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我国水权制度架构与配置关键技术研究
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摘要
建立国家水权制度是新时期我国水资源公共政策的重要内容,2011年《中共中央国务院关于加快水利改革发展的决定》(中发(2011]1号)和2012年《国务院关于实行最严格水资源管理制度的意见》(国发[2012)3号)均明确要求建立和完善国家水权制度。水权制度建设包括确权制度和实施制度两大基本内容,其中确权制度是水资源国家所有权属向用户用水权属让渡的基本途径,又包含行政配置制度和市场配置制度,前者是行政公权对于稀缺公共资源的初始配置,后者是利用市场提高水权分配效率的重要补充,2011年中央一号文和2012年国务院三号文均在规定“建立健全水权制度”后,同时要求“运用市场机制合理配置水资源”。
     我国水权制度建设可追溯至上世纪80、90年代,随着水资源稀缺性的不断凸显,国家水权制度建设越发迫切并需付诸实践。本论文在系统梳理和总结水权制度国内外实践进展的基础上,提出了产权理论、新制度经济学和博弈论是水权制度建设的三大科学基础,而水权制度建设基本内容包括确权和实施两大基本制度建设,确权则又分为水权初始行政配置和水权的二次市场配置,水权行政配置核心包括江河水量分配制度、取用水总量控制制度和取水许可制度,市场配置的要点是转让方式、转让价格和第三方利益补偿。水权实施制度建设是用户行使其用水权的制度保障,核心包括计划用水管理制度和水资源调度管理制度。
     在研究和提出国家水权制度整体架构的基础上,针对确权的两大环节的关键技术需求,开展了水权分配技术和水权转让交易定价技术研究。鉴于水权分配结果现实可接受程度的要求,本论文创新引入了带精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)用于水权分配,通过计算水权各项分配原则的Pareto前沿,揭示这些原则之间的量化关系,实现了水权分配机制与过程的可视化。与传统的多目标优化算法引入权重将多目标转化为单目标进行优化的方法相比,该算法可展示计算后各分配准则对应的完整的Pareto前沿,在非劣方案集的空间寻优方面具有明显的先进性。论文还实验性地对黄河87分水方案按照现状条件进行评价,并指出了该方案的优化方向。在水权转让交易定价技术方面,本论文从实践出发,研究了考虑第三方影响的市场供求平衡的均衡定价方法,即在水权转让交易定价中均衡转出方和转入方的价格意愿,同时考虑对第三方影响因素进行定价。其中,转出方供给价格可以采用扣除非水成本法和效益分摊系数法计算,第三方补偿价格计算方法可分为基于费用的估算方法和基于损害的估算方法两种途径,转入方支付价格意愿与转让水的经济价值产出关系密切,具体可以通过扣除非水成本法、效益分摊系数法、替代工程成本法和可承受能力分析法确定。论文尝试性地将上述技术应用于宁夏引黄灌区农业灌溉用水向工业行业转让的转让交易定价中,提出了基于现状情景的水权转让参考性价格。
     尽管本论文对水权制度的架构认知及其建设关键技术研发方面进行了一些探索和努力,但由于水权制度系统本身的复杂性,加之水权制度建设涉及各方用水权益的规范和利益的调整,因此,无论是水权制度系统的架构厘清,还是分配和转让技术的创新与实施,均有待进一步深化,并在实践中不断验证和完善。
The national water rights institutional system underlies China's water resources public policy. Both the Decision on Accelerating the Water Resources Reform and Development realeased by the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council in2011(hereinafter referred to as the No.1Document), and the Opinions on Implementing the Most Strict Water Resources Management System released by the State Council in2012(hereinafter referred to as the No.3Document) make clear to build and improve national water rights institution. Water rights institution mainly consists of two systems, namely the water rights defining system and water rights implementing system. The water rights defining system, which can be realized through administrative and market-oriented means, builds a bridge between the national proprietary rights and the water users'rights. By the administrative means, the initial allocation of scarce public resources can be achieved, while the market-oriented means is an important supplement to improve water rights allocation efficiency. In addition to the regulations on building and improving the water rights institution, the No.1Document in2011and No.3Document in2012both emphasize the market role in the rational allocation of water resources.
     The building of China's water rights institution can be dated back to1980s and1990s. Along with the increasingly serious water scarcity, it has become a pressing task and urgently needs to be put into practice. Reearch in this paper built upon three theoretical bases, namely the property theory, new institutional economics theory and the game theory. The water rights institution includes two basic systems for defining and implementing water rights. The defining of water rights can be further divided into initial administrative water allocation and secondary market-oriented water allocation. Three systems, namely the river water quantity allocation system, total quantity control of water abstraction and use system as well as the water abstraction licence system are fundamental elements to the initial administrative water allocation system. The market-oriented water allocation mainly relates to the transfer ways, the transfer price and the third-party interest compensation. The water rights implementing system, mainly including the planned water use management system and water resources regulation system, constitute the guarantee for the water users to exercise their ownership.
     In this paper, on the basis of the research on the overall water rights institutional framework and in the light of the demand for the water rights defining technologies, water rights allocation and transfer researches were carried out. In view of the fact that water rights allocation results are acceptable, NSGA-Ⅱ calculation method was introduced. The quantitative relationship between the water rights allocation principles was revealed through calculating the Pareto front of each water rights allocation principle, achieving a more visualized mechanism and process. Compared with the traditional multi-objective optimized calculation method, which turns the multiple objectives to every single objective by introducing weight, the NSGA-II calculation method can reveal the corresponding complete Pareto front to every water rights allocation principle. It is evidently superior to spatial optimization in a non-inferior solution group. The initial water rights allocation plan for the Yellow River in the year1987was experimentally re-evaluated against the current background, and the optimized direction was pointed out. In terms of water rights tading pricing technology, a balanced pricing method was developed for market supply and demand balance which takes into account the impact of the third party. That is, when setting the water rights transfer price, a balance should be achieved based on the willingness of the transfer-in and-out parties while considering the impact of the third party. The price of transfer-out party can be achieved through adopting the deducting water non-cost method and benefit share coefficient method. The third party compensation price calculation can be achieved by two methods, namely, the cost-based estimate method and loss-based estimate method. The payment willingness of the transfer-in party is closely related with the economic value output and can be decided by the deducting water non-cost method, benefit share coefficient method, substitute project cost method and affordable capability analysis method. In this paper, the above-mentioned technologies were applied in the water rights transfer pricing in Ningxia Autonomous Region for its agricultural irrigation water to transfer to the industrial sector and a reference price was proposed based on the current water rights transfer situation.
     In this paper, some preliminary efforts have been made in exploring the knowledge on the water rights institutional framework and R&D on key supporting technologies. However, the water rights institution in itself is quite complicated. Moreover, it involves the right standardization and interest adjustment of all related parties. Therefore, no matter the clarification of the water rights institutional framework or the innovation and implementation of technologies on water rights allocation and transfer all need to be further checked and improved through practices.
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