离心泵启动过程的瞬态内流和外特性
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摘要
离心泵通常主要在稳定工况下运行,其工作转速、工况等基本不变或者变化非常缓慢,因此对离心泵的研究主要集中在稳定工况下进行。随着离心泵应用领域的拓展以及系统复杂程度的提高,离心泵也会在非稳定工况下运行,如启动、停机和转速变化等瞬态工况,离心泵在非稳定工况运行的水力性能日益受到重视,因此非常有必要开展离心泵在瞬态工况下的性能研究。
本论文以在瞬态工况下运行的离心泵为研究对象,重点对启动过程中的水力性能进行了较为详细和深入的系统研究,获得了当输送介质中含有固体颗粒时的离心泵瞬态启动特性。论文首先根据动量矩定理提出了一种描述不可压缩流体机械瞬态操作条件下性能的广义欧拉方程式,借助于该方程式开展离心泵在各类瞬态操作条件下附加理论扬程的定量计算；其次,运用动网格方法进行了离心泵启动过程的数值仿真计算研究,建立了基于数值模拟的离心泵瞬态性能研究方法；再次,开展了离心泵启动过程的外特性实验测试研究,借助于无量纲分析方法揭示了离心泵启动过程的瞬态特性；最后,采用数值模拟方法开展了离心泵输送介质中含固体颗粒时的启动过程流动计算,获得了其瞬态特性。
论文的主要研究工作如下：
1.从动量矩定理和水力机械内部流动理论出发,推导了一种描述不可压缩流体机械瞬态操作过程性能的广义欧拉方程式。该方程式可较全面地反映了整个叶片厚度变化和叶片型线变化对附加理论扬程的影响,并可被用于泵、风机、透平等不可压缩流体机械在各类瞬态操作过程中的附加理论扬程(或压头、压升)的定量预测。
2.运用动网格方法开展了离心泵输送清水介质时的快速启动过程的数值模拟研究,建立了基于数值模拟的离心泵瞬态操作过程的研究方法。论文研究工作中,建立了一个包含离心泵模型在内的循环管路系统,并在系统中设置了定压点,数值模拟中对整个系统进行计算。通过数值计算获得了启动过程中的许多特性,包括外特性的变化和内部流场的演化特性。进口压力呈现先降后升特性,流量在启动初期上升较为缓慢。无量纲流量在初始阶段快速上升至稳定值；无量纲扬程在启动初始阶段存在极大值,随后迅速下降低于准稳态值,而后又不断上升接近于准稳态值。
3.在所搭建的离心泵瞬态性能测试实验台上,对三种典型叶轮结构(普通闭式叶轮、复合叶轮和开式叶轮)的离心泵进行了清水介质的启动过程实验测试研究。通过实验获得了启动过程中转速、流量、扬程和轴功率随时间的变化结果,分析了各个物理量的变化特性。启动过程中转速上升规律基本稳定,不依赖于启动后稳定工况点的变化而变化；流量在启动初期上升较为缓慢,延迟于转速而上升到稳定值,并且随阀门开度的增加延迟变得更为严重；在启动过程中普遍存在压力冲击和轴功率冲击现象。
4.首先采用基于欧拉-欧拉方法的多相流模型,对固液两相流中固相属性对水力输送性能的影响以及泵流道内固体颗粒的分布进行了数值计算研究,分析了内部流场的变化特性。在离心泵启动实验中获得的转速与流量测试结果基础上,编写用户自定义函数施加到泵叶轮上和进口处充当计算边界条件,采用动网格方法开展了离心泵输送介质中含固体颗粒时的启动计算。研究发现当输送介质发生变化时,启动过程所表现出的性能差别是非常大的。启动前期瞬态性能基本相同,差别主要集中在启动后期；输送固液两相流时的扬程呈现先升后降的变化特性,明显区别于介质为清水时的持续上升趋势；当输送介质含固体颗粒时,扬程滞后于清水介质时的情形而达到稳定状态。
Centrifugal pumps usually run at steady operating conditions in which the rotational speed or the operating point is basically stead or changed slowly in a short time. Hereby the existing investigations on centrifugal pumps mainly are limited to the steady operating conditions. However, with the expansion of applications of centrifugal pumps and the increasing complexity of flow systems, centrifugal pumps have to be operated in transient operating conditions, such as startup, stopping and rapid change of rotational speed etc. As such, the hydraulic performance of centrifugal pumps at transient conditions has been drawn more and more attention in recent years. Therefore, it has become more necessary and urgent to study the hydraulic performance of centrifugal pumps during transient operating periods.
In this thesis, the study object is the centrifugal pumps operating at transient working conditions. Their hydraulic performances during the startup period are studied systematically and deeply. And the transient characteristics are obtained in the case of delivering solid-liquid two-phase flow by using CFD. Firstly, a new generalized Euler equation is proposed according to the theorem of moment of momentum, which can be used to describe the performance of incompressible fluid machinery during transient operating periods. By means of the proposed equation, the additional theoretical heads of a centrifugal pump can be calculated quantitatively in all kinds of transient operating periods. Secondly, the unsteady flow inside a centrifugal pump during rapid startup period is numerically simulated using the dynamic mesh method. As such, an analytical method for transient performance of centrifugal pump is ultimately established based on the numerical simulation. Thirdly, the experiments on the performances of centrifugal pumps during startup periods are conducted. The transient behavior of centrifugal pump during startup periods is revealed further by the dimensionless analysis method. Finally, the transient flow in pump models in startup period are numerically calculated for the pumped media with solid particle based on numerical simulation, and the transient characteristics are obtained at last.
The main contents of this thesis are briefly stated as followings:
1. A generalized Euler equation is theoretically deduced based on the theorem of moment of momentum and theory of flow in hydraulic machinery. The proposed equation fully reflects the influences of blade thickness and blade profile on additional theoretical heads, and is able to predict the additional theoretical heads (or pressure rise) of incompressible fluid machinery, including pumps, fans, and turbines and so on, during all kinds of transient operating periods.
2. By using the dynamic mesh method, the numerical simulations are carried out in startup process in the case that a centrifugal pump transports water. As such, the study method for obtaining transient performance of a centrifugal pump during all kinds of transient operating periods is established eventually. In order to simulate the unsteady flow inside the centrifugal pump during startup period, a closed-loop pipe system with a centrifugal pump is established, a constant pressure point is set up in the system to make the flow resemble the real status. Through numerical simulation, many important characteristics, such as variations of the performances and the internal flow fields, are obtained. The static pressure at the inlet of the pump firstly declines and then rises. At the very beginning of the startup, the rising rate of flow rate is relatively slow compared with the rising rate of rotational speed. The dimensionless transient flow rate shows a rapid rise trend at the beginning of the startup, and then arrives at a stable value. The dimensionless transient head is of extreme at the very beginning of startup, and quickly falls below the quasi-steady value, then gradually rises to the stable quasi-steady value.
3. A test rig is established in this thesis to measure the transient performance of centrifugal pumps during startup period. For water, three pumps with three typical centrifugal impellers, namely ordinary closed, splitter-compound, and open impellers, are tested to obtain their performance during startup period. The variations of rotational speed, flow rate, head, and shaft-power with time are recorded in the experiments, and then the variation characteristics of each parameter are analyzed. The transient characteristics of rotational speed are basically stable in startup and are independent of the steady working point after startup. Compared with the rotational speed, the rising rate of flow rate is relatively low at the beginning of the startup. Moreover, the flow rate lags behind the rotational speed to arrive at their final steady value, and the delay becomes more severe with increasing discharge valve opening. Generally, there exist the pressure and haft-power impact phenomena in startup.
4. Firstly, the calculations of solid-liquid two-phase flow inside a centrifugal pump are accomplished by using the solid-liquid two-phase flow model based on the Euler-Euler approach. The influence of the solid phase properties on the hydraulic performance is emphatically analyzed. Moreover, the characteristics of the flow fields, including the distribution of solid particles in the pump, are also analyzed in detail. Subsequently, the experimental results of rotational speed and flow rate of the pump during startup period are fitted by using a function of time. Then the fitted two functions are encoded by means of user defined function to serve as the boundary conditions to the impeller and the inlet of the pump, respectively. Finally, the unsteady solid-liquid two-phase flows inside the pump are numerically simulated during startup period using the dynamic mesh method. The results show that the difference in performance of centrifugal pump during startup period is very obvious for pure water and the solid-liquid two-phase flow. At the early stage of startup, the transient performances are basically the same, while the difference in performance is very obvious at the later stage of startup. The transient head of delivering pure water always shows a steadily rising effect during startup period, however, that of delivering solid-liquid two-phase flow doesn't, namely a maximum peak occurs in somewhere during the time course. A longer time is needed for a solid-liquid two-phase flow to get a steady performance compared with the water single phase flow.
本论文以在瞬态工况下运行的离心泵为研究对象,重点对启动过程中的水力性能进行了较为详细和深入的系统研究,获得了当输送介质中含有固体颗粒时的离心泵瞬态启动特性。论文首先根据动量矩定理提出了一种描述不可压缩流体机械瞬态操作条件下性能的广义欧拉方程式,借助于该方程式开展离心泵在各类瞬态操作条件下附加理论扬程的定量计算；其次,运用动网格方法进行了离心泵启动过程的数值仿真计算研究,建立了基于数值模拟的离心泵瞬态性能研究方法；再次,开展了离心泵启动过程的外特性实验测试研究,借助于无量纲分析方法揭示了离心泵启动过程的瞬态特性；最后,采用数值模拟方法开展了离心泵输送介质中含固体颗粒时的启动过程流动计算,获得了其瞬态特性。
论文的主要研究工作如下：
1.从动量矩定理和水力机械内部流动理论出发,推导了一种描述不可压缩流体机械瞬态操作过程性能的广义欧拉方程式。该方程式可较全面地反映了整个叶片厚度变化和叶片型线变化对附加理论扬程的影响,并可被用于泵、风机、透平等不可压缩流体机械在各类瞬态操作过程中的附加理论扬程(或压头、压升)的定量预测。
2.运用动网格方法开展了离心泵输送清水介质时的快速启动过程的数值模拟研究,建立了基于数值模拟的离心泵瞬态操作过程的研究方法。论文研究工作中,建立了一个包含离心泵模型在内的循环管路系统,并在系统中设置了定压点,数值模拟中对整个系统进行计算。通过数值计算获得了启动过程中的许多特性,包括外特性的变化和内部流场的演化特性。进口压力呈现先降后升特性,流量在启动初期上升较为缓慢。无量纲流量在初始阶段快速上升至稳定值；无量纲扬程在启动初始阶段存在极大值,随后迅速下降低于准稳态值,而后又不断上升接近于准稳态值。
3.在所搭建的离心泵瞬态性能测试实验台上,对三种典型叶轮结构(普通闭式叶轮、复合叶轮和开式叶轮)的离心泵进行了清水介质的启动过程实验测试研究。通过实验获得了启动过程中转速、流量、扬程和轴功率随时间的变化结果,分析了各个物理量的变化特性。启动过程中转速上升规律基本稳定,不依赖于启动后稳定工况点的变化而变化；流量在启动初期上升较为缓慢,延迟于转速而上升到稳定值,并且随阀门开度的增加延迟变得更为严重；在启动过程中普遍存在压力冲击和轴功率冲击现象。
4.首先采用基于欧拉-欧拉方法的多相流模型,对固液两相流中固相属性对水力输送性能的影响以及泵流道内固体颗粒的分布进行了数值计算研究,分析了内部流场的变化特性。在离心泵启动实验中获得的转速与流量测试结果基础上,编写用户自定义函数施加到泵叶轮上和进口处充当计算边界条件,采用动网格方法开展了离心泵输送介质中含固体颗粒时的启动计算。研究发现当输送介质发生变化时,启动过程所表现出的性能差别是非常大的。启动前期瞬态性能基本相同,差别主要集中在启动后期；输送固液两相流时的扬程呈现先升后降的变化特性,明显区别于介质为清水时的持续上升趋势；当输送介质含固体颗粒时,扬程滞后于清水介质时的情形而达到稳定状态。
Centrifugal pumps usually run at steady operating conditions in which the rotational speed or the operating point is basically stead or changed slowly in a short time. Hereby the existing investigations on centrifugal pumps mainly are limited to the steady operating conditions. However, with the expansion of applications of centrifugal pumps and the increasing complexity of flow systems, centrifugal pumps have to be operated in transient operating conditions, such as startup, stopping and rapid change of rotational speed etc. As such, the hydraulic performance of centrifugal pumps at transient conditions has been drawn more and more attention in recent years. Therefore, it has become more necessary and urgent to study the hydraulic performance of centrifugal pumps during transient operating periods.
In this thesis, the study object is the centrifugal pumps operating at transient working conditions. Their hydraulic performances during the startup period are studied systematically and deeply. And the transient characteristics are obtained in the case of delivering solid-liquid two-phase flow by using CFD. Firstly, a new generalized Euler equation is proposed according to the theorem of moment of momentum, which can be used to describe the performance of incompressible fluid machinery during transient operating periods. By means of the proposed equation, the additional theoretical heads of a centrifugal pump can be calculated quantitatively in all kinds of transient operating periods. Secondly, the unsteady flow inside a centrifugal pump during rapid startup period is numerically simulated using the dynamic mesh method. As such, an analytical method for transient performance of centrifugal pump is ultimately established based on the numerical simulation. Thirdly, the experiments on the performances of centrifugal pumps during startup periods are conducted. The transient behavior of centrifugal pump during startup periods is revealed further by the dimensionless analysis method. Finally, the transient flow in pump models in startup period are numerically calculated for the pumped media with solid particle based on numerical simulation, and the transient characteristics are obtained at last.
The main contents of this thesis are briefly stated as followings:
1. A generalized Euler equation is theoretically deduced based on the theorem of moment of momentum and theory of flow in hydraulic machinery. The proposed equation fully reflects the influences of blade thickness and blade profile on additional theoretical heads, and is able to predict the additional theoretical heads (or pressure rise) of incompressible fluid machinery, including pumps, fans, and turbines and so on, during all kinds of transient operating periods.
2. By using the dynamic mesh method, the numerical simulations are carried out in startup process in the case that a centrifugal pump transports water. As such, the study method for obtaining transient performance of a centrifugal pump during all kinds of transient operating periods is established eventually. In order to simulate the unsteady flow inside the centrifugal pump during startup period, a closed-loop pipe system with a centrifugal pump is established, a constant pressure point is set up in the system to make the flow resemble the real status. Through numerical simulation, many important characteristics, such as variations of the performances and the internal flow fields, are obtained. The static pressure at the inlet of the pump firstly declines and then rises. At the very beginning of the startup, the rising rate of flow rate is relatively slow compared with the rising rate of rotational speed. The dimensionless transient flow rate shows a rapid rise trend at the beginning of the startup, and then arrives at a stable value. The dimensionless transient head is of extreme at the very beginning of startup, and quickly falls below the quasi-steady value, then gradually rises to the stable quasi-steady value.
3. A test rig is established in this thesis to measure the transient performance of centrifugal pumps during startup period. For water, three pumps with three typical centrifugal impellers, namely ordinary closed, splitter-compound, and open impellers, are tested to obtain their performance during startup period. The variations of rotational speed, flow rate, head, and shaft-power with time are recorded in the experiments, and then the variation characteristics of each parameter are analyzed. The transient characteristics of rotational speed are basically stable in startup and are independent of the steady working point after startup. Compared with the rotational speed, the rising rate of flow rate is relatively low at the beginning of the startup. Moreover, the flow rate lags behind the rotational speed to arrive at their final steady value, and the delay becomes more severe with increasing discharge valve opening. Generally, there exist the pressure and haft-power impact phenomena in startup.
4. Firstly, the calculations of solid-liquid two-phase flow inside a centrifugal pump are accomplished by using the solid-liquid two-phase flow model based on the Euler-Euler approach. The influence of the solid phase properties on the hydraulic performance is emphatically analyzed. Moreover, the characteristics of the flow fields, including the distribution of solid particles in the pump, are also analyzed in detail. Subsequently, the experimental results of rotational speed and flow rate of the pump during startup period are fitted by using a function of time. Then the fitted two functions are encoded by means of user defined function to serve as the boundary conditions to the impeller and the inlet of the pump, respectively. Finally, the unsteady solid-liquid two-phase flows inside the pump are numerically simulated during startup period using the dynamic mesh method. The results show that the difference in performance of centrifugal pump during startup period is very obvious for pure water and the solid-liquid two-phase flow. At the early stage of startup, the transient performances are basically the same, while the difference in performance is very obvious at the later stage of startup. The transient head of delivering pure water always shows a steadily rising effect during startup period, however, that of delivering solid-liquid two-phase flow doesn't, namely a maximum peak occurs in somewhere during the time course. A longer time is needed for a solid-liquid two-phase flow to get a steady performance compared with the water single phase flow.
引文
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