黄土高原流域生态水文模拟和植被生态用水计算
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摘要
黄土高原是世界上黄土分布最集中、覆盖度最大的地区,由于黄土的易侵蚀性及历史上强烈的人类活动影响,黄土高原成为世界上植被退化和水土流失最严重的地区之一,随之而来的生态环境恶化阻碍了区域社会经济的发展,进入河道的泥沙也对黄河下游河道和水利工程的安全造成了威胁。建国以来,国家开展了大规模的水土流失治理工作,有效减少了土壤侵蚀和进入黄河的泥沙,改善了生态环境。但水土保持措施同时也引起了植被生态用水增加、河道径流减少、土壤干化等问题。探索黄土高原生态水文相互作用关系,评估植被生态用水量及其对河道径流的影响对于黄土高原未来的水土流失治理工作具有重要的指导意义。
本文以流域生态水文过程模拟研究为基础,根据黄土高原水循环特点改进生态水文模型RHESSys (Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System),建立了基于植被生理过程的黄土高原分布式生态水文耦合模型,对生态模拟和模型参数的不确定性进行初步研究,并应用该模型在黄土高原泾河流域不同尺度上进行流域生态水文过程的模拟分析,最后利用模型进行基于生态水文过程的大流域植被生态用水计算,并分析了水土保持措施对径流量的影响。
首先,论文在查阅国内外研究成果的基础上,对生态水文相互作用、生态水文模拟、植被生态用水和水土保持措施的水文效应等研究现状进行整理总结,对黄土高原生态水文研究现状进行了分析,提出了黄土高原生态水文模拟和植被生态用水计算等研究中存在的问题。
其次,以生态水文模型RHESSys为基础构建黄土高原流域生态水文模型,结合黄土高原实际情况对模型进行修改,包括增加影响黄土高原水循环的水土保持工程模块和大流域模型需要的河道径流演算模块、水库调度模块等。以黄土高原泾河流域为例,应用分布式生态水文模型RHESSys进行生态水文模拟,经过对径流、净初级生产力和叶面积指数的验证,证明了模型在泾河流域的适用性。将生态水文模型和分布式水文模型WEP-L(Water and Energy transfer Processes in Large basin)进行在泾河流域的模拟对比,分析生态水文模型在黄土高原大流域的应用效果和生态过程模拟对水文模拟的影响,并使用改进的GLUE (Generalized Likelihood uncertainty Estimation)方法研究对比模型参数不确定性。结果表明RHESSys模型可以应用于黄土高原大流域生态水文模拟,且反映了植被变化对流域径流、蒸散发和土壤水过程的影响,但其对汛期洪峰过程的模拟仍有待提高。
然后,以黄土高原上经过治理的杨家沟和未治理的董庄沟两个对比小流域为例,利用分布式生态水文模型RHESSys,讨论人工林对流域径流、土壤水和生态系统健康的影响。结果表明,经过治理的杨家沟年径流量和径流模数减少,汛期径流量减少大于非汛期,两个流域表层土壤水含量相似,杨家沟深层土壤水和地下水补给量有减少趋势,杨家沟人工林生长指标净初级生产力(NPP)/生物量(Biomass)在治理初期减少,后趋于稳定,根据Budyko曲线,两个流域都处于水分限制状态,杨家沟经过40年治理,达到生态水文平衡状态。
最后,提出了基于生态水文过程的植被生态用水计算方法,以黄土高原泾河流域为例,计算了泾河流域1981-2010年各植被类型植被生态用水变化及年内分配,利用生态水文模型不同情景分析了上世纪80年代以来泾河流域各项水土保持措施变化及其对流域径流的影响,结果表明水土保持措施造成多年平均径流量减少,且水土保持措施的影响逐渐增大。根据研究结果对今后黄土高原流域水土流失治理措施提出了建议。
本文主要创新点有以下几个方面：(1)在生态水文模型RHESSys中增加影响黄土高原水循环过程的工程措施,构建完整的黄土高原生态水文模型,实现生态水文模型在黄土高原大流域上的第一次应用。(2)基于生态水文模型分析了人工林生长过程的生态水文影响,提出了多个人工林生长状态的判断指标,揭示了黄土高原流域的水分限制关系(3)提出了基于生态水文过程的植被生态用水计算方法,总结了泾河流域植被生态用水时空变化规律。(4)基于生态水文模拟,定量分析了泾河流域水土保持措施对径流的影响作用。
本文研究成果不仅在流域生态水文过程模拟研究、黄土高原生态水文相互作用机理等科学问题上具有重要意义,而且对正确评估水土保持措施效应,支撑流域水土保持和生态建设措施科学配置,建立科学的生态建设体系等方面具有重要作用。
Eco-hydrological process is one of the most important processes in the nature, impacting water balance, ecosystem health and human activities in the basin. The loess Plateau is an area with serious water and soil loss and fragile ecosystem because of its unique geographic condition and historical human activities. According to the practice requirement of ecosystem repair and water resources management right now, the eco-hydrological simulation application in large basins is the bottleneck in basin level eco-hydrological researches.
This paper presents an application of biophysical based distributed eco-hydrological model system based on RHESSys (Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System) in the Jinghe River Basin of Loess Plateau. The ecological simulation and parameters' uncertainties of the model were tested and the model applications of two spatial levels were conducted in the Jinghe River Basin. Based on the eco-hydrological model, the vegetation ecological water use and the water and soil conservation effects on stream flow were calculated and evaluated.
First, a review of researches on eco-hydrological interactions, eco-hydrological simulations, vegetation ecological water use and water and soil conservation effects on hydrology wascarried out based on present global researches results. The main researches shortages of the eco-hydrological simulation and vegetation ecological water use in the Loess plateau were addressed, and the theories and approaches of eco-hydrological interaction simulations were evaluated.
Second, the eco-hydrological model were constructed based on RHESSys with several modification according to realities of the Loess Plateau, including adding stream routing module, reservoir operation module and soil and water conservation modules. The eco-hydrological model and distributed hydrological model Water and Energy transfer Processes in Large basin (WEP-L) were both applied in the Jinghe River Basin to evaluate the hydrological simulation results and ecological simulation effects on hydrological simulation, and the Generalized Likelihood uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) approach were used to evaluate the parameters uncertainties of both models. The results shows that RHESSys model can applied in big basin of the Loess Plateau and reflect the vegetation dynamic effects on hydrological processes, and improve the base flow simulation precision, but the simulation precision on flood season need to be improved.
Third, eco-hydrological model RHESSys was applied in two pair catchments in the Jinghe River Basin, one of which was reforested since1950s and the other one wasn't. The reforestation effects on runoff, soil moisture and ecosystem were evaluated and discussed. The results showed the runoff of reforested catchment is smaller than the control catchment, and the runoff differences are larger in the flood season. The deep soil moisture and ground water recharge of the reforested catchment were less than the control catchment. The Net Primary Production (NPP)/BOIMASS of reforested catchment decreased at first, then became stable. According to the Budyko curves of both catchments, this area is water limited. The reforested catchment reaches its eco-hydrological stable after about40years since reforestation.
At last, an approach of vegetation ecological water use calculation based on eco-hydrological processes was proposed. The vegetation ecological water use of Jinghe River Basin was calculated and analyzed by this approach. The soil and water conservation effects on stream flow were evaluated by eco-hydrological model. The results showed that the soil and water conservation decrease the.stream flow, and the effects increase by time.
The main innovations of this paper are:(1) modifing eco-hydrological model to apply in large basins;(2) proposing a method to distinguish eco-hydrological stable of artificial forest growth, evaluated the eco-hydrological effects of artificial forest, and revealing the water limitation situation of the Loess Plateau;(3) proposing a vegetation ecological water use calculation method, and analyzing the vegetation ecological water use of the Jinghe River Basin spatially and temporally.
This research is of great importance not only in eco-hydrological simulation, but also in effect evaluation of soil and water conservation, and supporting ecological construction and water resources planning.
本文以流域生态水文过程模拟研究为基础,根据黄土高原水循环特点改进生态水文模型RHESSys (Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System),建立了基于植被生理过程的黄土高原分布式生态水文耦合模型,对生态模拟和模型参数的不确定性进行初步研究,并应用该模型在黄土高原泾河流域不同尺度上进行流域生态水文过程的模拟分析,最后利用模型进行基于生态水文过程的大流域植被生态用水计算,并分析了水土保持措施对径流量的影响。
首先,论文在查阅国内外研究成果的基础上,对生态水文相互作用、生态水文模拟、植被生态用水和水土保持措施的水文效应等研究现状进行整理总结,对黄土高原生态水文研究现状进行了分析,提出了黄土高原生态水文模拟和植被生态用水计算等研究中存在的问题。
其次,以生态水文模型RHESSys为基础构建黄土高原流域生态水文模型,结合黄土高原实际情况对模型进行修改,包括增加影响黄土高原水循环的水土保持工程模块和大流域模型需要的河道径流演算模块、水库调度模块等。以黄土高原泾河流域为例,应用分布式生态水文模型RHESSys进行生态水文模拟,经过对径流、净初级生产力和叶面积指数的验证,证明了模型在泾河流域的适用性。将生态水文模型和分布式水文模型WEP-L(Water and Energy transfer Processes in Large basin)进行在泾河流域的模拟对比,分析生态水文模型在黄土高原大流域的应用效果和生态过程模拟对水文模拟的影响,并使用改进的GLUE (Generalized Likelihood uncertainty Estimation)方法研究对比模型参数不确定性。结果表明RHESSys模型可以应用于黄土高原大流域生态水文模拟,且反映了植被变化对流域径流、蒸散发和土壤水过程的影响,但其对汛期洪峰过程的模拟仍有待提高。
然后,以黄土高原上经过治理的杨家沟和未治理的董庄沟两个对比小流域为例,利用分布式生态水文模型RHESSys,讨论人工林对流域径流、土壤水和生态系统健康的影响。结果表明,经过治理的杨家沟年径流量和径流模数减少,汛期径流量减少大于非汛期,两个流域表层土壤水含量相似,杨家沟深层土壤水和地下水补给量有减少趋势,杨家沟人工林生长指标净初级生产力(NPP)/生物量(Biomass)在治理初期减少,后趋于稳定,根据Budyko曲线,两个流域都处于水分限制状态,杨家沟经过40年治理,达到生态水文平衡状态。
最后,提出了基于生态水文过程的植被生态用水计算方法,以黄土高原泾河流域为例,计算了泾河流域1981-2010年各植被类型植被生态用水变化及年内分配,利用生态水文模型不同情景分析了上世纪80年代以来泾河流域各项水土保持措施变化及其对流域径流的影响,结果表明水土保持措施造成多年平均径流量减少,且水土保持措施的影响逐渐增大。根据研究结果对今后黄土高原流域水土流失治理措施提出了建议。
本文主要创新点有以下几个方面：(1)在生态水文模型RHESSys中增加影响黄土高原水循环过程的工程措施,构建完整的黄土高原生态水文模型,实现生态水文模型在黄土高原大流域上的第一次应用。(2)基于生态水文模型分析了人工林生长过程的生态水文影响,提出了多个人工林生长状态的判断指标,揭示了黄土高原流域的水分限制关系(3)提出了基于生态水文过程的植被生态用水计算方法,总结了泾河流域植被生态用水时空变化规律。(4)基于生态水文模拟,定量分析了泾河流域水土保持措施对径流的影响作用。
本文研究成果不仅在流域生态水文过程模拟研究、黄土高原生态水文相互作用机理等科学问题上具有重要意义,而且对正确评估水土保持措施效应,支撑流域水土保持和生态建设措施科学配置,建立科学的生态建设体系等方面具有重要作用。
Eco-hydrological process is one of the most important processes in the nature, impacting water balance, ecosystem health and human activities in the basin. The loess Plateau is an area with serious water and soil loss and fragile ecosystem because of its unique geographic condition and historical human activities. According to the practice requirement of ecosystem repair and water resources management right now, the eco-hydrological simulation application in large basins is the bottleneck in basin level eco-hydrological researches.
This paper presents an application of biophysical based distributed eco-hydrological model system based on RHESSys (Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System) in the Jinghe River Basin of Loess Plateau. The ecological simulation and parameters' uncertainties of the model were tested and the model applications of two spatial levels were conducted in the Jinghe River Basin. Based on the eco-hydrological model, the vegetation ecological water use and the water and soil conservation effects on stream flow were calculated and evaluated.
First, a review of researches on eco-hydrological interactions, eco-hydrological simulations, vegetation ecological water use and water and soil conservation effects on hydrology wascarried out based on present global researches results. The main researches shortages of the eco-hydrological simulation and vegetation ecological water use in the Loess plateau were addressed, and the theories and approaches of eco-hydrological interaction simulations were evaluated.
Second, the eco-hydrological model were constructed based on RHESSys with several modification according to realities of the Loess Plateau, including adding stream routing module, reservoir operation module and soil and water conservation modules. The eco-hydrological model and distributed hydrological model Water and Energy transfer Processes in Large basin (WEP-L) were both applied in the Jinghe River Basin to evaluate the hydrological simulation results and ecological simulation effects on hydrological simulation, and the Generalized Likelihood uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) approach were used to evaluate the parameters uncertainties of both models. The results shows that RHESSys model can applied in big basin of the Loess Plateau and reflect the vegetation dynamic effects on hydrological processes, and improve the base flow simulation precision, but the simulation precision on flood season need to be improved.
Third, eco-hydrological model RHESSys was applied in two pair catchments in the Jinghe River Basin, one of which was reforested since1950s and the other one wasn't. The reforestation effects on runoff, soil moisture and ecosystem were evaluated and discussed. The results showed the runoff of reforested catchment is smaller than the control catchment, and the runoff differences are larger in the flood season. The deep soil moisture and ground water recharge of the reforested catchment were less than the control catchment. The Net Primary Production (NPP)/BOIMASS of reforested catchment decreased at first, then became stable. According to the Budyko curves of both catchments, this area is water limited. The reforested catchment reaches its eco-hydrological stable after about40years since reforestation.
At last, an approach of vegetation ecological water use calculation based on eco-hydrological processes was proposed. The vegetation ecological water use of Jinghe River Basin was calculated and analyzed by this approach. The soil and water conservation effects on stream flow were evaluated by eco-hydrological model. The results showed that the soil and water conservation decrease the.stream flow, and the effects increase by time.
The main innovations of this paper are:(1) modifing eco-hydrological model to apply in large basins;(2) proposing a method to distinguish eco-hydrological stable of artificial forest growth, evaluated the eco-hydrological effects of artificial forest, and revealing the water limitation situation of the Loess Plateau;(3) proposing a vegetation ecological water use calculation method, and analyzing the vegetation ecological water use of the Jinghe River Basin spatially and temporally.
This research is of great importance not only in eco-hydrological simulation, but also in effect evaluation of soil and water conservation, and supporting ecological construction and water resources planning.
引文
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