新型碳基复合材料的制备及其光催化制氢性能研究
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摘要
本论文以石墨烯(graphene)系及碳包镍(Ni@C)为起始碳材料，制备了一系列碳基氧化物或硫化物复合光催化材料，并较系统、深入地研究了材料的组成、微结构、形貌和光吸收性能等对光催化制氢效率和反应机理的影响。其主要研究内容和结论归纳如下：
(1)采用改进的Hummer法制备了氧化石墨(GTO)，然后以GTO和Ti(SO_4)_2为原料，水热法制备了GTO-TiO_2纳米复合材料。该复合材料中平均粒径约为20nm的TiO_2纳米颗粒紧密附着在GTO表面，边沿或插入GTO层间，形成了较紧密的联结。不同复合比例的GTO-TiO_2均显示出了可见光催化制氢活性，其中2wt%GTO-TiO_2制氢效率最高，负载1wt%Pt后达到380μmol h~(-1)，与单纯的GTO相比提高了91.7倍。GTO-TiO_2在350-550nm波长范围的单色光照下均表现出可观的光催化制氢活性，在420nm的单色光照下的表观量子效率为8.2%，并显示出良好的光稳定性。本体系中GTO起到了类似染料敏化剂的作用，可将体系的光谱响应范围从紫外光区拓展到可见光区，并可实现GTO的光生电子向TiO_2的定向迁移，抑制光生载流子的复合，从而极大地提高体系的光催化制氢活性。因此，我们认为GTO-TiO_2复合材料是一种宽光谱响应、高效、稳定的光催化材料，具有潜在的应用前景。
(2)以石墨烯系碳材料(GT，GO，RGO)为原料，采用沉淀和溶剂热法分别制备了石墨烯系碳-CdS纳米复合材料。溶剂热过程导致GO还原形成RGO-CdS(S)，而共沉淀过程仍形成GO-CdS(P)。两类复合材料中CdS的团聚均受到抑制，但溶剂热制备的RGO-CdS(S)中复合组员间形成了更紧密的结合。与CdS相比，石墨烯系碳-CdS都表现出更优良的可见光催化制氢活性和长效稳定性。其中，共沉淀制备的复合物中5wt%GO-CdS(P)具有最佳的可见光催化制氢效率(314μmol h~(-1))，而溶剂热法制备的复合物中10wt%RGO-CdS有最高的光催化活性(420μmol h~(-1))。GO-CdS(P)和RGO-CdS(S)在420nm处的表观量子效率均分别为4.8%和10.4%。石墨烯系碳材料一方面作为支持物抑制光腐蚀，另一方面又作为电子导体促进载流子的分离。RGO-CdS(S)的复合组员间形成了更紧密的结合，有利于发挥协同效应，具有更高的光催化活性，因而更具应用前景。
(3)以Ni@C为原料，水热法制备了Ni@C/TiO_2复合材料。该复合材料中TiO_2为长在40-120nm之间、宽约10nm的锐钛矿相纳米棒结构，且Ｎi@C仍保持原有结构。Ni@C结构是复合材料显示出可见光催化活性的前提，但是Ni@C本身的光催化制氢能力有限，Ni@C/TiO_2比Ni@C高一个数量级，达到300μmol h~(-1)，并表现出优良的长效稳定性。在350-550nm波长范围内的单色光光照时均显示出可观的光催化活性，其在420和520nm单色光照时的表观量子效率分别达12%和7%，且不需要负载Pt等贵金属，因而本体系具有更好的实际应用前景。虽然Ni@C/TiO_2体系的详细的光激发及其电子转移机制尚需进一步证据，但是这种由廉价Ni@C组成的碳基材料在与TiO_2复合后显示出了良好的可见光催化制氢活性与长效稳定性，为开发新型、廉价、高效的可见光响应的光催化材料提供了一条新的思路。
(4)以Ni@C为原料，溶剂热法制备了Ni@C/CdS复合材料。该复合材料中Ni@C的粒径约为50nm，CdS的粒径约为5-10nm。不同复合比例的Ni@C/CdS均表现出增强的光催化活性和长效稳定性。其中，5wt%Ni@C/CdS的光催化活性最高，达到610μmol h~(-1)，与单纯的CdS相比，制氢效率提高了2.2倍。在420nm单色光照下的表观量子效率高达20.5%，远高于上述的GTO-TiO_2、RGO-CdS以及Ni@C/TiO_2，且不需要负载Pt等贵金属。Ni@C/CdS复合材料光催化制氢体系中Ni@C与CdS紧密接触，形成类似于Pt/CdS的Schottky能垒，有利于促进光生载流子的分离，从而提高体系的效率。这种复合材料的制备为开发无贵金属负载的高效、廉价光催化体系提供了一条新思路。
Graphene-based carbon materials and carbon-coated nickel (Ni@C) were chosen asinitial materials, and composited with the well-known photocatalyst: TiO_2and CdS. Thus, weprepared a series of graphite oxide (GTO)-TiO_2, graphene oxide (GO)-CdS, reduced grapheneoxide (RGO)-CdS, Ni@C/TiO_2and Ni@C/CdS nanocomposites, and studied theirphotocatalytic H2production. Moreover, we proposed the possible mechanism ofphotocataytic H2production over these composite materials under visible light irradiation.The main contents and conclusion were as follows:
(1). Graphite Oxide (GTO) was prepared by a modified Hummer’s method firstly. Then,a series of GTO-TiO_2nanocomposite was successfully fabricated through a facilehydrothermal process. TiO_2nanocomposites are attached to ptharet isculerfsa cwe iothf GaTvOer aagned/opr airntitcelrec alsaitzeed inotfo～2th0e innmte rlainy ert hoefGTO. The obtained products showed highly visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity in thepresence of triethanolamine (TEOA).2wt%GTO-TiO_2showed the maximum H2evolutionrate of6.8μmol h~(-1)under visible light (≥420nm) irradiation and photocatalytic H2evolutionefficiency was significantly enhanced after loading1wt%Pt, reaching380μmol h~(-1), whichwas about91.7times higher than that of GTO. Furthermore, the composite showed anexcellent stability during a long time photoreaction test.2wt%GTO-TiO_2also showed awide photoresponse under monochromatic light wavelength ranged from350to550nm. TheAQY under420nm monochromatic light irradiation was ca.8.2%. The GTO could serve as aphotosensitizer in the present GTO-TiO_2system and expand the spectral responsive range ofTiO_2to visible light. Moreover, the photogenerated electron could transfer from GTO to TiO_2in this system. Therefore, we believed that GTO-TiO_2composite was a widely spectralresponsive, efficient and stable photocatalyst. It showed a potential application prospect inphotocatalytic H2production under visible light irradiation.
(2). Graphene-based carbon materials (GT, GO and RGO) were used raw materials, aseries of RGO-CdS and GO-CdS were prepared by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solvothermalprocess and precipitation process, respectively. The aggregation was suppressed afterimplanting carbon materials. It was found that all carbon-based CdS composites, includingGraphite-CdS, GO-CdS, and RGO-CdS, showed enhancement of photoactivity compared to CdS.10wt%RGO-CdS showed the maximum H2evolution rate of420μmol h~(-1)in thepresence of sacrificial reagents (Na2S+Na2SO3) under visible light irradiation. Besides,5wt%GO-CdS prepared by a precipitation process showed the maximum H2evolution rate of314μmol h~(-1)in this condition.5wt%GO-CdS and10wt%RGO-CdS without Pt-loading bothshowed an excellent photoactivity with AQY of ca.4.8%and10.4%at420nmmonochromatic light irradiation, respectively. The implanted graphene-based carbonmaterials could enhance the photoactivity and photostability of CdS, and played twoimportant roles such as suppressing the photogenerated carrier recombination as anelectron-transfer channel and acceptor, and support of CdS in aqueous solution.
(3). Carbon-coated Ni (Ni@C)/TiO_2(anatase phase) composite was prepared through ahydrothermal process. The resultant Ni@C/TiO_2composite was composed of nanorods withan average diameter of ca.10nm and length in the range of40-100nm. Controllableexperiment demonstrated that Ni@C structure was the key point to the highly photocatalyticacvitity over Ni@C/TiO_2, although Ni@C showed limited photoactivites. A H2generationrate of up to300μmol h~(-1)over150mg5wt%Ni@C/TiO_2without Pt-loading in the presenceof10vol%TEOA was achieved under visible light≥(420nm) irradiation. In addition, theAQY under420and520nm monochromatic light irradiation was ca.12%and7%,respectively. Ni@C/TiO_2could be regarded as a new class, highly efficient and visible lightresponsive photocatalytic material, ahthough further investigations on its systematiccharacterization and photocatalytic mechanism are under progress.
(4). Ni@C/CdS composite was prepared by a DMSO solvothermal process. Thecomposite was composed of Ni@C nanoparticles with an average diameter of ca.50nm andCdS with an average diameter of ca.5-10nm. All the Ni@C/CdS with different Ni@Ccontents showed enhancement of photocatalyic H2production efficiency as compared topristine CdS.5wt%Ni@C/CdS showed a maximum H2evolution rate of610μmol h~(-1)undervisible light (≥420nm) irradiation, and the AQY under420nm even reached ca.20.5%, muchhigher than that of GTO-TiO_2、RGO-CdS and Ni@C/TiO_2system. An effective combinationbetween Ni@C and CdS was achieved by the solvothermal process and the Schottky barrierbetween each other was formed which was similar to Pt/CdS system.
(1)采用改进的Hummer法制备了氧化石墨(GTO)，然后以GTO和Ti(SO_4)_2为原料，水热法制备了GTO-TiO_2纳米复合材料。该复合材料中平均粒径约为20nm的TiO_2纳米颗粒紧密附着在GTO表面，边沿或插入GTO层间，形成了较紧密的联结。不同复合比例的GTO-TiO_2均显示出了可见光催化制氢活性，其中2wt%GTO-TiO_2制氢效率最高，负载1wt%Pt后达到380μmol h~(-1)，与单纯的GTO相比提高了91.7倍。GTO-TiO_2在350-550nm波长范围的单色光照下均表现出可观的光催化制氢活性，在420nm的单色光照下的表观量子效率为8.2%，并显示出良好的光稳定性。本体系中GTO起到了类似染料敏化剂的作用，可将体系的光谱响应范围从紫外光区拓展到可见光区，并可实现GTO的光生电子向TiO_2的定向迁移，抑制光生载流子的复合，从而极大地提高体系的光催化制氢活性。因此，我们认为GTO-TiO_2复合材料是一种宽光谱响应、高效、稳定的光催化材料，具有潜在的应用前景。
(2)以石墨烯系碳材料(GT，GO，RGO)为原料，采用沉淀和溶剂热法分别制备了石墨烯系碳-CdS纳米复合材料。溶剂热过程导致GO还原形成RGO-CdS(S)，而共沉淀过程仍形成GO-CdS(P)。两类复合材料中CdS的团聚均受到抑制，但溶剂热制备的RGO-CdS(S)中复合组员间形成了更紧密的结合。与CdS相比，石墨烯系碳-CdS都表现出更优良的可见光催化制氢活性和长效稳定性。其中，共沉淀制备的复合物中5wt%GO-CdS(P)具有最佳的可见光催化制氢效率(314μmol h~(-1))，而溶剂热法制备的复合物中10wt%RGO-CdS有最高的光催化活性(420μmol h~(-1))。GO-CdS(P)和RGO-CdS(S)在420nm处的表观量子效率均分别为4.8%和10.4%。石墨烯系碳材料一方面作为支持物抑制光腐蚀，另一方面又作为电子导体促进载流子的分离。RGO-CdS(S)的复合组员间形成了更紧密的结合，有利于发挥协同效应，具有更高的光催化活性，因而更具应用前景。
(3)以Ni@C为原料，水热法制备了Ni@C/TiO_2复合材料。该复合材料中TiO_2为长在40-120nm之间、宽约10nm的锐钛矿相纳米棒结构，且Ｎi@C仍保持原有结构。Ni@C结构是复合材料显示出可见光催化活性的前提，但是Ni@C本身的光催化制氢能力有限，Ni@C/TiO_2比Ni@C高一个数量级，达到300μmol h~(-1)，并表现出优良的长效稳定性。在350-550nm波长范围内的单色光光照时均显示出可观的光催化活性，其在420和520nm单色光照时的表观量子效率分别达12%和7%，且不需要负载Pt等贵金属，因而本体系具有更好的实际应用前景。虽然Ni@C/TiO_2体系的详细的光激发及其电子转移机制尚需进一步证据，但是这种由廉价Ni@C组成的碳基材料在与TiO_2复合后显示出了良好的可见光催化制氢活性与长效稳定性，为开发新型、廉价、高效的可见光响应的光催化材料提供了一条新的思路。
(4)以Ni@C为原料，溶剂热法制备了Ni@C/CdS复合材料。该复合材料中Ni@C的粒径约为50nm，CdS的粒径约为5-10nm。不同复合比例的Ni@C/CdS均表现出增强的光催化活性和长效稳定性。其中，5wt%Ni@C/CdS的光催化活性最高，达到610μmol h~(-1)，与单纯的CdS相比，制氢效率提高了2.2倍。在420nm单色光照下的表观量子效率高达20.5%，远高于上述的GTO-TiO_2、RGO-CdS以及Ni@C/TiO_2，且不需要负载Pt等贵金属。Ni@C/CdS复合材料光催化制氢体系中Ni@C与CdS紧密接触，形成类似于Pt/CdS的Schottky能垒，有利于促进光生载流子的分离，从而提高体系的效率。这种复合材料的制备为开发无贵金属负载的高效、廉价光催化体系提供了一条新思路。
Graphene-based carbon materials and carbon-coated nickel (Ni@C) were chosen asinitial materials, and composited with the well-known photocatalyst: TiO_2and CdS. Thus, weprepared a series of graphite oxide (GTO)-TiO_2, graphene oxide (GO)-CdS, reduced grapheneoxide (RGO)-CdS, Ni@C/TiO_2and Ni@C/CdS nanocomposites, and studied theirphotocatalytic H2production. Moreover, we proposed the possible mechanism ofphotocataytic H2production over these composite materials under visible light irradiation.The main contents and conclusion were as follows:
(1). Graphite Oxide (GTO) was prepared by a modified Hummer’s method firstly. Then,a series of GTO-TiO_2nanocomposite was successfully fabricated through a facilehydrothermal process. TiO_2nanocomposites are attached to ptharet isculerfsa cwe iothf GaTvOer aagned/opr airntitcelrec alsaitzeed inotfo～2th0e innmte rlainy ert hoefGTO. The obtained products showed highly visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity in thepresence of triethanolamine (TEOA).2wt%GTO-TiO_2showed the maximum H2evolutionrate of6.8μmol h~(-1)under visible light (≥420nm) irradiation and photocatalytic H2evolutionefficiency was significantly enhanced after loading1wt%Pt, reaching380μmol h~(-1), whichwas about91.7times higher than that of GTO. Furthermore, the composite showed anexcellent stability during a long time photoreaction test.2wt%GTO-TiO_2also showed awide photoresponse under monochromatic light wavelength ranged from350to550nm. TheAQY under420nm monochromatic light irradiation was ca.8.2%. The GTO could serve as aphotosensitizer in the present GTO-TiO_2system and expand the spectral responsive range ofTiO_2to visible light. Moreover, the photogenerated electron could transfer from GTO to TiO_2in this system. Therefore, we believed that GTO-TiO_2composite was a widely spectralresponsive, efficient and stable photocatalyst. It showed a potential application prospect inphotocatalytic H2production under visible light irradiation.
(2). Graphene-based carbon materials (GT, GO and RGO) were used raw materials, aseries of RGO-CdS and GO-CdS were prepared by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solvothermalprocess and precipitation process, respectively. The aggregation was suppressed afterimplanting carbon materials. It was found that all carbon-based CdS composites, includingGraphite-CdS, GO-CdS, and RGO-CdS, showed enhancement of photoactivity compared to CdS.10wt%RGO-CdS showed the maximum H2evolution rate of420μmol h~(-1)in thepresence of sacrificial reagents (Na2S+Na2SO3) under visible light irradiation. Besides,5wt%GO-CdS prepared by a precipitation process showed the maximum H2evolution rate of314μmol h~(-1)in this condition.5wt%GO-CdS and10wt%RGO-CdS without Pt-loading bothshowed an excellent photoactivity with AQY of ca.4.8%and10.4%at420nmmonochromatic light irradiation, respectively. The implanted graphene-based carbonmaterials could enhance the photoactivity and photostability of CdS, and played twoimportant roles such as suppressing the photogenerated carrier recombination as anelectron-transfer channel and acceptor, and support of CdS in aqueous solution.
(3). Carbon-coated Ni (Ni@C)/TiO_2(anatase phase) composite was prepared through ahydrothermal process. The resultant Ni@C/TiO_2composite was composed of nanorods withan average diameter of ca.10nm and length in the range of40-100nm. Controllableexperiment demonstrated that Ni@C structure was the key point to the highly photocatalyticacvitity over Ni@C/TiO_2, although Ni@C showed limited photoactivites. A H2generationrate of up to300μmol h~(-1)over150mg5wt%Ni@C/TiO_2without Pt-loading in the presenceof10vol%TEOA was achieved under visible light≥(420nm) irradiation. In addition, theAQY under420and520nm monochromatic light irradiation was ca.12%and7%,respectively. Ni@C/TiO_2could be regarded as a new class, highly efficient and visible lightresponsive photocatalytic material, ahthough further investigations on its systematiccharacterization and photocatalytic mechanism are under progress.
(4). Ni@C/CdS composite was prepared by a DMSO solvothermal process. Thecomposite was composed of Ni@C nanoparticles with an average diameter of ca.50nm andCdS with an average diameter of ca.5-10nm. All the Ni@C/CdS with different Ni@Ccontents showed enhancement of photocatalyic H2production efficiency as compared topristine CdS.5wt%Ni@C/CdS showed a maximum H2evolution rate of610μmol h~(-1)undervisible light (≥420nm) irradiation, and the AQY under420nm even reached ca.20.5%, muchhigher than that of GTO-TiO_2、RGO-CdS and Ni@C/TiO_2system. An effective combinationbetween Ni@C and CdS was achieved by the solvothermal process and the Schottky barrierbetween each other was formed which was similar to Pt/CdS system.
引文
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