节能发电调度全过程优化模型与关键技术研究
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摘要
为提高电力工业能源使用效率，节约能源，减少环境污染，2007年国家确定江苏、河南、广东、贵州、四川等五个省份开展节能发电调度试点。随着全国节能发电调度工作的逐步开展，电力行业节能减排方面取得了一定的成效，但仍存在一些明显不足。国内的节能发电调度普遍关注的是按照能耗排序的日前节能发电调度算法，即在现有的电网运行条件下对机组的短期发电计划进行优化，但是从节能发电调度的本质和实际效果来看，应该更加重视中长期的调度模型优化，以取得更明显的节能效果。在日前计划编制时，一般把节能作为第一目标；在能耗水平相同时，再根据排放水平进行二次排序，这一步尚未得到充分重视。在实时调度时，普遍关注是否控制性能标准得到满足，而忽略了节能性要求。这些都是目前节能发电调度需要继续深入研究的问题。同时，目前对燃煤机组所做的发电排序大多采用基于设计煤耗的方式，不能真实反映系统的能耗水平，不利于提高节能发电调度的实施效果，应该研究如何采用实测煤耗数据进行发电排序。
在上述背景下，本文对与节能发电调度有关的一些问题开展了深入研究。针对现有节能发电调度模型的不足，分析了现有节能发电调度模式和方法的特征，对负荷预测方法、煤耗在线计算等关键技术进行了系统研究，提出了节能发电调度全过程优化模式。主要研究内容如下：
1、通过分析目前节能发电调度模式存在的不足，研究提出覆盖年度、月度、日前、实时等全过程的节能发电调度新理念；利用燃煤机组下降型的负荷-煤耗率曲线特性，研究建立在月度计划范围内优化开机方式、通过合理安排机组停运而提高开机机组负荷率、进而提高整个系统节能性的新型节能发电调度模式；设计了年度、月度、日前和实时等时间尺度节能发电调度计划的编制流程；研究了各级发电计划的协调与衔接。
2、对节能减排环境下的负荷预测方法进行了研究，比较分析了现有的负荷预测模型和算法，发展了基于量化气象条件影响分析的负荷预测方法，建立了气温对负荷影响的实用化敏感度量化分析方法，提出了基于密度估计的电力负荷异常数据辨识和修正方法。
3、采用设计煤耗进行节能发电调度排序会产生公平性和有效性问题。构造了反平衡法的燃煤机组煤耗在线计算模型；基于燃煤机组煤耗实测的数据，将离散的煤耗数据处理为机组在不同负荷水平下的煤耗数据，获得机组负荷-煤耗率曲线和负荷-煤耗量曲线。在得到机组的煤耗值和相关指标后，对燃煤机组三级耗差指标体系进行了研究，提出了采用高维自动寻优方法确定机组运行参数目标值的方法。根据求得的煤耗实测数据，提出了细化的燃煤机组排序的实用化方法。
4、研究了全过程节能发电调度的月度机组组合和日发电计划模型。发展了计及机组启停的月度机组组合模型，综合考虑了机组的最小启停时间、最大启停次数、启动费用等约束条件，对燃煤机组月内的启停状态进行优化。按照节能发电调度节能优先、兼顾环保的要求，建立了基于分层序列法的两阶段发电调度决策模型，第一阶段以节能性为目标，第二阶段考虑环保性。创新性的提出了提出了节能与减排特性相结合的机组特性函数。通过算例验证了所发展的新型节能发电调度模式的有效性。
5、对AGC总指令动态优化理论进行了研究，提出了以控制功率偏差和能耗指标综合最小的目标函数并考虑多种运行约束的多目标优化模型，并采用基于强化学习的Q算法进行求解。基于Q–学习的优化算法能够动态分配调度中心发出的AGC总调节指令，将机组能耗不同的多台机组进行优化分配，能使各台发电机的出力总和很好地满足CPS标准，并且通过在奖励函数加入节能发电调度的指标达到节能减排的目标。
最后，对全文的研究工作进行了总结，并简要展望了进一步可以开展的研究工作。
In order to improve energy efficiency of the power industry, save energy and reduceenvironmental pollution, Jiangsu, Henan, Guangdong, Guizhou and Sichuan were selected aspilots to enforce the energy-saving generation dispatch in2007. As the nationwideenergy-saving generation dispatch is carried out progressively, some positive effects onenergy saving and emission reduction have been achieved in the power industry, but there arestill some obvious shortages. Currently the energy-saving generation dispatch is focused onthe energy-saving generation scheduling algorithm based on the merit order of energyconsumption of each generation unit, i.e. optimizing the short-term generation schedule ofeach unit within the operational condition of the existing power system. In fact, the mediumand long-term dispatch shall be paid more attention in the energy-saving dispatch so as toachieve more significant energy-saving effect. In making the current schedule, energy savingis regarded as the first objective; in case the energy consumption is of the same level, thesecond-round rank is based on the emission level. In the real-time scheduling, the satisfactionof CPS standard is generally paid attention, while the requirement of energy-saving is ignored.These are the issues to be further studied in the current energy-saving generation dispatch.Meanwhile, currently most of the generation rank of coal-fired units is based on the designcoal consumption, and can not reflect the consumption level of the whole system actually,thus how to adopt actually measured data of coal consumption to implement generationranking should be studied.
Therefore, this thesis proceeds deep research into energy-saving generation dispatch, inallusion to the shortages of current energy-saving generation dispatch model, analyzes thecurrent energy-saving generation dispatch model and method, does research concerning keytechnologies of load predicting methods and coal consumption online computation andproposes an optimized model for the whole process of energy-saving generation dispatch.Main research contributions are as follows:
1. By analyzing the shortages of the current energy-saving generation dispatch model,research a new idea of the whole process of energy-saving generation dispatch covering year,month, day, real-time is presented. Using the curve characteristic of the load-coalconsumption rate of the coal-fired unit descending type, research and establish optimizedstarting up mode in the range of monthly schedule. By reasonably arranging units to beoff-the-line to improve load rate of starting up units, thus improve new type of energy-saving generation dispatch model. Design the time scale of year, month, day, real-time, etc. forpreparing procedure of energy-saving generation dispatch schedule and research coordinationand link up of all levels of generation schedule.
2. Carry out research into load predict method for environment of energy-saving andemission reduction, compare and analyze model and algorithm of existing load predict,develop the load predicting method based on quantized meteorological condition influenceanalysis, establish practical sensitiveness quantized analysis method for the influence of airtemperature on load, research and propose to identify and amend method for electric loadabnormal data based on density estimation.
3. The adoption of designed coal consumption to implement energy-saving generationdispatch ranking generates issue on fairness and effectiveness. The research adopts coalconsumption online computing model of anti-balance type of coal-fired unit, after computingthe actually measured coal consumption of coal-fired unit, put forward the method ofhandling discrete coal consumption data into the only coal consumption data under differentload of unit, and get the unit load-coal consumption rate curve and load-coal consumption ratecurve. After getting the coal consumption value and relevant index of unit, carry on researchinto three-level consumption difference index system of coal-fired unit, innovatively putforward the method of adopting high-dimension automatic optimizing method to confirm thedesired value of unit operating parameter. According to the coal consumption actuallymeasured data obtained, put forward the practical method for refined coal-fired unit ranking.
4. Research into the monthly unit combination and daily generation schedule model ofthe whole process of energy-saving generation dispatch. Put forward emphasis on the monthlyunit combination model of unit shutdown, target function takes unit characteristic functioncombined by energy-saving and emission reduction characteristics into consideration,comprehensively consider the constraint condition of unit’s minimum shutdown time,maximum shutdown times, starting up cost, etc., optimize the monthly shutdown state ofcoal-fired unit. According to the requirements of energy-saving first, give consideration toenvironmental protection for energy-saving generation dispatch, establish two stages ofgeneration dispatch decision model based on layering ordination, the objective of the firststage is energy-saving, the second stage considers environmental protection. The effectivenessof the new energy-saving generation dispatch mode is verified through the computationalexample.
5. Carry on research into AGC general directive dynamic optimization theory,innovatively put forward multiple target mathematical model of controlling target function of minimal power deviation and comprehensive energy consumption index and consideringvarious operational constraint, and adopt Q algorithm based on reinforced study to solve. Theoptimized algorithm which is based on Q-study can perform dynamic dispatch of AGCgeneral adjusting directive from dispatching center, proceed optimized dispatch to severalunits of different energy consumption, can make contribute total sum of each generator satisfyCPS standard well, and achieve the objective of energy saving and emission reduction byadding energy-saving generation dispatch index to reward function.
Finally, the major research work carried out in this thesis is summarized, and prospectsfor future research briefly outlined.
在上述背景下，本文对与节能发电调度有关的一些问题开展了深入研究。针对现有节能发电调度模型的不足，分析了现有节能发电调度模式和方法的特征，对负荷预测方法、煤耗在线计算等关键技术进行了系统研究，提出了节能发电调度全过程优化模式。主要研究内容如下：
1、通过分析目前节能发电调度模式存在的不足，研究提出覆盖年度、月度、日前、实时等全过程的节能发电调度新理念；利用燃煤机组下降型的负荷-煤耗率曲线特性，研究建立在月度计划范围内优化开机方式、通过合理安排机组停运而提高开机机组负荷率、进而提高整个系统节能性的新型节能发电调度模式；设计了年度、月度、日前和实时等时间尺度节能发电调度计划的编制流程；研究了各级发电计划的协调与衔接。
2、对节能减排环境下的负荷预测方法进行了研究，比较分析了现有的负荷预测模型和算法，发展了基于量化气象条件影响分析的负荷预测方法，建立了气温对负荷影响的实用化敏感度量化分析方法，提出了基于密度估计的电力负荷异常数据辨识和修正方法。
3、采用设计煤耗进行节能发电调度排序会产生公平性和有效性问题。构造了反平衡法的燃煤机组煤耗在线计算模型；基于燃煤机组煤耗实测的数据，将离散的煤耗数据处理为机组在不同负荷水平下的煤耗数据，获得机组负荷-煤耗率曲线和负荷-煤耗量曲线。在得到机组的煤耗值和相关指标后，对燃煤机组三级耗差指标体系进行了研究，提出了采用高维自动寻优方法确定机组运行参数目标值的方法。根据求得的煤耗实测数据，提出了细化的燃煤机组排序的实用化方法。
4、研究了全过程节能发电调度的月度机组组合和日发电计划模型。发展了计及机组启停的月度机组组合模型，综合考虑了机组的最小启停时间、最大启停次数、启动费用等约束条件，对燃煤机组月内的启停状态进行优化。按照节能发电调度节能优先、兼顾环保的要求，建立了基于分层序列法的两阶段发电调度决策模型，第一阶段以节能性为目标，第二阶段考虑环保性。创新性的提出了提出了节能与减排特性相结合的机组特性函数。通过算例验证了所发展的新型节能发电调度模式的有效性。
5、对AGC总指令动态优化理论进行了研究，提出了以控制功率偏差和能耗指标综合最小的目标函数并考虑多种运行约束的多目标优化模型，并采用基于强化学习的Q算法进行求解。基于Q–学习的优化算法能够动态分配调度中心发出的AGC总调节指令，将机组能耗不同的多台机组进行优化分配，能使各台发电机的出力总和很好地满足CPS标准，并且通过在奖励函数加入节能发电调度的指标达到节能减排的目标。
最后，对全文的研究工作进行了总结，并简要展望了进一步可以开展的研究工作。
In order to improve energy efficiency of the power industry, save energy and reduceenvironmental pollution, Jiangsu, Henan, Guangdong, Guizhou and Sichuan were selected aspilots to enforce the energy-saving generation dispatch in2007. As the nationwideenergy-saving generation dispatch is carried out progressively, some positive effects onenergy saving and emission reduction have been achieved in the power industry, but there arestill some obvious shortages. Currently the energy-saving generation dispatch is focused onthe energy-saving generation scheduling algorithm based on the merit order of energyconsumption of each generation unit, i.e. optimizing the short-term generation schedule ofeach unit within the operational condition of the existing power system. In fact, the mediumand long-term dispatch shall be paid more attention in the energy-saving dispatch so as toachieve more significant energy-saving effect. In making the current schedule, energy savingis regarded as the first objective; in case the energy consumption is of the same level, thesecond-round rank is based on the emission level. In the real-time scheduling, the satisfactionof CPS standard is generally paid attention, while the requirement of energy-saving is ignored.These are the issues to be further studied in the current energy-saving generation dispatch.Meanwhile, currently most of the generation rank of coal-fired units is based on the designcoal consumption, and can not reflect the consumption level of the whole system actually,thus how to adopt actually measured data of coal consumption to implement generationranking should be studied.
Therefore, this thesis proceeds deep research into energy-saving generation dispatch, inallusion to the shortages of current energy-saving generation dispatch model, analyzes thecurrent energy-saving generation dispatch model and method, does research concerning keytechnologies of load predicting methods and coal consumption online computation andproposes an optimized model for the whole process of energy-saving generation dispatch.Main research contributions are as follows:
1. By analyzing the shortages of the current energy-saving generation dispatch model,research a new idea of the whole process of energy-saving generation dispatch covering year,month, day, real-time is presented. Using the curve characteristic of the load-coalconsumption rate of the coal-fired unit descending type, research and establish optimizedstarting up mode in the range of monthly schedule. By reasonably arranging units to beoff-the-line to improve load rate of starting up units, thus improve new type of energy-saving generation dispatch model. Design the time scale of year, month, day, real-time, etc. forpreparing procedure of energy-saving generation dispatch schedule and research coordinationand link up of all levels of generation schedule.
2. Carry out research into load predict method for environment of energy-saving andemission reduction, compare and analyze model and algorithm of existing load predict,develop the load predicting method based on quantized meteorological condition influenceanalysis, establish practical sensitiveness quantized analysis method for the influence of airtemperature on load, research and propose to identify and amend method for electric loadabnormal data based on density estimation.
3. The adoption of designed coal consumption to implement energy-saving generationdispatch ranking generates issue on fairness and effectiveness. The research adopts coalconsumption online computing model of anti-balance type of coal-fired unit, after computingthe actually measured coal consumption of coal-fired unit, put forward the method ofhandling discrete coal consumption data into the only coal consumption data under differentload of unit, and get the unit load-coal consumption rate curve and load-coal consumption ratecurve. After getting the coal consumption value and relevant index of unit, carry on researchinto three-level consumption difference index system of coal-fired unit, innovatively putforward the method of adopting high-dimension automatic optimizing method to confirm thedesired value of unit operating parameter. According to the coal consumption actuallymeasured data obtained, put forward the practical method for refined coal-fired unit ranking.
4. Research into the monthly unit combination and daily generation schedule model ofthe whole process of energy-saving generation dispatch. Put forward emphasis on the monthlyunit combination model of unit shutdown, target function takes unit characteristic functioncombined by energy-saving and emission reduction characteristics into consideration,comprehensively consider the constraint condition of unit’s minimum shutdown time,maximum shutdown times, starting up cost, etc., optimize the monthly shutdown state ofcoal-fired unit. According to the requirements of energy-saving first, give consideration toenvironmental protection for energy-saving generation dispatch, establish two stages ofgeneration dispatch decision model based on layering ordination, the objective of the firststage is energy-saving, the second stage considers environmental protection. The effectivenessof the new energy-saving generation dispatch mode is verified through the computationalexample.
5. Carry on research into AGC general directive dynamic optimization theory,innovatively put forward multiple target mathematical model of controlling target function of minimal power deviation and comprehensive energy consumption index and consideringvarious operational constraint, and adopt Q algorithm based on reinforced study to solve. Theoptimized algorithm which is based on Q-study can perform dynamic dispatch of AGCgeneral adjusting directive from dispatching center, proceed optimized dispatch to severalunits of different energy consumption, can make contribute total sum of each generator satisfyCPS standard well, and achieve the objective of energy saving and emission reduction byadding energy-saving generation dispatch index to reward function.
Finally, the major research work carried out in this thesis is summarized, and prospectsfor future research briefly outlined.
引文
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