沥青路面抗车辙性能评价及结构优化
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摘要
车辙是沥青路面的一种损坏形式，表观表现为沥青路面轮迹带范围内路面的下凹，有时伴随轮迹带边缘的隆起，这种现象主要是由于路面沥青混合料被压密和剪切变形所致，并且通常发生在面层。随着广东省高速公路建设的飞速发展，公路建设的重心正逐步从经济发达的珠三角等平原地区向山岭重丘地区转移，山区高速公路长陡坡上坡路段沥青路面车辙病害已成为一个不可回避的问题，并也将愈加突出。由于山区高速公路长陡坡路段的特殊性，其病害现象较普通路段更易出现且更为严重：山区高速公路沿线地形复杂，路线纵坡大，长陡坡路段多，受重载、超载及低速行车等诸多不利因素影响，车辙病害大量出现，特别在纵坡较大的上坡路段，当持续高温时，车辙形成和发展快，严重影响行车安全。
专门针对陡坡路段的路面结构一直是各类路面结构设计和施工规范（指南）的空白，本研究的目的是进一步了解广东省沥青路面结构在现有气候和交通等条件下的车辙特性，丰富陡坡路段路面病害的知识积累，进而完善广东省路面典型结构设计指南。这些工作对于提高沥青路面整体质量，特别是待建山区高速公路的质量具有前瞻性和重要意义。基于上述背景，本文从沥青混合料设计理论出发，基于数字图像技术与散体力学理论，尝试将沥青混合料的宏观力学性能与细观结构特性联系起来。同时借助独创的评价平台，形成一套新的针对慢速重载交通的沥青混合料评价方法体系，为解决高速公路长陡坡路段的车辙损害问题提供了重要指导。论文的主要工作和创新成果如下：
1.通过对现有混合料设计理论的总结与混合料体积设计法的研究，基于混合料颗粒干涉思想（细集料干涉与沥青胶浆干涉）与体积填充思想对分级掺配法进行了再优化，形成抗车辙功能型混合料的设计方法。
2.通过对国内外小型车辙试验仪的总结与现有车辙试验方法优缺点的分析，认为现有的试验方法无法较好地模拟实际路面的受力状态。基于“主驱动轮式路面材料加速加载系统”设计开发了DWPA车辙试验系统，通过不同车辙试验结果的对比，结合灰色关联性分析得出适用于DWPA车辙试验的沥青混合料抗车辙性能评价指标，分析认为采用混合料蠕动变形阶段的变形斜率可较好的反映材料的高温稳定性。
3.基于数字图像技术对混合料的粗集料接触特性进行分析，提出两种粗细集料划分方法：基于多点支撑理论的划分方法与基于散体力学理论的划分方法。通过集料接触特性影响因素的分析，发现试件成型方法影响了混合料粗集料倾角大小，粗集料含量大的级配在相同截面面积中形成更多的接触点与更大的集料倾角。由于混合料在相同成型方式下所受的压实功是近似的，因而粗集料倾角的大小反映了混合料在成型过程中所能达到的稳定状态。
4.以初始接触点数量以及沥青性能指标为输入变量建立两种车辙试验的车辙深度预估模型。定义了最佳接触点数Nopt以及最低接触点数Nmin，试图将接触点数量指标引入混合料设计中，作为级配选择的参考。
5.基于散体力学理论提出沥青混合料剪切模量预估模型，讨论了以接触点数作为材料高温稳定性评价指标的合理性，单轴贯入试验结果表明预估模型可较好的预测混合料抗剪模量。
6.通过对高速公路长陡坡路段沥青路面车辙损害的文献调查，详细讨论分析了车辙损害的主要影响因素，指出行车速度缓慢是长陡坡路段交通流的重要特性。结合大量的室内车辙试验数据与实际路面调查数据，建立了沥青路面全结构的车辙深度预估模型，该模型能较好地预估沥青路面车辙深度，表明基于剪切模量与等效温度等因素所建立的预估模型基本正确。最后通过对28种路面结构组合的车辙深度预估，总结归纳出适用于广东省的不同交通等级、行车速度（纵坡坡度）的高速公路长陡坡路段路面结构组合方案。
Rutting is one of the damage forms of asphalt pavement, which appears as the concaveof the wheel tracks and some times accompanied by the bulge of the track edge. The cause ofrutting is the compaction and shear deformation of asphalt mixtures, and which mainlyappears in the surface layer of pavement. With the rapid development of expresswayconstruction in Guangdong Province, the trend of constructure is gradually being transferredfrom the Pearl River Delta to the mountainous and hilly areas. The aphalt pavement ruttingdamages in long-steep section of expressway in mountainous areas has become aunavoidableissues, and will also become more prominent. Due to the particularity of thelong-steep sections of expressway in mountainous areas, the pavement damage is moreserious than ordinary sections: the expressway has to take on the complex terraion of themountainous areas and to adopt long and steep slopes; overload and low-speed traffic areunfavor to asphalt pavements. As a result, the rutting damages appear in these sections underhigh temperature, which will be a serious impact on traffic safety.
There has been being blank in the pavement design and construction specification (Guide)for pavement structure design in long-steep section. The aim of this study is to futherunderstand the rutting characteristics of asphalt pavement under the climate and trafficcondictions in Guangdong Province. By enriching the pavement diseases of the long-steepsections, the pavement structure design guide of Guangdong Province will be improved.These works is favor to improve the overall quality of asphalt pavement, and is of wellsignificance for to be built expressway in mountainous areas. Based on these backgrounds,this paper begins with the asphalt mixture design theory, and based on the digital imageprocessing technology and Granular Mechanics, tries to connect the macro-mechanicalproperties of asphalt mixtures to the microstructural characteristics. Based on a evaluationplatform, a new asphalt mixture evaluation method for heavy traffic is promoted to provideimportant guidance for solution to the rutting damage in long-steep section. The main workand innovations of this paper are as follows:
1. By summarizing the existing mix design theories and volume design method, theMultilevel Mixing Method is optimizated based on particle interference ideological (fineaggregate interference and asphalt mastic interference) and volume filling ideological. At last,the design method for anti-rutting asphalt mixture is promoted.
2. Through summarizing the specialtyies and advantages and disadvantages of rutting test devices at home and aborad, a fact is found that the existing rutting tests do not wellsimulate the stress state of pavement. The DWPA rutting test system is empoldered based on“Driving Wheel Pavement Analyzer”. The evaluation index for DWPA rutting test is set upaccording to the contrast of3different rutting test methods and Grey correlation analysis. Thedeformation slope in the creep deformation stage well reflects the high temperature stabilityof mixtures.
3. The contact characteristic of coarse aggregates of mixtures is analyzed based onDigital Image Processing technology. Two kinds of fine to coarse aggregate divided methodsare promoted, one is based on Multi-point support theory and the other is Granular Mechanicstheory. The results of aggregate contact characteristics analysis show that, the mixturespecimen molding method affects the inclination of coarse aggregate. Gradations containedmore coarse aggregates form more contact points and large inclination in the same sectionarea. Considering that the compaction energy in the same the molding way is approximate,the inclination of coarse aggregate reflects the stable state in the molding process.
4. Two rut depth prediction models is established adopting the initial amount of contactpoints and asphalt performance index as the input parameters. Indexes of optimal number ofcontact point Noptand minimum number of contact point Nminare defined, which are supposedto be applied into the mixture design as references for gradation selection.
5. The shear modulus prediction models are established according to GranularMechanics theory. The reasonableness of amount of contact points as the evaluation index formaterial stability at high temperature is discussed. And the test results of uniaxial penetrationtests show that the models can well predict the shear modulus of asphalt mixtures.
6. The main factors that influence the rutting damage is detailed discussed based on theliterature survey of the asphalt pavement rutting damage in long-steep section of expressway.Slow traffic speed is the important characteristics of the long-steep section traffic flow. A rutdepth prediction model for asphalt pavement is established based on large amount of indoorrutting tests and pavement survey data. The prediction model can well predict the rut depth,which indicates that the model is basically correct. Lastly,28pavement structures are taken inthe prediction model. According to the prediction results, pavement structure combinationssuitable for different traffic levels and speed are summaried.
专门针对陡坡路段的路面结构一直是各类路面结构设计和施工规范（指南）的空白，本研究的目的是进一步了解广东省沥青路面结构在现有气候和交通等条件下的车辙特性，丰富陡坡路段路面病害的知识积累，进而完善广东省路面典型结构设计指南。这些工作对于提高沥青路面整体质量，特别是待建山区高速公路的质量具有前瞻性和重要意义。基于上述背景，本文从沥青混合料设计理论出发，基于数字图像技术与散体力学理论，尝试将沥青混合料的宏观力学性能与细观结构特性联系起来。同时借助独创的评价平台，形成一套新的针对慢速重载交通的沥青混合料评价方法体系，为解决高速公路长陡坡路段的车辙损害问题提供了重要指导。论文的主要工作和创新成果如下：
1.通过对现有混合料设计理论的总结与混合料体积设计法的研究，基于混合料颗粒干涉思想（细集料干涉与沥青胶浆干涉）与体积填充思想对分级掺配法进行了再优化，形成抗车辙功能型混合料的设计方法。
2.通过对国内外小型车辙试验仪的总结与现有车辙试验方法优缺点的分析，认为现有的试验方法无法较好地模拟实际路面的受力状态。基于“主驱动轮式路面材料加速加载系统”设计开发了DWPA车辙试验系统，通过不同车辙试验结果的对比，结合灰色关联性分析得出适用于DWPA车辙试验的沥青混合料抗车辙性能评价指标，分析认为采用混合料蠕动变形阶段的变形斜率可较好的反映材料的高温稳定性。
3.基于数字图像技术对混合料的粗集料接触特性进行分析，提出两种粗细集料划分方法：基于多点支撑理论的划分方法与基于散体力学理论的划分方法。通过集料接触特性影响因素的分析，发现试件成型方法影响了混合料粗集料倾角大小，粗集料含量大的级配在相同截面面积中形成更多的接触点与更大的集料倾角。由于混合料在相同成型方式下所受的压实功是近似的，因而粗集料倾角的大小反映了混合料在成型过程中所能达到的稳定状态。
4.以初始接触点数量以及沥青性能指标为输入变量建立两种车辙试验的车辙深度预估模型。定义了最佳接触点数Nopt以及最低接触点数Nmin，试图将接触点数量指标引入混合料设计中，作为级配选择的参考。
5.基于散体力学理论提出沥青混合料剪切模量预估模型，讨论了以接触点数作为材料高温稳定性评价指标的合理性，单轴贯入试验结果表明预估模型可较好的预测混合料抗剪模量。
6.通过对高速公路长陡坡路段沥青路面车辙损害的文献调查，详细讨论分析了车辙损害的主要影响因素，指出行车速度缓慢是长陡坡路段交通流的重要特性。结合大量的室内车辙试验数据与实际路面调查数据，建立了沥青路面全结构的车辙深度预估模型，该模型能较好地预估沥青路面车辙深度，表明基于剪切模量与等效温度等因素所建立的预估模型基本正确。最后通过对28种路面结构组合的车辙深度预估，总结归纳出适用于广东省的不同交通等级、行车速度（纵坡坡度）的高速公路长陡坡路段路面结构组合方案。
Rutting is one of the damage forms of asphalt pavement, which appears as the concaveof the wheel tracks and some times accompanied by the bulge of the track edge. The cause ofrutting is the compaction and shear deformation of asphalt mixtures, and which mainlyappears in the surface layer of pavement. With the rapid development of expresswayconstruction in Guangdong Province, the trend of constructure is gradually being transferredfrom the Pearl River Delta to the mountainous and hilly areas. The aphalt pavement ruttingdamages in long-steep section of expressway in mountainous areas has become aunavoidableissues, and will also become more prominent. Due to the particularity of thelong-steep sections of expressway in mountainous areas, the pavement damage is moreserious than ordinary sections: the expressway has to take on the complex terraion of themountainous areas and to adopt long and steep slopes; overload and low-speed traffic areunfavor to asphalt pavements. As a result, the rutting damages appear in these sections underhigh temperature, which will be a serious impact on traffic safety.
There has been being blank in the pavement design and construction specification (Guide)for pavement structure design in long-steep section. The aim of this study is to futherunderstand the rutting characteristics of asphalt pavement under the climate and trafficcondictions in Guangdong Province. By enriching the pavement diseases of the long-steepsections, the pavement structure design guide of Guangdong Province will be improved.These works is favor to improve the overall quality of asphalt pavement, and is of wellsignificance for to be built expressway in mountainous areas. Based on these backgrounds,this paper begins with the asphalt mixture design theory, and based on the digital imageprocessing technology and Granular Mechanics, tries to connect the macro-mechanicalproperties of asphalt mixtures to the microstructural characteristics. Based on a evaluationplatform, a new asphalt mixture evaluation method for heavy traffic is promoted to provideimportant guidance for solution to the rutting damage in long-steep section. The main workand innovations of this paper are as follows:
1. By summarizing the existing mix design theories and volume design method, theMultilevel Mixing Method is optimizated based on particle interference ideological (fineaggregate interference and asphalt mastic interference) and volume filling ideological. At last,the design method for anti-rutting asphalt mixture is promoted.
2. Through summarizing the specialtyies and advantages and disadvantages of rutting test devices at home and aborad, a fact is found that the existing rutting tests do not wellsimulate the stress state of pavement. The DWPA rutting test system is empoldered based on“Driving Wheel Pavement Analyzer”. The evaluation index for DWPA rutting test is set upaccording to the contrast of3different rutting test methods and Grey correlation analysis. Thedeformation slope in the creep deformation stage well reflects the high temperature stabilityof mixtures.
3. The contact characteristic of coarse aggregates of mixtures is analyzed based onDigital Image Processing technology. Two kinds of fine to coarse aggregate divided methodsare promoted, one is based on Multi-point support theory and the other is Granular Mechanicstheory. The results of aggregate contact characteristics analysis show that, the mixturespecimen molding method affects the inclination of coarse aggregate. Gradations containedmore coarse aggregates form more contact points and large inclination in the same sectionarea. Considering that the compaction energy in the same the molding way is approximate,the inclination of coarse aggregate reflects the stable state in the molding process.
4. Two rut depth prediction models is established adopting the initial amount of contactpoints and asphalt performance index as the input parameters. Indexes of optimal number ofcontact point Noptand minimum number of contact point Nminare defined, which are supposedto be applied into the mixture design as references for gradation selection.
5. The shear modulus prediction models are established according to GranularMechanics theory. The reasonableness of amount of contact points as the evaluation index formaterial stability at high temperature is discussed. And the test results of uniaxial penetrationtests show that the models can well predict the shear modulus of asphalt mixtures.
6. The main factors that influence the rutting damage is detailed discussed based on theliterature survey of the asphalt pavement rutting damage in long-steep section of expressway.Slow traffic speed is the important characteristics of the long-steep section traffic flow. A rutdepth prediction model for asphalt pavement is established based on large amount of indoorrutting tests and pavement survey data. The prediction model can well predict the rut depth,which indicates that the model is basically correct. Lastly,28pavement structures are taken inthe prediction model. According to the prediction results, pavement structure combinationssuitable for different traffic levels and speed are summaried.
引文
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