自悬浮聚苯胺的制备、结构及其复合材料的特性研究
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摘要
聚苯胺(RANI)与其它导电高分子相比,其结构多样化、电导率较高、掺杂机制独特、物理性能优异、环境稳定性良好,且原料廉价易得、合成方法简便,是当今导电高分子领域研究的热点之一。但其加工性能未能得到很好的改善,与其它聚合物复合时分散性差,难以在实际中得到广泛应用。因此,制备一类自悬浮聚苯胺,改善其加工性能具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。本博士论文制备了三类自悬浮聚苯胺,探讨了自悬浮聚苯胺的结构、性能以及形成机理。主要研究内容和结果如下：
1、通过本体聚合与原位掺杂,使聚苯胺分子链上接枝有机长链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚磺酸-10(NPES),制得自悬浮聚苯胺。这种自悬浮聚苯胺可溶于多种溶剂,并表现出热可逆凝胶的粘弹行为。通过氨水去掺杂及热失重分析(TGA),计算出聚苯胺中NPES的掺杂率(fNPES)；不同的掺杂率表现出不同的形态结构,当fNPES大于0.6时的聚苯胺出现两相结构,连续相可流动,分散相为球形胶束；偏光显微镜照片显示局部有液晶结构。
2、通过化学氧化偶联分别制得苯胺三聚体、四聚体和五聚体。X射线衍射(XRD)测试结果表明三种苯胺低聚物都能结晶,其中苯胺四聚体结晶比较完善。紫外可见光谱(UV-vis)结果表明三种苯胺低聚物都处于氧化态。
3、通过溶液掺杂技术将NPES化学掺杂在三种苯胺低聚物分子上,制得自悬浮苯胺低聚物。TGA数据表明,三种苯胺低聚物的掺杂率都接近理论掺杂率；偏光显微镜照片呈现出纳米级的两相分离状态,局部有液晶相存在,其中自悬浮苯胺五聚体出现近晶型液晶织构,自悬浮苯胺三聚体和自悬浮苯胺四聚体出现向列相液晶织构；产物具有类液体流变特征,且粘度(η)低于NPES;室温下,自悬浮苯胺三聚体剪切储能模量(G')、剪切损耗模量(G")和η最低；聚合度越高,体系的G'、G"和η对温度变化的敏感度越大。
4、采用溶液聚合和4-壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚乙酸(GAE)、NPES和4-壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚丙基硫酸-20(NPSE)原位掺杂技术,制备出自悬浮聚苯胺。红外光谱、UV-vis结果表明GAE、NPES和NPSE通过化学掺杂使聚苯胺由氧化态转变成还原态。透射电镜照片表明这三种自悬浮聚苯胺分散相呈颗粒分布,粒度分别小于30nm、5nm和10nm。偏光显微镜照片显示自悬浮聚苯胺局部都有液晶结构,其中,GAE掺杂的自悬浮聚苯胺出现独特的纺锤型衍射织构。
5、GAE、NPES和NPSE掺杂的自悬浮聚苯胺均呈类液体的流变行为,可溶于多种溶剂,电导率在0.1～2S/m之间。在各自最高掺杂率时,PANI-NPSE的流动性最好,PANI-NPES次之,PANI-GAE最差；PANI-GAE的流动性对温度最敏感,随着温度的升高,粘度下降速度快。
6、将溶液法制备的PANI-NPES与纳米石墨片(Gr)进行复合,制得PANI/Gr纳米复合材料。与三步法制备的PANI/Gr纳米复合材料相比,表现出较低的粘度和较高的导电性。将PANI-GAE、PANI-NPES和PANI-NPSE分别与聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)共混制备的PANI/PVDF复合材料具有优异的介电性能。质量分数为7%的NPES掺杂的自悬浮聚苯胺制备的PANI/PVDF复合材料,介电常数高达872,tanδ仅为0.1。
In the past decades, polyaniline (PANI) has been one of the lasting hot spot in the researches on electric conductive macromolecules due to its diverse molecule structures, superior electric conductivity, unique doping mechanism, excellent physical properties, favorable environmental stability, low-cost raw materials and facile synthetic method. However, the extensive exploitation of these fascinating properties has always been restricted from the poor dispersibility of PANI in other polymer matrix. Therefore, the improvement of its processability promises great theoretical and practical significance for various applications of PANI and PANI based hybrids. In this dissertation, three types of self-suspended PANIs were successfully prepared, and the property-structure relationship and forming mechanism based on these PANI derivatives have been fully discussed. The main contents and results are as follows:
(1) The typical preparation of self-suspended PANI followed a one-step strategy. Macromolecular PANI was obtained via bulk polymerization from aniline monomers, and in situ chemically doped by the organic long-chain proton acid, namely nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether sulfoacid-10(NPES). The as-prepared self-suspended PANI demonstrated excellent solubility in various solvents and displayed the characteristic viscoelastic behaviors of thermoreversible gel. Furthermore, it's found the morphological structures of final products which were closely correlated to the content of NPES (fNPES), can be calculated by thermal gravimetrical analysis (TGA). Particularly, when fNPES>0.6, the PANI presented two phase structure, the flowable continuous phase and dispersion phase of spherical micelles. Partial liquid crystalline structures were also identified in the polarizing microscope (POM) images.
(2) Aniline trimer, tetramer, pentamer were prepared by chemically oxidative coupling and the results from X-ray diffraction revealed crystalline nature for all three aniline oligomers. It was worth noting that the tetramer showed a much higher crystallinity. UV-Vis spectra indicated that three oligomers were in emeraldine base.
(3) The above-prepared aniline oligomers were chemically doped with NPES to obtain self-suspended aniline oligomers. TGA results showed a good coincidence between each doping ratio of the self-suspended aniline oligomers and the corresponding theoretical value. POM images indicated that the three samples were separated, into two phases at nanoscale level and liquid phases were found in local area. Particularly, the self-suspended pentamers exhibited smectic structure, while the trimers and tetramers showed nematic structure. The products featured typical liquid-like manner, and the viscosity (η) was even lower than pure NPES. Amongst three samples, the trimmers exibited the lowest shear storage modulus (G'), shear loss modulus (G") and η. As the degree of polymerization increased, the G', G" and η of hybrid became more sensitive to temperature variation.
(4) PANI was synthesized via solution polymerization, and in situ doped with4-nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether acetic acid (GAE), NPES and4-nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether propyl sulfuric acid-20(NPSE) to obtain three self-suspended polyanilines. Both Fourier transform infrared spectra and UV-Vis spectra suggested that PANI had turn from Emeraldine base into Leucoemeraldine base. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images revealed that dispersion phases of the three products presented as particles, with diameters lower than30nm,5nm and10nm, respectively. POM images presented the liquid crystalline structures in local areas. Interestingly, GAE doped self-suspended polyaniline exhibits unique spindle diffraction structure.
(5) The self-suspended polyanilines doped with GAE, NPES and NPSE all exhibited liquid-like rheological behavior and excellent dissolvability in various solvents. The electric conductivity was determined in range of0.1-2S/m. When each possessed the highest doping ratio, PANI-NPSE showed most favorable fluidity and PANI-GAE was the poorest. The flowability of PANI-GAE was most sensitive to temperature, as its viscosity decreased fastest with elevation of the temperature.
(6) The PANI-NPES prepared via solution polymerization was further composited with graphite flakes to obtain the PANI/Gr composites. Comparing with that obtained by three-step method, the as-preared PANI/Gr composites showed much lower viscosity and superior electric conductivity. In addition, the PANI/PVDF composites made by blending PANI-GAE, PANI-NPES, PANI-NPSE with PVDF respectively demonstrated remarkable dielectric properties. Especially, the dielectric permittivity of the PANI/PVDF composite prepared from self-suspended polyaniline with7wt.%NPSE reached up to872, while the dielectric loss tan8was as low as0.1.
1、通过本体聚合与原位掺杂,使聚苯胺分子链上接枝有机长链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚磺酸-10(NPES),制得自悬浮聚苯胺。这种自悬浮聚苯胺可溶于多种溶剂,并表现出热可逆凝胶的粘弹行为。通过氨水去掺杂及热失重分析(TGA),计算出聚苯胺中NPES的掺杂率(fNPES)；不同的掺杂率表现出不同的形态结构,当fNPES大于0.6时的聚苯胺出现两相结构,连续相可流动,分散相为球形胶束；偏光显微镜照片显示局部有液晶结构。
2、通过化学氧化偶联分别制得苯胺三聚体、四聚体和五聚体。X射线衍射(XRD)测试结果表明三种苯胺低聚物都能结晶,其中苯胺四聚体结晶比较完善。紫外可见光谱(UV-vis)结果表明三种苯胺低聚物都处于氧化态。
3、通过溶液掺杂技术将NPES化学掺杂在三种苯胺低聚物分子上,制得自悬浮苯胺低聚物。TGA数据表明,三种苯胺低聚物的掺杂率都接近理论掺杂率；偏光显微镜照片呈现出纳米级的两相分离状态,局部有液晶相存在,其中自悬浮苯胺五聚体出现近晶型液晶织构,自悬浮苯胺三聚体和自悬浮苯胺四聚体出现向列相液晶织构；产物具有类液体流变特征,且粘度(η)低于NPES;室温下,自悬浮苯胺三聚体剪切储能模量(G')、剪切损耗模量(G")和η最低；聚合度越高,体系的G'、G"和η对温度变化的敏感度越大。
4、采用溶液聚合和4-壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚乙酸(GAE)、NPES和4-壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚丙基硫酸-20(NPSE)原位掺杂技术,制备出自悬浮聚苯胺。红外光谱、UV-vis结果表明GAE、NPES和NPSE通过化学掺杂使聚苯胺由氧化态转变成还原态。透射电镜照片表明这三种自悬浮聚苯胺分散相呈颗粒分布,粒度分别小于30nm、5nm和10nm。偏光显微镜照片显示自悬浮聚苯胺局部都有液晶结构,其中,GAE掺杂的自悬浮聚苯胺出现独特的纺锤型衍射织构。
5、GAE、NPES和NPSE掺杂的自悬浮聚苯胺均呈类液体的流变行为,可溶于多种溶剂,电导率在0.1～2S/m之间。在各自最高掺杂率时,PANI-NPSE的流动性最好,PANI-NPES次之,PANI-GAE最差；PANI-GAE的流动性对温度最敏感,随着温度的升高,粘度下降速度快。
6、将溶液法制备的PANI-NPES与纳米石墨片(Gr)进行复合,制得PANI/Gr纳米复合材料。与三步法制备的PANI/Gr纳米复合材料相比,表现出较低的粘度和较高的导电性。将PANI-GAE、PANI-NPES和PANI-NPSE分别与聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)共混制备的PANI/PVDF复合材料具有优异的介电性能。质量分数为7%的NPES掺杂的自悬浮聚苯胺制备的PANI/PVDF复合材料,介电常数高达872,tanδ仅为0.1。
In the past decades, polyaniline (PANI) has been one of the lasting hot spot in the researches on electric conductive macromolecules due to its diverse molecule structures, superior electric conductivity, unique doping mechanism, excellent physical properties, favorable environmental stability, low-cost raw materials and facile synthetic method. However, the extensive exploitation of these fascinating properties has always been restricted from the poor dispersibility of PANI in other polymer matrix. Therefore, the improvement of its processability promises great theoretical and practical significance for various applications of PANI and PANI based hybrids. In this dissertation, three types of self-suspended PANIs were successfully prepared, and the property-structure relationship and forming mechanism based on these PANI derivatives have been fully discussed. The main contents and results are as follows:
(1) The typical preparation of self-suspended PANI followed a one-step strategy. Macromolecular PANI was obtained via bulk polymerization from aniline monomers, and in situ chemically doped by the organic long-chain proton acid, namely nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether sulfoacid-10(NPES). The as-prepared self-suspended PANI demonstrated excellent solubility in various solvents and displayed the characteristic viscoelastic behaviors of thermoreversible gel. Furthermore, it's found the morphological structures of final products which were closely correlated to the content of NPES (fNPES), can be calculated by thermal gravimetrical analysis (TGA). Particularly, when fNPES>0.6, the PANI presented two phase structure, the flowable continuous phase and dispersion phase of spherical micelles. Partial liquid crystalline structures were also identified in the polarizing microscope (POM) images.
(2) Aniline trimer, tetramer, pentamer were prepared by chemically oxidative coupling and the results from X-ray diffraction revealed crystalline nature for all three aniline oligomers. It was worth noting that the tetramer showed a much higher crystallinity. UV-Vis spectra indicated that three oligomers were in emeraldine base.
(3) The above-prepared aniline oligomers were chemically doped with NPES to obtain self-suspended aniline oligomers. TGA results showed a good coincidence between each doping ratio of the self-suspended aniline oligomers and the corresponding theoretical value. POM images indicated that the three samples were separated, into two phases at nanoscale level and liquid phases were found in local area. Particularly, the self-suspended pentamers exhibited smectic structure, while the trimers and tetramers showed nematic structure. The products featured typical liquid-like manner, and the viscosity (η) was even lower than pure NPES. Amongst three samples, the trimmers exibited the lowest shear storage modulus (G'), shear loss modulus (G") and η. As the degree of polymerization increased, the G', G" and η of hybrid became more sensitive to temperature variation.
(4) PANI was synthesized via solution polymerization, and in situ doped with4-nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether acetic acid (GAE), NPES and4-nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether propyl sulfuric acid-20(NPSE) to obtain three self-suspended polyanilines. Both Fourier transform infrared spectra and UV-Vis spectra suggested that PANI had turn from Emeraldine base into Leucoemeraldine base. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images revealed that dispersion phases of the three products presented as particles, with diameters lower than30nm,5nm and10nm, respectively. POM images presented the liquid crystalline structures in local areas. Interestingly, GAE doped self-suspended polyaniline exhibits unique spindle diffraction structure.
(5) The self-suspended polyanilines doped with GAE, NPES and NPSE all exhibited liquid-like rheological behavior and excellent dissolvability in various solvents. The electric conductivity was determined in range of0.1-2S/m. When each possessed the highest doping ratio, PANI-NPSE showed most favorable fluidity and PANI-GAE was the poorest. The flowability of PANI-GAE was most sensitive to temperature, as its viscosity decreased fastest with elevation of the temperature.
(6) The PANI-NPES prepared via solution polymerization was further composited with graphite flakes to obtain the PANI/Gr composites. Comparing with that obtained by three-step method, the as-preared PANI/Gr composites showed much lower viscosity and superior electric conductivity. In addition, the PANI/PVDF composites made by blending PANI-GAE, PANI-NPES, PANI-NPSE with PVDF respectively demonstrated remarkable dielectric properties. Especially, the dielectric permittivity of the PANI/PVDF composite prepared from self-suspended polyaniline with7wt.%NPSE reached up to872, while the dielectric loss tan8was as low as0.1.
引文
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