官衰老进程、增加了灌浆物质量,促进了籽粒灌浆。
As we know, rice is the most important food crop in China and even in the world. Increasing the rice yield per unit area and improving rice quality are necessary for safeguarding national food security and improving people's living level. Nowaday China has bred a series of new rice varieties with a potential of super-high yield. Studying the cultivation technology matching with these varieties would have very important significance to exploit the potentialities of yield and quality of those varieties. The construction of population with flourishing growth at previous period, steady development at middle period and vigorous grain filling at later period is the essential requirement for high yielding and quality cultivation, especially for super-high-yield cultivation. Because of the climate and growth period of rice varieties, the rice in double cropping cultivation area usually has the characteristics with difficulty to have a flourishing growth at previous period, too many of ineffective tillers at middle period and early senescence at later period. So, super hybrid rice varieties were used as the study materials to study the effects and mechanism of special raising seedling fertilizer on improving the seedlings quality and the growth at previous period, formula, screening and application of rice tiller-inhibitor, the optimal regulation techniques of fertilizer and irrigation for controlling tiller and high yielding, the techniques of "three control" combination to control ineffective tillers, the cultivation model integration of "three high one ensure"(eg. SGYB) and its effects, the high yielding and quality mechimism SGYB cultivation model by the method of combining field experiment with lab analysis, around the core of "three high one ensure" namely high percent effective panicle, high seed setting rate, high grain plumpness and ensure of high quality, and on the basis of development of the special raising seedling fertilizer and the materials of tiller-inhibitor. The main research results are followings:
(1) Special raising seedlings fertilizer improved the number of the tiller and the quality of the seedlings, increased the number of roots and the dry weight of aerial parts, improved the physiological activity and stress resistance of seedlings, and promoted the flourishing growth after transplanting so as to increase the grain yield. Moreover, the analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry found that16differential expression proteins were identified. And the relative function analysis of those proteins indicated that the special raising seedlings fertilizer improved the amount of protein expression, subsequently improved the seedlings quality and flourishing growth after transplanting.
(2) The formula of rice tiller-inhibitor which can control tillering, increase number of spikelets per panicle and grain yield had screened out by prescreening, screening and improving. Additionally, its application method was preliminarily worked out, namely:750kg/hm2tiller-inhibitor solution with the concentration of2g/kg will be sprayed at the critical leaf age of effective tiller or when the number of tillers is same to the planned number of panicles; or, split spraying by two times, half sprayed at the period stated above, and the other half sprayed after3-4d. Additionally,"rice compound tiller-inhibitor" had applied the national patent for invention (Bulletin No.:CN101444209). It would provide the technological support on tiller chemical control.
(3) A rational fertilization management model of N, K fertilizer and an optimal irrigation model were worked out. The rational fertilization management model of N, K fertilizer was.base fertilizer: tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer:grain fertilizer=5:2:2:1. The optimal irrigation model was ahead of drying field and water-saving irrigation. Both this fertilization management model and the irrigation model were in favor of controlling ineffective tillers, improving percent effective panicles and grain yield.
(4) Whatever measures of tiller control including chemical control, water control and fertilizer control could obviously reduce the number of ineffective tiller, and increase the percent of effective panicles and grain yield, and the chemical control was best in effect, followed by fertilizer control and water control. Furthermore, three kinds of tiller control method showed the synernies interaction at a certain extent, and the effects of combination with three tiller control methods were optimal.
(5) The SGYB cultivation model of double cropping rice was integrated, and it had already obtained the national patent for invention (patent NO.:ZL200810136592.4). This model could promote the flourishing growth at previous period, decrease the number of ineffective tillers, increase the percent of effective panicle, seed setting rate and grain plumpness, and improve the grain yield and the rice quality, compared to conventional cultivation model.
The rice under SGYB cultivation model possessed the following characteristics compared to conventional cultivation method:first, the LAI in the whole growth duration was higher, and the SPAD and Pn value in the whole growth duration were higher except in the period of ineffective tillering. Therefore, dry matter was more and the export ratio of dry matter in stem and sheath was higher, accordingly the proportion of dry matter transported to panicles was higher. The dry weight of roots was more and the activity of roots were stronger, so the rate and amount of absorption for nutrient in the whole growth duration were higher except from the N-n leaf stage to enlongation stage. Secondly, the grain filling rate was higher during grain filling period, the matter deposited in stem and sheath was more, the export rate was faster at previous period but slower at later period, the activity of APDGPase and Ssase in grains was stronger, the content of IAA、iPA、Z+ZR、GAs in grains was higher, but the content ABA was lower, and the senescence rate of leaves, roots and grains during grain filling period was lower. All these were the performances of the vigorous population characteristic during later period. Thirdly, the light transmittance between rows was higher but lower between hills, and the average light transmittance was also higher. The plant height and the length of basal stem internodes increased slightly but not significantly. The incidence of sheath blight was lower, and the ability of lodging resistance was stronger. Analysis found that the probable mechanisms of the high yielding and quality for SGYB method were promoting the flourishing growth after transplanting because of high seedlings quality cultivated with special raising seedlings fertilizer; controlling the ineffective tillering, improving root growth and panicle formation, increasing percent of effective panicle and matter amount in stem and sheath because of combinated with application of three tiller controlling measures; constructing population for high photosynthetic efficency, improving population ecological conditions, delaying organ senescence progress,increasing filling matter amount and promting seed filling during later period because of the high percent of effecfive panicle and the application of intergreted techniques.
引文
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