生物慢滤技术研究及其在集雨水饮用安全保障中的应用
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摘要
饮水安全正逐渐成为一个全球关注的问题,发展中国家尤以为甚。雨水集蓄利用因其具有适用于分散居民点,操作简单,成本低廉等特点,正日益受到人们的重视。我国通过修建水窖、水柜等小型集雨设施解决了一些地区水资源短缺问题,但以细菌为代表的集雨水质污染问题严重制约了其广泛应用。我国农村地区居住相对分散,受社会经济和地理条件限制,常规集中式水厂不能在农村地区普及,通常情况下,农户只进行蓄前粗滤和蓄后沉淀,这些措施并不能有效去除集雨水中的病毒、细菌、重金属等有害物质,因此,必须进行集雨水深度处理以保障集雨水饮用安全。
慢滤技术已有两百年的发展历史,该技术综合运用物理、化学、生物作用进行水质净化,其优异的水处理效果获得了广泛赞誉。慢滤技术具有运行维护简单,制水成本低廉,处理出水不需要化学消毒即可达标等特点,但该技术对污染物的去除机制尚不清楚,需要开展进一步研究工作,以期能够减少滤料堵塞机率,提高去除效率,延长运行周期,优化运行管理。
本论文设计加工了4个生物慢滤反应器(编号为1#、2#、3#、4#),分别装填不同粒径滤料(0.15-0.3mm、0.3-0.9mm、0.9-1.35mm、0.3-0.9mm),其中4#生物慢滤反应器进行避光遮挡。通过测定氨氮、重金属、有机物、浊度、细菌等污染物的去除效果,确定了生物慢滤技术最优设计和运行参数：①滤料粒径最优为0.3-0.6mm。②滤料装填高度最优为0.6-0.9m。③运行适宜温度为15-35℃。④滤速最优为0.2m/h-0.6m/h。
本论文揭示了生物慢滤反应器中存在硝化反硝化作用,其硝化作用发生在滤器上部0.5m内,反硝化作用在滤器下部完成。当C/N比为1.6-1.8时,有利于硝化反硝化作用进行。通过对滤床不同深度滤料扫描电镜分析,菌落总数、SS、POC取样测试,生物慢滤反应器避光对比试验等,深入探讨了生物慢滤反应器中的微生物作用机制。研究结果表明,表层生物黏膜中含有丰富的微生物群落,包括细菌、藻类、原生动物以及各种微生物分泌物,这些微生物形成了良性循环的食物链；微生物主要集中在表层2cm高度范围的滤料中,滤床高度为90cm即能保证出水水质,为生物慢滤反应器设计和运行维护提供了参考数据；适当的遮挡避光措施既可以有效抑制藻类生长,增加运行周期,又不会降低处理效果,对于生物慢滤技术的实际应用具有指导意义。
本论文在试验研究的基础上设计开发了三套集雨水处理装置：家用自动生物慢滤水处理设备、慢滤池表层微生物黏膜清除装置、家用电解食盐水消毒液发生器。研发的这些装置为集雨水饮用安全保障奠定了坚实的基础。
生物慢滤技术对集雨水中的浊度、色度、臭味、有机物、氨氮、重金属和菌落总数等指标均有较好的去除效果,处理后出水水质可以满足国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)限值要求。我国云南、广西、四川等地近年来的持续大旱为当地政府如何优化利用水资源敲响了警钟,雨水收集处理后饮用为解决这些地区水资源短缺问题探寻了新途径。
Drinking water safety is gradually becoming a global concern issue,especially in developing countries.Because of its characteristics as simple, low cost, appropriate for distributed settlements, rainwater harvesting is gaining the attention in all of the world.We have solved the problems of water shortages in some regions by built cellars, tanks and other small catchment facilities,however,the water quality pollution on behalf of bacteria has seriously hampered its widespread application.Rural residents live in scattered areas, the conventional centralized water supply treatment plant can not spread in these regions.The rural residents generally conducted coarse filter before the storage and precipitate after the storage.These measures can not effectively remove the virus, bacteria, heavy metals and other harmful substances,therefore,rainwater treatment is needed to protect drinking water safety.
Slow sand filtration has a history for two hundred years, it integrated use of physical, chemical and biological processes for water purification, and its excellent treatment efficiency gained worldwide acclaim. Slow sand filtration has many characteristics,such as operation and maintain are simple,low cost of treatment,without chemical disinfection,however,the removal mechanism is not clear.It needs to carry out further research work in order to reduce the filter blocking probability,improve removal efficiency,extend operating cycle, optimize operational management.
In this paper,we designed four bio-slow sand filters for research (numbered1#、2#、3#、4#).which are filled with different size filter (0.15-0.3mm,0.3-0.9mm,0.9-1.35mm,0.3-0.9mm), and the4#is covered for avoiding light.we identified the optimum design parameters by measuring the ammonia, heavy metals,organics,turbidity, bacteria and other contaminants:①optimal filter size is0.3-0.6mm.②optimal filter loading height is0.6-0.9m.③suitable temperature is15-35℃.It gives a suggestion that insulation should be taken in low temperature condition and covering measures should be carried out in hot season.④optimal filtration rate is0.2-0.6m/h.
This paper reveals that there exist nitrification and denitrification in bio-slow sand filter, nitrification occurs at upper0.5m,and denitrification occurs at lower part of the filter. It can promote nitrification and denitrification when the C/N ratio is1.6-1.8.We study on the action of microorganisms in the bio-slow sand filter through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of media at different depth, testing the total number of bacteria, SS, POC, testing the removal of pollutants under dark condition.The results show that there are many microorganisms on the schmutzdecke, including bacteria, algae, protozoa, and various microbial secretions, these microbes form a virtuous food chain. Microorganism mainly concentrated in the surface of the filter within2cm in thickness, the filter bed is90cm height which can guarantee the water quality,these will provide reference data for bio-slow sand filter design and operation.In this paper,the covered bio-slow sand filter was tested,the results showed that taking appropriate measures to keep out light can effectively reduce the algae growth, increase the operation cycle, and will not reduce the treatment effect, this will help us for guiding the bio-slow sand filter of Fujian, Sichuan, Hubei provinces in China.
In this paper, three rainwater treatment devices were designed on the basis of experimental study:household automation bio-slow sand filter, mucous for loose schmutzdecke, household disinfectant generator, and these equipments could safeguard rainwater for drinking.
Bio-slow sand filter have a good removal effect on turbidity, color, odor, organics, ammonia, heavy metals and bacteria, the water quality of treated effluent meets national "Standards for Drinking Water Quality"(GB5749-2006).In recently years,the continuing drought has waken up the local government to optimize the use of water at Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan and other places in china. Rainwater harvesting for drinking explor a new way to solve the problem of the regions where are sort of water resources.
慢滤技术已有两百年的发展历史,该技术综合运用物理、化学、生物作用进行水质净化,其优异的水处理效果获得了广泛赞誉。慢滤技术具有运行维护简单,制水成本低廉,处理出水不需要化学消毒即可达标等特点,但该技术对污染物的去除机制尚不清楚,需要开展进一步研究工作,以期能够减少滤料堵塞机率,提高去除效率,延长运行周期,优化运行管理。
本论文设计加工了4个生物慢滤反应器(编号为1#、2#、3#、4#),分别装填不同粒径滤料(0.15-0.3mm、0.3-0.9mm、0.9-1.35mm、0.3-0.9mm),其中4#生物慢滤反应器进行避光遮挡。通过测定氨氮、重金属、有机物、浊度、细菌等污染物的去除效果,确定了生物慢滤技术最优设计和运行参数：①滤料粒径最优为0.3-0.6mm。②滤料装填高度最优为0.6-0.9m。③运行适宜温度为15-35℃。④滤速最优为0.2m/h-0.6m/h。
本论文揭示了生物慢滤反应器中存在硝化反硝化作用,其硝化作用发生在滤器上部0.5m内,反硝化作用在滤器下部完成。当C/N比为1.6-1.8时,有利于硝化反硝化作用进行。通过对滤床不同深度滤料扫描电镜分析,菌落总数、SS、POC取样测试,生物慢滤反应器避光对比试验等,深入探讨了生物慢滤反应器中的微生物作用机制。研究结果表明,表层生物黏膜中含有丰富的微生物群落,包括细菌、藻类、原生动物以及各种微生物分泌物,这些微生物形成了良性循环的食物链；微生物主要集中在表层2cm高度范围的滤料中,滤床高度为90cm即能保证出水水质,为生物慢滤反应器设计和运行维护提供了参考数据；适当的遮挡避光措施既可以有效抑制藻类生长,增加运行周期,又不会降低处理效果,对于生物慢滤技术的实际应用具有指导意义。
本论文在试验研究的基础上设计开发了三套集雨水处理装置：家用自动生物慢滤水处理设备、慢滤池表层微生物黏膜清除装置、家用电解食盐水消毒液发生器。研发的这些装置为集雨水饮用安全保障奠定了坚实的基础。
生物慢滤技术对集雨水中的浊度、色度、臭味、有机物、氨氮、重金属和菌落总数等指标均有较好的去除效果,处理后出水水质可以满足国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)限值要求。我国云南、广西、四川等地近年来的持续大旱为当地政府如何优化利用水资源敲响了警钟,雨水收集处理后饮用为解决这些地区水资源短缺问题探寻了新途径。
Drinking water safety is gradually becoming a global concern issue,especially in developing countries.Because of its characteristics as simple, low cost, appropriate for distributed settlements, rainwater harvesting is gaining the attention in all of the world.We have solved the problems of water shortages in some regions by built cellars, tanks and other small catchment facilities,however,the water quality pollution on behalf of bacteria has seriously hampered its widespread application.Rural residents live in scattered areas, the conventional centralized water supply treatment plant can not spread in these regions.The rural residents generally conducted coarse filter before the storage and precipitate after the storage.These measures can not effectively remove the virus, bacteria, heavy metals and other harmful substances,therefore,rainwater treatment is needed to protect drinking water safety.
Slow sand filtration has a history for two hundred years, it integrated use of physical, chemical and biological processes for water purification, and its excellent treatment efficiency gained worldwide acclaim. Slow sand filtration has many characteristics,such as operation and maintain are simple,low cost of treatment,without chemical disinfection,however,the removal mechanism is not clear.It needs to carry out further research work in order to reduce the filter blocking probability,improve removal efficiency,extend operating cycle, optimize operational management.
In this paper,we designed four bio-slow sand filters for research (numbered1#、2#、3#、4#).which are filled with different size filter (0.15-0.3mm,0.3-0.9mm,0.9-1.35mm,0.3-0.9mm), and the4#is covered for avoiding light.we identified the optimum design parameters by measuring the ammonia, heavy metals,organics,turbidity, bacteria and other contaminants:①optimal filter size is0.3-0.6mm.②optimal filter loading height is0.6-0.9m.③suitable temperature is15-35℃.It gives a suggestion that insulation should be taken in low temperature condition and covering measures should be carried out in hot season.④optimal filtration rate is0.2-0.6m/h.
This paper reveals that there exist nitrification and denitrification in bio-slow sand filter, nitrification occurs at upper0.5m,and denitrification occurs at lower part of the filter. It can promote nitrification and denitrification when the C/N ratio is1.6-1.8.We study on the action of microorganisms in the bio-slow sand filter through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of media at different depth, testing the total number of bacteria, SS, POC, testing the removal of pollutants under dark condition.The results show that there are many microorganisms on the schmutzdecke, including bacteria, algae, protozoa, and various microbial secretions, these microbes form a virtuous food chain. Microorganism mainly concentrated in the surface of the filter within2cm in thickness, the filter bed is90cm height which can guarantee the water quality,these will provide reference data for bio-slow sand filter design and operation.In this paper,the covered bio-slow sand filter was tested,the results showed that taking appropriate measures to keep out light can effectively reduce the algae growth, increase the operation cycle, and will not reduce the treatment effect, this will help us for guiding the bio-slow sand filter of Fujian, Sichuan, Hubei provinces in China.
In this paper, three rainwater treatment devices were designed on the basis of experimental study:household automation bio-slow sand filter, mucous for loose schmutzdecke, household disinfectant generator, and these equipments could safeguard rainwater for drinking.
Bio-slow sand filter have a good removal effect on turbidity, color, odor, organics, ammonia, heavy metals and bacteria, the water quality of treated effluent meets national "Standards for Drinking Water Quality"(GB5749-2006).In recently years,the continuing drought has waken up the local government to optimize the use of water at Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan and other places in china. Rainwater harvesting for drinking explor a new way to solve the problem of the regions where are sort of water resources.
引文
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