钢管混凝土界面状态试验研究与分析
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摘要
钢管混凝土结构能适应现代工程向大跨、高耸、重载发展和承受恶劣条件的需要,已成为继砖石结构,混凝土结构,钢结构之后的第四种结构。其具有广阔的发展前景,成为结构工程科学的一个重要发展方向。
钢管混凝土结构是由钢管与混凝土两种材料复合而成的组合结构,特殊的材料组合形式,一方面造就了限制并互补的增强作用,另一方面衍生出界面性能的复杂性。工程实践亦证明,在复杂的外界环境作用下钢管混凝土构件存在界面脱粘现象,这势必影响钢管混凝土的工作性能与结构安全。因此,研究复杂外界环境作用下的钢管混凝土界面性能及其优化方法具有重要的理论研究价值与工程实践意义。
本文综合运用理论分析、试验研究与有限元法,分析了在热力耦合作用下钢管混凝土界面状态、性能与特征,主要内容包括：轴压荷载作用下界面结合状态的试验研究；界面结合状态的超声波定性试验研究；界面结合状态的自制应力盒定量试验研究；钢管混凝土膨胀性能及其界面结合性能优化试验研究；自应力钢管混凝土轴压试验研究、有限元分析及界面表征；钢管混凝土温度冲击试验、热力耦合试验及有限元对比分析等工作。主要的研究工作、结果与结论如下：
1.开展圆钢管混凝土构件轴压性能试验研究。确定钢管混凝土的截面形式、径厚比(21～42)、长径比(3)、套箍系数等为试验参数,试验研究了不同轴压荷载水平作用下,钢管混凝土界面特征及应力状态。试验结果表明：钢管自密实微膨胀混凝土具有良好的轴压承载能力和抗变形能力,在轴压作用下,可通过测定应变变化,得出钢管混凝土短柱的受力状况,可通过进一步优化界面状态,实现两种材料的最优复合。
2.进行了钢管混凝土界面结合状态的超声波定性测试方法研究。自制4组钢管混凝土试件(分别为密实基准试件、脱空试件、脱粘试件、中部空洞试件)和27个混凝土标准试块,分别测试在2d、3d、5d、7d、11d、14d、21d、28d、60d龄期下钢管混凝土试件各测点的声时、声速、振幅、频率、波形等声学参数,以及各龄期下混凝土试块波速和抗压强度。依据声波传播理论,测试分析并提出了钢管混凝土界面特征超声波综合评判法。
3.完成了界面结合状态的自制应力盒定量试验研究工作。通过自制应力盒,形成界面应力测试单元。试验研究了在不同膨胀剂掺量下(5%、8%、12%、16%、20%)钢管混凝土限制膨胀性能和混凝土试件在标准养护状态下的自由膨胀性能。同时采用解析法得到了核心混凝土限制膨胀率的合理域；
4.开展了自应力钢管混凝土轴压性能试验、有限元分析及界面表征。研究不同膨胀剂掺量下(5%、8%、12%、16%、20%)钢管混凝土试件的力学性能及受压全过程的界面特性。试验与分析结果表明：自应力钢管混凝土可以使核心混凝土从钢管混凝土构件初凝成型时即处于三向受压状态,有效确保界面紧密贴合,补偿核心混凝土收缩导致的脱空、改善钢管混凝土的延性、提高其极限承载力和抗变形能力。本次试验中,膨胀剂最佳掺量为12%,极限承载力比理论计算最大值提高了25%。
5.进行了钢管混凝土温度冲击试验、热力耦合试验及有限元对比分析。对5个钢管混凝土试件分别在20℃、40℃、60℃、80℃恒温作用下,进行了轴向全过程加载、力热耦合作用下钢管混凝土试件截面温度场分布及钢管混凝土界面应力状态等工作。同时,应用热传导理论、热弹性力学、非线性有限元和虚拟温度场等方法,研究了轴压荷载和温度冲击作用下钢管混凝土界面状态与应力分布。
本文在理论研究的基础上,以组合结构界面状态、定性定量测试技术手段、核心混凝土膨胀性能合理域、热力耦合试验方法设计为重点,开展了系列试验研究和有限元分析对比,系统研究分析了热、力等因素为主的环境作用下钢管混凝土界面状态,可为钢管混凝土界面优化以及确保恶劣环境下钢管混凝土长期工作性能提供一定的理论和试验参考。
Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular can adapt to the progress of long-span, erect modern engineering structures and meet the need of withstand hash condition. It has become the forth structure come after the masonry structure、concrete structures、steel structure. It has broad prospects for development, and it is an important direction of development of the science of structural engineering.
CFST structure is the composite structure of steel tube and concrete. Because of its particular material combining forms, CFST, on the one hand results in the improving effort with their mutual constrain and complementary, on the other side derives the complex interface properties between steel tube and concrete. The engineering practices prove that, under the complicated influence of external circumstances, the interface between steel tube and concrete in CFST structure may debond which absolutely affects the workability and structure safety of CFST. Therefore, it is important and necessary to investigate the interface bonding properties of CFST and its optimizing methods either in theoretical research or engineering practice.
In this paper, theoretical analysis, experimental study and finite element method were used to analyze the status, properties and characteristics of interface conditions in CFST under the effect of thermal-mechanical coupling, including:experimental study on the interface characteristics of CFST under axial compression load, the qualitative analysis on the interface bonding condition of CFST measured by ultrasonic, the interface characteristics of CFST studied by homemade-stressing box, expanding properties of CFST and its interface performance optimization, axial compressive test of self-stressing CFST and the process and interface circumstance also analyzed by finite element software ANSYS, thermal shock test, thermal-mechanical coupling test, etc. The main works and results of the research are follows:
1. The axial compressive test of CFST was carried out in this paper. The cross-section form of CFST, radius-thickness ratio (21～42), aspect ratio (3)、ferrule coefficients and other parameters were determined in order to investigate the interface characteristics and stressing states of CFST under different axial loads. The result shows that:the CFST specimens with the incorporation of expanding agent show better axial bearing capacity and distortion-resistant ability, and under axial compression the force condition of CFST can be obtained by measuring the strain changes, also with further optimizations the optimal compound of steel tube and concrete can be achieved.
2. Ultrasonic, a kind of qualitative test method, was used in this research to study the interface characteristics of CFST.4CFST specimens (dense reference specimen, void specimen, debonding specimen and central hollow specimen) and27standard concrete bricks were made to test their related parameters:sound velocity, amplitude, frequency, and waveform of CFST and the concrete specimens in different curing stage:2d,3d,5d,7d,11d,14d,21d,28d,60d respectively, and the compressive strength of concrete specimens. According to sound wave propagation theory, the comprehensive evaluation method of ultrasonic on the interface characteristics of CFST are analyzed and proposed.
3. Quantitative experimental study on the interface characteristics of CFST were completed by self-made stressing box. The restrained expansion of CFST and free expansion of concrete specimens were studied with different content of incorporating expanding agent (5%,8%,12%,16%and20%). Meanwhile, the rational restrained expanding scope of the core concrete was got by analytic method.
4. Axial load test of self-stressing CFST, finite element analysis and interface characterization were carried out. The mechanical properties and interface characteristics during the loading process of CFST were studied, containing different contents of expanding agent:5%,8%,12%,16%and20%, respectively. The experimental and analysis results show that:in self-stressing CFST, at the initial set the core concrete is under the three-dimensional pressure, effectively confirming the bonding interface conditions of steel tube and concrete, compensating the shrinkages of core concrete that will result in disengaging, improving the ductility, ultimate bearing capacity and non-deformability of CFST. In this experiment, the optimal incorporation of expanding agent is12%, and the ultimate bearing capacity of CFST values improved by25%than theoretical calculated values.
5. Temperature shock test, thermal-mechanical coupling test and finite element analysis were researched. The sectional temperature and interface stress distribution of CFST was received by thermal-mechanical coupling test of total5specimens with axial load process under5different temperatures of20℃,40℃,60℃and80℃, respectively, and its results also calculated by the heat conduction theory, theory of thermoelasticity, the nonlinear finite element method and the virtual temperature field, etc.
In this paper, On the basis of theoretical studies, Series studyexperimental researches were carried out as well as finite element analysis and comparison,which are focused on the state of the composite structure interface, qualitative and quantitative testing techniques, reasonable domain of the core concrete expansion properties, thermal coupling test method.The interface characteristics of CFST under the complicated circumstances (thermal, force, etc) were systematic investigated, and the results has a certain theoretical direction and practical reference value to the interface optimization and the long-term performance in the harsh conditions of CFST.
钢管混凝土结构是由钢管与混凝土两种材料复合而成的组合结构,特殊的材料组合形式,一方面造就了限制并互补的增强作用,另一方面衍生出界面性能的复杂性。工程实践亦证明,在复杂的外界环境作用下钢管混凝土构件存在界面脱粘现象,这势必影响钢管混凝土的工作性能与结构安全。因此,研究复杂外界环境作用下的钢管混凝土界面性能及其优化方法具有重要的理论研究价值与工程实践意义。
本文综合运用理论分析、试验研究与有限元法,分析了在热力耦合作用下钢管混凝土界面状态、性能与特征,主要内容包括：轴压荷载作用下界面结合状态的试验研究；界面结合状态的超声波定性试验研究；界面结合状态的自制应力盒定量试验研究；钢管混凝土膨胀性能及其界面结合性能优化试验研究；自应力钢管混凝土轴压试验研究、有限元分析及界面表征；钢管混凝土温度冲击试验、热力耦合试验及有限元对比分析等工作。主要的研究工作、结果与结论如下：
1.开展圆钢管混凝土构件轴压性能试验研究。确定钢管混凝土的截面形式、径厚比(21～42)、长径比(3)、套箍系数等为试验参数,试验研究了不同轴压荷载水平作用下,钢管混凝土界面特征及应力状态。试验结果表明：钢管自密实微膨胀混凝土具有良好的轴压承载能力和抗变形能力,在轴压作用下,可通过测定应变变化,得出钢管混凝土短柱的受力状况,可通过进一步优化界面状态,实现两种材料的最优复合。
2.进行了钢管混凝土界面结合状态的超声波定性测试方法研究。自制4组钢管混凝土试件(分别为密实基准试件、脱空试件、脱粘试件、中部空洞试件)和27个混凝土标准试块,分别测试在2d、3d、5d、7d、11d、14d、21d、28d、60d龄期下钢管混凝土试件各测点的声时、声速、振幅、频率、波形等声学参数,以及各龄期下混凝土试块波速和抗压强度。依据声波传播理论,测试分析并提出了钢管混凝土界面特征超声波综合评判法。
3.完成了界面结合状态的自制应力盒定量试验研究工作。通过自制应力盒,形成界面应力测试单元。试验研究了在不同膨胀剂掺量下(5%、8%、12%、16%、20%)钢管混凝土限制膨胀性能和混凝土试件在标准养护状态下的自由膨胀性能。同时采用解析法得到了核心混凝土限制膨胀率的合理域；
4.开展了自应力钢管混凝土轴压性能试验、有限元分析及界面表征。研究不同膨胀剂掺量下(5%、8%、12%、16%、20%)钢管混凝土试件的力学性能及受压全过程的界面特性。试验与分析结果表明：自应力钢管混凝土可以使核心混凝土从钢管混凝土构件初凝成型时即处于三向受压状态,有效确保界面紧密贴合,补偿核心混凝土收缩导致的脱空、改善钢管混凝土的延性、提高其极限承载力和抗变形能力。本次试验中,膨胀剂最佳掺量为12%,极限承载力比理论计算最大值提高了25%。
5.进行了钢管混凝土温度冲击试验、热力耦合试验及有限元对比分析。对5个钢管混凝土试件分别在20℃、40℃、60℃、80℃恒温作用下,进行了轴向全过程加载、力热耦合作用下钢管混凝土试件截面温度场分布及钢管混凝土界面应力状态等工作。同时,应用热传导理论、热弹性力学、非线性有限元和虚拟温度场等方法,研究了轴压荷载和温度冲击作用下钢管混凝土界面状态与应力分布。
本文在理论研究的基础上,以组合结构界面状态、定性定量测试技术手段、核心混凝土膨胀性能合理域、热力耦合试验方法设计为重点,开展了系列试验研究和有限元分析对比,系统研究分析了热、力等因素为主的环境作用下钢管混凝土界面状态,可为钢管混凝土界面优化以及确保恶劣环境下钢管混凝土长期工作性能提供一定的理论和试验参考。
Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular can adapt to the progress of long-span, erect modern engineering structures and meet the need of withstand hash condition. It has become the forth structure come after the masonry structure、concrete structures、steel structure. It has broad prospects for development, and it is an important direction of development of the science of structural engineering.
CFST structure is the composite structure of steel tube and concrete. Because of its particular material combining forms, CFST, on the one hand results in the improving effort with their mutual constrain and complementary, on the other side derives the complex interface properties between steel tube and concrete. The engineering practices prove that, under the complicated influence of external circumstances, the interface between steel tube and concrete in CFST structure may debond which absolutely affects the workability and structure safety of CFST. Therefore, it is important and necessary to investigate the interface bonding properties of CFST and its optimizing methods either in theoretical research or engineering practice.
In this paper, theoretical analysis, experimental study and finite element method were used to analyze the status, properties and characteristics of interface conditions in CFST under the effect of thermal-mechanical coupling, including:experimental study on the interface characteristics of CFST under axial compression load, the qualitative analysis on the interface bonding condition of CFST measured by ultrasonic, the interface characteristics of CFST studied by homemade-stressing box, expanding properties of CFST and its interface performance optimization, axial compressive test of self-stressing CFST and the process and interface circumstance also analyzed by finite element software ANSYS, thermal shock test, thermal-mechanical coupling test, etc. The main works and results of the research are follows:
1. The axial compressive test of CFST was carried out in this paper. The cross-section form of CFST, radius-thickness ratio (21～42), aspect ratio (3)、ferrule coefficients and other parameters were determined in order to investigate the interface characteristics and stressing states of CFST under different axial loads. The result shows that:the CFST specimens with the incorporation of expanding agent show better axial bearing capacity and distortion-resistant ability, and under axial compression the force condition of CFST can be obtained by measuring the strain changes, also with further optimizations the optimal compound of steel tube and concrete can be achieved.
2. Ultrasonic, a kind of qualitative test method, was used in this research to study the interface characteristics of CFST.4CFST specimens (dense reference specimen, void specimen, debonding specimen and central hollow specimen) and27standard concrete bricks were made to test their related parameters:sound velocity, amplitude, frequency, and waveform of CFST and the concrete specimens in different curing stage:2d,3d,5d,7d,11d,14d,21d,28d,60d respectively, and the compressive strength of concrete specimens. According to sound wave propagation theory, the comprehensive evaluation method of ultrasonic on the interface characteristics of CFST are analyzed and proposed.
3. Quantitative experimental study on the interface characteristics of CFST were completed by self-made stressing box. The restrained expansion of CFST and free expansion of concrete specimens were studied with different content of incorporating expanding agent (5%,8%,12%,16%and20%). Meanwhile, the rational restrained expanding scope of the core concrete was got by analytic method.
4. Axial load test of self-stressing CFST, finite element analysis and interface characterization were carried out. The mechanical properties and interface characteristics during the loading process of CFST were studied, containing different contents of expanding agent:5%,8%,12%,16%and20%, respectively. The experimental and analysis results show that:in self-stressing CFST, at the initial set the core concrete is under the three-dimensional pressure, effectively confirming the bonding interface conditions of steel tube and concrete, compensating the shrinkages of core concrete that will result in disengaging, improving the ductility, ultimate bearing capacity and non-deformability of CFST. In this experiment, the optimal incorporation of expanding agent is12%, and the ultimate bearing capacity of CFST values improved by25%than theoretical calculated values.
5. Temperature shock test, thermal-mechanical coupling test and finite element analysis were researched. The sectional temperature and interface stress distribution of CFST was received by thermal-mechanical coupling test of total5specimens with axial load process under5different temperatures of20℃,40℃,60℃and80℃, respectively, and its results also calculated by the heat conduction theory, theory of thermoelasticity, the nonlinear finite element method and the virtual temperature field, etc.
In this paper, On the basis of theoretical studies, Series studyexperimental researches were carried out as well as finite element analysis and comparison,which are focused on the state of the composite structure interface, qualitative and quantitative testing techniques, reasonable domain of the core concrete expansion properties, thermal coupling test method.The interface characteristics of CFST under the complicated circumstances (thermal, force, etc) were systematic investigated, and the results has a certain theoretical direction and practical reference value to the interface optimization and the long-term performance in the harsh conditions of CFST.
引文
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