汽车玻璃冲击破坏现象的离散元/有限元耦合仿真方法研究
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摘要
汽车玻璃是汽车的重要部件之一，也是汽车安全系统的重要组成部分，直接关系到司乘人员及行人的生命财产安全。因此，汽车玻璃冲击破坏性能研究在汽车被动安全、行人保护和交通事故再现等方面有着十分重要的意义和价值。
目前，学者主要使用试验法、有限元法和离散元法对汽车玻璃冲击破坏问题进行研究。然而，使用试验法及单纯离散元法或有限元法来研究该问题存在一些不足和困难。因此，本文对离散元/有限元耦合方法及相关问题进行系统研究，以更好地研究汽车玻璃的冲击破坏问题。
首先，本文在离散元/有限元节点耦合方法的基础上提出了离散元/有限元面心耦合算法、离散元/有限元任意耦合算法，使得有限单元尺寸摆脱了离散单元尺寸及排列方式的限制，实现了玻璃板内部的分区域耦合计算，并通过两个算例验证了任意耦合算法的有效性和精确性。此外，为了实现上述耦合算法，根据能量等效原理，提出了正方体排列的连接型离散元模型。
然后，根据有限元中常用的点-面接触算法（Node To Surface Contact Algorithm），将球形离散单元视为点-面算法中的从节点，有限单元表面视为主面，提出了离散元/有限元接触算法。该算法主要包括全局搜索、局部搜索和离散元/有限元间作用力计算三个部分。此后，通过数值算例在弹性范围内验证了该算法的有效性和精确性。
最后，为了模拟夹层玻璃的冲击破坏过程，根据有限元中常用内聚力模型的基本概念，提出了适用于球形离散单元的破坏模型。该模型将离散单元间的作用分为连接型、内聚型和接触型三类。当两离散单元满足破坏准则时，它们之间的作用由连接型变为内聚型，内聚力由离散单元间的分开量求出。文中模拟了夹层玻璃梁的冲击破坏过程，并将模拟结果与相关文献中的试验结果进行比较，发现二者破坏形式相近，初步说明了该破坏模型在夹层玻璃冲击破坏分析上的有效性。
以上方法均是在自主开发的计算程序CDFP基础上编程实现。
The laminated glass is an import part to automobile and important component of vehiclesafety system. It is directly related to the safety of the life and property of drivers, passengersand pedestrians. So, the study on impact fracture property of automobile laminated glass is oftheoretical and practical importance in the field of passive safety, pedestrian protection andtraffic accident reconstruction.
At present, scholars study the impact fracture problems of the automobile glass by usingexperiment, finite element method and discrete element method. However, traditionalnumerical methods such as finite element method (FEM) and/or discrete element method(DEM), as well as experimental study are encountered sticky problems. Therefore, in thisdissertation the combined discrete/finite element methods and corresponding problems arestudied systematically to better research the impact fracture problems of automobilelaminated glass.
Firstly, the centrally combined and freely combined discrete/finite element algorithmsare developed based on the method combining the DE and the corresponding node of FE. Thefreely combined method makes the meshes of the FEs break the constraint of the sizes andarrangement of the DEs. The glass layer of laminated glass can be decomposed into DE andFE calculating domain by employing the two combined method. The validity and accuracy ofthe freely combined method is tested by using two examples. Moreover, in order to achievethe combined methods, the cubic arranged DE model is presented by using principle ofenergy equivalence.
After that, a contact algorithm in the context of the combined discrete/finite element(DE/FE) method is proposed. The algorithm, which is based on the node-to-surface methodused in finite element method, treats each spherical discrete element as a slave node and thesurfaces of the finite element domain as the master surfaces. The contact algorithm consists ofglobal search stage, local search state and the contact force calculating stage. The validity andaccuracy of the algorithm is tested by employing examples.
Finally, in order to simulate the fracture process of laminated glass a fracture model suitable to3D spherical discrete element method (DEM) is proposed based on the concept ofthe cohesive model commonly used in finite element method (FEM). In this fracture model,there are three types of interaction between discrete elements, namely connection, cohesionand contact. When fraction criterion is met, the type of interaction between the correspondingdiscrete elements translates from connection to cohesion. The cohesive traction is obtainedfrom the opening displacement of the corresponding elements according to the cohesivemodel. The model is applied to simulate the fracture process of automobile laminated glassbeam subjected to impact. By comparing the results with those obtained by experiment ofcorresponding paper, it is found that the fracture modes agree with each other very well. Itshows that the fracture model and simulation method can be used to investigate the fracture ofautomobile laminated glass.
The algorithms discussed above are implemented into the in-house developed code,named CDFP.
目前，学者主要使用试验法、有限元法和离散元法对汽车玻璃冲击破坏问题进行研究。然而，使用试验法及单纯离散元法或有限元法来研究该问题存在一些不足和困难。因此，本文对离散元/有限元耦合方法及相关问题进行系统研究，以更好地研究汽车玻璃的冲击破坏问题。
首先，本文在离散元/有限元节点耦合方法的基础上提出了离散元/有限元面心耦合算法、离散元/有限元任意耦合算法，使得有限单元尺寸摆脱了离散单元尺寸及排列方式的限制，实现了玻璃板内部的分区域耦合计算，并通过两个算例验证了任意耦合算法的有效性和精确性。此外，为了实现上述耦合算法，根据能量等效原理，提出了正方体排列的连接型离散元模型。
然后，根据有限元中常用的点-面接触算法（Node To Surface Contact Algorithm），将球形离散单元视为点-面算法中的从节点，有限单元表面视为主面，提出了离散元/有限元接触算法。该算法主要包括全局搜索、局部搜索和离散元/有限元间作用力计算三个部分。此后，通过数值算例在弹性范围内验证了该算法的有效性和精确性。
最后，为了模拟夹层玻璃的冲击破坏过程，根据有限元中常用内聚力模型的基本概念，提出了适用于球形离散单元的破坏模型。该模型将离散单元间的作用分为连接型、内聚型和接触型三类。当两离散单元满足破坏准则时，它们之间的作用由连接型变为内聚型，内聚力由离散单元间的分开量求出。文中模拟了夹层玻璃梁的冲击破坏过程，并将模拟结果与相关文献中的试验结果进行比较，发现二者破坏形式相近，初步说明了该破坏模型在夹层玻璃冲击破坏分析上的有效性。
以上方法均是在自主开发的计算程序CDFP基础上编程实现。
The laminated glass is an import part to automobile and important component of vehiclesafety system. It is directly related to the safety of the life and property of drivers, passengersand pedestrians. So, the study on impact fracture property of automobile laminated glass is oftheoretical and practical importance in the field of passive safety, pedestrian protection andtraffic accident reconstruction.
At present, scholars study the impact fracture problems of the automobile glass by usingexperiment, finite element method and discrete element method. However, traditionalnumerical methods such as finite element method (FEM) and/or discrete element method(DEM), as well as experimental study are encountered sticky problems. Therefore, in thisdissertation the combined discrete/finite element methods and corresponding problems arestudied systematically to better research the impact fracture problems of automobilelaminated glass.
Firstly, the centrally combined and freely combined discrete/finite element algorithmsare developed based on the method combining the DE and the corresponding node of FE. Thefreely combined method makes the meshes of the FEs break the constraint of the sizes andarrangement of the DEs. The glass layer of laminated glass can be decomposed into DE andFE calculating domain by employing the two combined method. The validity and accuracy ofthe freely combined method is tested by using two examples. Moreover, in order to achievethe combined methods, the cubic arranged DE model is presented by using principle ofenergy equivalence.
After that, a contact algorithm in the context of the combined discrete/finite element(DE/FE) method is proposed. The algorithm, which is based on the node-to-surface methodused in finite element method, treats each spherical discrete element as a slave node and thesurfaces of the finite element domain as the master surfaces. The contact algorithm consists ofglobal search stage, local search state and the contact force calculating stage. The validity andaccuracy of the algorithm is tested by employing examples.
Finally, in order to simulate the fracture process of laminated glass a fracture model suitable to3D spherical discrete element method (DEM) is proposed based on the concept ofthe cohesive model commonly used in finite element method (FEM). In this fracture model,there are three types of interaction between discrete elements, namely connection, cohesionand contact. When fraction criterion is met, the type of interaction between the correspondingdiscrete elements translates from connection to cohesion. The cohesive traction is obtainedfrom the opening displacement of the corresponding elements according to the cohesivemodel. The model is applied to simulate the fracture process of automobile laminated glassbeam subjected to impact. By comparing the results with those obtained by experiment ofcorresponding paper, it is found that the fracture modes agree with each other very well. Itshows that the fracture model and simulation method can be used to investigate the fracture ofautomobile laminated glass.
The algorithms discussed above are implemented into the in-house developed code,named CDFP.
引文
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