纳帕海湿地水文情势模拟及关键水文生态效应分析
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摘要
高原湿地往往地处大江大河上游,是流域内不可或缺的水文单元,具有重要的生态功能和研究价值。但由于高原湿地大多地理位置偏僻,很少能够开展常规水文监测,因此难以开展高原湿地的水文模拟研究。国际水文协会(IAHS)于2002年发起IAHS Decade (2003-2012) on Prediction in Ungauged Basins(简称PUB)使得无常规水文监测湿地水文模拟成为了水文学界关注的一个热点问题。
本研究选取滇西北高原湖沼湿地纳帕海(Ramsar愠地,无常规水文监测湿地)作为研究区,利用111景Landsat TM/ETM+(Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus)遥感影像作为基础数据源,利用NPSI (Neighborhood Similar Pixel Interpolator)方法对Landsat ETM+(slc-off)影像进行条带修复并结合其他遥感数据建立了纳帕海湿地明水面景观数据库。由于纳帕海湿地水文波动主要受降水因子驱动,根据流域降水的时滞效应理论,本研究建立了65d累积降水量与明水面面积之间的经验关联模型,并估算湿地明水面面积的波动规律。
使用RTK (Real-time Kinematic) GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)系统对纳帕海湿地区进行湿地微地貌DEM (Digital Elevation Model),基于ArcGIS平台利用纳帕海湿地明水面景观数据库构建概念模型估算各明水景观对应时期的湿地地表储水量(WS),进而通过回归分析推测出纳帕海湿地明水面面积(OWA)与地表水储量之间的固有关系,从而建立了65d累积降水量与湿地地表水储量之间的经验关联模型并完成了纳帕海湿地水文情势波动模拟。本研究还利用多个时期明水面空间分布数据叠加建立湿地淹水频率空间格局,进而在获取湿地明水面面积以后,通过不同频率下的淹水面积推算出目标面积所对应的最有可能出现的明水面空间分布格局。
模拟结果表明在多年际时间尺度下,纳帕海湿地在干季保持着稳定的水文情势,雨季水文情势波动显著,但无水量减少的趋势；而年内季节时间尺度下,湿地多年月均湿地地表水储量在7月迅速增长,9月达到最大,10月快速回落,11月至翌年6月基本保持平稳。地表水储量在1年内只有4个月份能够达到200万m3以上,以及其在7月和10月快速涨、退的水文情势表明纳帕海湿地正逐渐向陆生生态系统演替。纳帕海湿地降水与明水面面积增长之间存在着明显的时滞效应,这一时滞效应对于纳帕海湿地保护管理和洪灾防范(特别是雨季)具有明确的参考价值。
基于上述纳帕海湿地水文模型,本研究对洪水预测、越冬水禽明水面景观栖息地空间格局计算以及湿地植被对水文的响应等三个关键水文生态效应进行分析：
(1)纳帕海湿地发生百年一遇洪水的降水条件为：最佳累计降水量(OAP,下同)达到553.90mm,洪水淹没面积为：3098.20hm2；发生五十年一遇洪水的降水条件为：OAP达到529.83mm,洪水淹没面积为：2812.37hm2；发生二十年一遇洪水的降水条件为：OAP达到495.23mm,洪水淹没面积为：2427.69hm2；发生十年一遇洪水的降水条件为：OAP达到465.97mm,洪水淹没面积为：2126.49hm2；发生五年一遇洪水的降水条件为：OAP达到432.38mm,洪水淹没面积为：1807.94hm2。通过明水景观空间叠加方法,本研究获得了纳帕海湿地各洪水重现期最有可能出现的淹水空间格局,可以为有关部门的防洪工作提供有效的依据。
(2)越冬水禽明水景观栖息地面积为302.45hm2,占最大明水景观栖息地面积的64.80%,占研究区总面积的9.74%。纳帕海湿地区北部的主湖区仍然是越冬水禽主要的明水景观栖息地。西南部明水栖息地呈孤岛状分布,其余小斑块明水栖息地较为分散。明水面景观作为主要的水禽越冬栖息地,随着水禽数量的逐年增多,其面临的生态压力也在逐渐增大,有关部门应该加强对人为扰动的控制,以最大明水栖息地为恢复目标逐渐释放空间,为保护物种提供更多生境。
(3)2012年7-8月纳帕海植被调查结果显示,纳帕海湿地共记录有湿地植物130种,隶属于36科88属。其中,蕨类植物1科1属2种,苔藓植物1科1属1种,种子植物34科,86属,128种。湿地区存在的主要优势物种为蕨麻(Potentilla anserma)与木里苔草(Carex muliensis)。纳帕海湿地区淹水频度在2.1%以下的区域为中生草甸；淹水频度在2.1%——50.0%范围内的区域为沼泽与湿草甸；湿地区淹水频度在50.0%以上范围内的区域为明水面湿地。人为扰动在淹水频率较低的区域对湿地植被生物多样性的影响更加显著。湿地区边缘,淹水频率较低区域凸显出生态交错带具有的边缘效应。这种边缘效应能够反映出湿地生态系统与陆生生态系统的边界,可以为湿地的界定提供新的思路。
Mountains and plateaus in Southwest China contain many subalpine and alpine wetlands, with significant hydroecological functions. But ungauged or poorly gauged conditions limit the study and understanding of hydrological regimes of these wetland types. As the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) initiated the decade on prediction in ungauged basins (PUB) during the period2003-2012, with the primary aim of reducing the degree of uncertainty in hydrological predictions, the hydrological modeling of ungauged wetland had been focused by the hydrological researchers.
This study selected the Napahai Ramsar site, an ungauged subalpine wetland in northwest Yunnan, to explore operational methods in order to simulate its hydrological regime. One hundred and eleven phases of Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (TM/ETM+) imageries from1987to2011were catalogued as the basic data in the Napahai wetland and NSPI (Neighborhood Similar Pixel Interpolator) method had been used to restore the Landsat ETM+(slc-off) imageries. These data were used to found the open water database which contained the areas and the spatial distribution of open water in Napahai wetland. Based on the basin lag time theory and the confirmation of the rainfall was the main driver of hydrological fluctuation, correlation coefficients between open water areas (OWAs) and correspondingly accumulated precipitation levels at different time steps were analyzed, which determined that a75-day time step was optimal to establish the simulation equation between OWAs and accumulated precipitation levels. This model could predict the OWA fluctuation when the daily precipitation data is available to acquire.
A Trimble R8GNSS (Global Navigation Satellites Systems) RTK (Real-time Kinematic system) and sonar fathometer were used to survey fine-resolution elevation data and generate a digital elevation model of Napahai wetland, which helped to calculate the wetland water storage (WS) by using a conceptual model built in the study and find the inherent correlation with OWA and WS. Then, the WS could be simulate by the optimal accumulated precipitation (OAP). The multi-phase spatial distribution of open water data were used to overlap into the flood frequency spatial distribution which could calculate the most possible flooding pattern at different OWA levels.
The simulation result indicated that, in the inter-annual time scale, the hydrology was stable in dry season and had a dramatic fluctuation in rainy season; and there were significant variations between rainy and dry seasons in the intra-annual time scale; it increased slowly in June and sharply in August, reached its maximum level in September, declined from October to December, and then kept slowly decreasing until next May. The sharp increase and decrease of the wetland hydrology in July and October demonstrated the wetland ecosystem was turning into terrestrial ecosystem. Fluctuation of WS had obvious time lag behind the rainfall especially in rainy season.
Based on the hydrological model above, the study analyzed three key ecological responses of hydrology:flood prediction, spatial calculation of waterfowl open water habitat, and the wetland vegetation differentiation drove by hydrology.
1) As accumulated75-day precipitation levels reached100-year (100a) return period, the flooding area will almost cover the whole Napahai wetland as3098.20hm2; under the scenarios of50-year (50a),20-year (20a),10-year (10a), and5-year (5a) return periods, it will occupy2812.37hm2,2427.69hm2,2126.49hm2and1807.94hm2of the Napahai wetland.
2) The waterfowl habitat in Napahai wetland covered302.45hm2, which was64.80%of the max waterfowl habitat of this wetland and9.74%of the study area. The main open water habitat was in the north and the other small habitats were fragmented dispersedly. The human interference was the main threaten which should be restrained to release more space for more waterfowl population.
3) There were one hundred and thirty species of plant in Napahai wetland, which belonged to eighty-eight category and thirty-six classes. Potentilla anserina and Carex muliensis were the dominant species in the wetland. The landscape would be mesophytic meadow as the flood frequency was less than2.1%; it would be marsh or wet meadow as the flood frequency was between2.1%and50%; it would be open water as the flood frequency was greater than50%. The human interference had greater influence in the low flood frequency area, where the edge effect was strong. This methodology may provide a new thought for the disputed wetland definition.
本研究选取滇西北高原湖沼湿地纳帕海(Ramsar愠地,无常规水文监测湿地)作为研究区,利用111景Landsat TM/ETM+(Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus)遥感影像作为基础数据源,利用NPSI (Neighborhood Similar Pixel Interpolator)方法对Landsat ETM+(slc-off)影像进行条带修复并结合其他遥感数据建立了纳帕海湿地明水面景观数据库。由于纳帕海湿地水文波动主要受降水因子驱动,根据流域降水的时滞效应理论,本研究建立了65d累积降水量与明水面面积之间的经验关联模型,并估算湿地明水面面积的波动规律。
使用RTK (Real-time Kinematic) GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)系统对纳帕海湿地区进行湿地微地貌DEM (Digital Elevation Model),基于ArcGIS平台利用纳帕海湿地明水面景观数据库构建概念模型估算各明水景观对应时期的湿地地表储水量(WS),进而通过回归分析推测出纳帕海湿地明水面面积(OWA)与地表水储量之间的固有关系,从而建立了65d累积降水量与湿地地表水储量之间的经验关联模型并完成了纳帕海湿地水文情势波动模拟。本研究还利用多个时期明水面空间分布数据叠加建立湿地淹水频率空间格局,进而在获取湿地明水面面积以后,通过不同频率下的淹水面积推算出目标面积所对应的最有可能出现的明水面空间分布格局。
模拟结果表明在多年际时间尺度下,纳帕海湿地在干季保持着稳定的水文情势,雨季水文情势波动显著,但无水量减少的趋势；而年内季节时间尺度下,湿地多年月均湿地地表水储量在7月迅速增长,9月达到最大,10月快速回落,11月至翌年6月基本保持平稳。地表水储量在1年内只有4个月份能够达到200万m3以上,以及其在7月和10月快速涨、退的水文情势表明纳帕海湿地正逐渐向陆生生态系统演替。纳帕海湿地降水与明水面面积增长之间存在着明显的时滞效应,这一时滞效应对于纳帕海湿地保护管理和洪灾防范(特别是雨季)具有明确的参考价值。
基于上述纳帕海湿地水文模型,本研究对洪水预测、越冬水禽明水面景观栖息地空间格局计算以及湿地植被对水文的响应等三个关键水文生态效应进行分析：
(1)纳帕海湿地发生百年一遇洪水的降水条件为：最佳累计降水量(OAP,下同)达到553.90mm,洪水淹没面积为：3098.20hm2；发生五十年一遇洪水的降水条件为：OAP达到529.83mm,洪水淹没面积为：2812.37hm2；发生二十年一遇洪水的降水条件为：OAP达到495.23mm,洪水淹没面积为：2427.69hm2；发生十年一遇洪水的降水条件为：OAP达到465.97mm,洪水淹没面积为：2126.49hm2；发生五年一遇洪水的降水条件为：OAP达到432.38mm,洪水淹没面积为：1807.94hm2。通过明水景观空间叠加方法,本研究获得了纳帕海湿地各洪水重现期最有可能出现的淹水空间格局,可以为有关部门的防洪工作提供有效的依据。
(2)越冬水禽明水景观栖息地面积为302.45hm2,占最大明水景观栖息地面积的64.80%,占研究区总面积的9.74%。纳帕海湿地区北部的主湖区仍然是越冬水禽主要的明水景观栖息地。西南部明水栖息地呈孤岛状分布,其余小斑块明水栖息地较为分散。明水面景观作为主要的水禽越冬栖息地,随着水禽数量的逐年增多,其面临的生态压力也在逐渐增大,有关部门应该加强对人为扰动的控制,以最大明水栖息地为恢复目标逐渐释放空间,为保护物种提供更多生境。
(3)2012年7-8月纳帕海植被调查结果显示,纳帕海湿地共记录有湿地植物130种,隶属于36科88属。其中,蕨类植物1科1属2种,苔藓植物1科1属1种,种子植物34科,86属,128种。湿地区存在的主要优势物种为蕨麻(Potentilla anserma)与木里苔草(Carex muliensis)。纳帕海湿地区淹水频度在2.1%以下的区域为中生草甸；淹水频度在2.1%——50.0%范围内的区域为沼泽与湿草甸；湿地区淹水频度在50.0%以上范围内的区域为明水面湿地。人为扰动在淹水频率较低的区域对湿地植被生物多样性的影响更加显著。湿地区边缘,淹水频率较低区域凸显出生态交错带具有的边缘效应。这种边缘效应能够反映出湿地生态系统与陆生生态系统的边界,可以为湿地的界定提供新的思路。
Mountains and plateaus in Southwest China contain many subalpine and alpine wetlands, with significant hydroecological functions. But ungauged or poorly gauged conditions limit the study and understanding of hydrological regimes of these wetland types. As the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) initiated the decade on prediction in ungauged basins (PUB) during the period2003-2012, with the primary aim of reducing the degree of uncertainty in hydrological predictions, the hydrological modeling of ungauged wetland had been focused by the hydrological researchers.
This study selected the Napahai Ramsar site, an ungauged subalpine wetland in northwest Yunnan, to explore operational methods in order to simulate its hydrological regime. One hundred and eleven phases of Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (TM/ETM+) imageries from1987to2011were catalogued as the basic data in the Napahai wetland and NSPI (Neighborhood Similar Pixel Interpolator) method had been used to restore the Landsat ETM+(slc-off) imageries. These data were used to found the open water database which contained the areas and the spatial distribution of open water in Napahai wetland. Based on the basin lag time theory and the confirmation of the rainfall was the main driver of hydrological fluctuation, correlation coefficients between open water areas (OWAs) and correspondingly accumulated precipitation levels at different time steps were analyzed, which determined that a75-day time step was optimal to establish the simulation equation between OWAs and accumulated precipitation levels. This model could predict the OWA fluctuation when the daily precipitation data is available to acquire.
A Trimble R8GNSS (Global Navigation Satellites Systems) RTK (Real-time Kinematic system) and sonar fathometer were used to survey fine-resolution elevation data and generate a digital elevation model of Napahai wetland, which helped to calculate the wetland water storage (WS) by using a conceptual model built in the study and find the inherent correlation with OWA and WS. Then, the WS could be simulate by the optimal accumulated precipitation (OAP). The multi-phase spatial distribution of open water data were used to overlap into the flood frequency spatial distribution which could calculate the most possible flooding pattern at different OWA levels.
The simulation result indicated that, in the inter-annual time scale, the hydrology was stable in dry season and had a dramatic fluctuation in rainy season; and there were significant variations between rainy and dry seasons in the intra-annual time scale; it increased slowly in June and sharply in August, reached its maximum level in September, declined from October to December, and then kept slowly decreasing until next May. The sharp increase and decrease of the wetland hydrology in July and October demonstrated the wetland ecosystem was turning into terrestrial ecosystem. Fluctuation of WS had obvious time lag behind the rainfall especially in rainy season.
Based on the hydrological model above, the study analyzed three key ecological responses of hydrology:flood prediction, spatial calculation of waterfowl open water habitat, and the wetland vegetation differentiation drove by hydrology.
1) As accumulated75-day precipitation levels reached100-year (100a) return period, the flooding area will almost cover the whole Napahai wetland as3098.20hm2; under the scenarios of50-year (50a),20-year (20a),10-year (10a), and5-year (5a) return periods, it will occupy2812.37hm2,2427.69hm2,2126.49hm2and1807.94hm2of the Napahai wetland.
2) The waterfowl habitat in Napahai wetland covered302.45hm2, which was64.80%of the max waterfowl habitat of this wetland and9.74%of the study area. The main open water habitat was in the north and the other small habitats were fragmented dispersedly. The human interference was the main threaten which should be restrained to release more space for more waterfowl population.
3) There were one hundred and thirty species of plant in Napahai wetland, which belonged to eighty-eight category and thirty-six classes. Potentilla anserina and Carex muliensis were the dominant species in the wetland. The landscape would be mesophytic meadow as the flood frequency was less than2.1%; it would be marsh or wet meadow as the flood frequency was between2.1%and50%; it would be open water as the flood frequency was greater than50%. The human interference had greater influence in the low flood frequency area, where the edge effect was strong. This methodology may provide a new thought for the disputed wetland definition.
引文
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