黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区建设问题研究
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摘要
现代农业示范区演绎了科技农业时代一种全新的经济发展模式,造就了现代农业产业这一新的经济形态,将成为21世纪农业发展的主流形态。因此,对现代农业示范区的研究己日益引起众多学者的关注。现代农业示范区的理论与实践是一个涉及面广且十分复杂的课题,也是一项极富开创性的研究工作。本文对现代农业示范区作深入研究,这无论在理论上,还是在实践上都具有重大的意义。从上个世纪末开始,我国尝试建设现代农业示范区。目前,在经济建设快速发展的时期,国家又提出建设社会主义新农村的要求,为此,加快推进传统农业模式向现代农业模式转变,建设现代化农业已成为重中之重的任务。建设现代化农业示范区必须加强科学技术的指导和示范。现代农业示范区就是科学和技术在农业生产过程中的应用及其成果转化,是建设现代化大农业的必然选择。以技术密集为主要特征,现代农业示范区既包括科学技术在农业领域的引进开发,又包括先进技术的示范、辐射和推广,通过创新体制机制推动、促进区域农业结构调整和产业升级。这是当前探索到的最适合、最有效推进现代农业发展的模式。当前,农业示范区是现代农业的主要表现形式,通过加快农业示范区的建设,可以推进现代化大农业的建设步伐,对社会主义新农村建设起到积极的促进作用,为最终实现农民增收、促进社会和谐稳定打下坚实的基础。
本文从现代农业示范区的内涵、特征、功能和黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区的范围界定角度着手,确定了现代农业与现代农业示范区的定义：现代农业是广泛应用现代科学技术、现代工业提供的生产资料和科学管理方法的社会化农业。现代农业示范区是以现代产业发展理念为指导,以新型农民为主体,以现代科学技术和物质装备为支撑,采用现代经营管理方式的可持续发展的现代农业示范区域。本文以增长极、产业集聚等理论为基础,分析了黑龙江垦区发展现代农业示范区的重大意义,以及垦区所具备的发展优势。并从规模水平、物质条件基础、产业链、科技投入、农民收入与消费水平五个方面分析了黑龙江垦区和示范区的建设现状。其中黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区在最近几年中农业规模与水平不断提高,固定投资总额有所上升,物质条件基础逐步得到完善,在科技、教育、卫生上的投入快速增加,示范区农民生活水平和人均储蓄不断提高,这些都为黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区发展水平的提高做出了重要的贡献。通过建立科学的指标评价体系从基础建设、经济效益、生态资源三方面对垦区现代化农业示范区的发展水平做出了科学的评价,即：黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区发展水平差异明显,从垦区现代农业示范区正负指标可以看出,大部分示范区发展水平并不好,说明黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区整体发展水平不平衡。可见基础建设发展因子对于示范区综合发展水平影响最大,资源环境发展因子对垦区现代示范区的影响并不突出；垦区现代农业示范区农场在经济效益得到了提高的同时在资源环境方面做出的努力还不够,示范区应认识到资源环境效益也是示范区发展水平的一个重要指标,通过对示范区各农场进行排序,进而分析各农场在示范区建设中存在的不足。同时,从经营规模、物质条件、农业科技、农业社会化服务体系、现代农业经营方式、农业微观经营组织、政府支持七个方面对黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区建设条件进行了分析,确立了黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区建设的指导思想、基本原则、基本目标,为示范区建设明确了总体思路,进一步构建了垦区现代农业示范区的运行机制,最后提出科学的、可行的有助于推动黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区建设的对策建议：通过提升经营管理理念,快速的低成本扩张路径构建经营管理推广平台,组建跨区域产业化经营体系,建立规模化和集约化农产品生产基地,建设农产品物流及配送中心、设施农业技术成果高密度集成创新园,在全国不同地区建立品牌生产基地,建立连锁经营的途等径构建经营管理平台为示范区获得更高的经济效益；加快垦区现代农业示范区建设不仅要注重物质基础建设,更重要的是始终坚持把研发与示范合理结合起来、把社会效益与经济效益合理结合起来,推进科研成果转化推广,共同建设现代化创新基地,为现代化大农业的发展指引方向；加强示范区社会化服务体系建设,主要包括加强以政府为首的公共服务机构、以农民为主体的合作经济组织、现代农业示范区内的龙头企业以及其他能够为农业提供社会化服务的组织形式建设,推广“三代”全程式服务模式,加快农业市场化建设的进程,充分利用龙头企业和中介组织发挥农产品流通的带动作用,多方位提高金融支持和金融服务水平,加强信息化服务体系建设,建立食品溯源系统,切实保障农产品质量安全；完善现代农业产业体系,要充分发挥垦区的自然条件和各方面优势,努力发展现代化大农业；建立多元化的资金筹措机制,黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区的资金筹措手段较为单一,对农垦总局和政府的资金依赖过大,缺少持续资金注入,示范区想要保持良好的发展状态必须要有足够的资金支持,必须实施多元化的资金筹措机制,形成以政府为引导、企业为主体、个人为补充、外资为契机的多渠道投融资局面：加快向现代经营管理模式的转变,黑龙江垦区在现代农业示范区建设过程中应改变以往落后、保守、混乱的经营方式,建立起新型现代企业制度。示范区经营活动要遵循市场原则,追求经济效益、社会效益和生态效益并重的目标。不断完善现代农业经营机制体系,在家庭承包经营的基础上,继续巩固和完善大小农场的机制建设,继续创新农业经营组织方式,实现统分结合的双层经营体制。
Modern agricultural demonstration zone deduced a new economic development mode of agricultural science and technology era, makes a modern agricultural industry a new economic form, will become the mainstream form of agricultural development in the21st century. Therefore, the study of modern agricultural demonstration zone has increasingly caused the attention of many scholars. The theory and practice of agricultural demonstration zone is a wide range and complex subject, is also a highly groundbreaking research. This article is to study the modern agricultural demonstration zone, this undoubtedly in theory or in practice has great realistic significance. The end of last century, China has attempted to build a modern agricultural demonstration zone. At present, in"the special period of economic construction and rapid development, our country has proposed a requirement of building a new socialist countryside, therefore, accelerate traditional agriculture mode transforming to the modern agriculture mode, the construction of modern agriculture has become a top priority task. Construction of modern agricultural demonstration zone must strengthen scientific and technical guidance and demonstration. Modern agricultural demonstration zone is in the process of science and technology in agricultural production application and its achievements, and is the inevitable choice of building modernized agriculture, technology-intensive as the main feature, modern agricultural demonstration zone includes the introduction of science and technology in agriculture development, including advanced technology demonstration, radiation and promotion, through the institutional innovation mechanism, promoting regional agriculture structure adjustment and industrial upgrading. This is the most suitable and effective agricultural development model. Currently, agricultural demonstration zone is the major form of modern agriculture, by speeding up the construction of agricultural science and technology park, can promote the pace of building modern large-scale farming, to play a positive role in promoting new socialist countryside construction, lay a solid foundation to the final realization of people's income, and promote social harmony and stability.
In this paper, the connotation of modern agricultural demonstration zone, features, functions, and Heilongjiang Reclamation modern agricultural demonstration zones begin scoping perspective to determine the modern agriculture and modern agriculture demonstration zones defined namely: Modern agriculture is widely used in modern science and technology, modern industries means of production and socialization of scientific management methods in agriculture. Modern agriculture demonstration zones on the modern industrial development concept as a guide to new farmers as the main body, with modern science and technology and materials, and equipment for the support, the use of modern management methods and sustainable development of modern agriculture demonstration zone. In this paper, growth pole, based on the theory of industrial clustering and other analyzes Heilongjiang reclamation area development of modern agriculture demonstration zones significance and Reclamation have advantages for development. From the scale level, based on material conditions, industrial chain, science and technology, farmers' income and consumption level five analyzes the Heilongjiang Reclamation and construction of the demonstration zone status. Heilongjiang reclamation area in which modern agriculture demonstration area in recent years and constantly improve the level of agricultural scale, gross fixed investment has increased, based on material conditions gradually improved in science and technology, education, health inputs on the rapid increase in living standards of farmers demonstration area and increasing per capita savings, which are for the Heilongjiang Reclamation modern agricultural demonstration zone to improve the level of development has made important contributions. Through the establishment of a scientific evaluation index system from the infrastructure, economic, ecological resources, the development of three aspects of modern agricultural demonstration zone reclamation level of development to make a scientific evaluation, namely:Heilongjiang Reclamation modern agricultural demonstration zone significantly different levels of development, from the reclamation positive and negative indicators of modern agricultural demonstration zone can be seen, most of the demonstration zone development level is not good, indicating that modern agriculture demonstration area in Heilongjiang Reclamation overall level of development has been uneven. Visible infrastructural development factor for comprehensive development level demonstration zone most affected; resources and environment factors on the development of modern demonstration area of reclamation is not prominent; visible Reclamation modern agricultural demonstration zone farm has improved the economic benefits, while it has done in the resource environment the effort was not enough, demonstration areas should actively recognize the environmental benefits of resource demonstration area is also an important indicator of the level of development. Each farm and demonstration areas were sorted, and then analyzes the shortcomings of each farm. Meanwhile, the scale of operation, material conditions, agricultural technology, agricultural social service system, modern agricultural operation, agricultural micro-management organizations, government support seven aspects of Heilongjiang kind of modern agricultural demonstration zone construction conditions were analyzed. Established the modern agricultural demonstration zone in Heilongjiang Reclamation guiding ideology, basic principles, the basic objective is to build a clear demonstration area general idea. Thus further build Reclamation modern agricultural demonstration zone operation mechanism. Finally scientific and practical help to promote modern agricultural demonstration zone in Heilongjiang Reclamation construction Suggestions:multiple channels to improve economic efficiency demonstration zones, Reclamation modern agricultural demonstration zones to enhance the management philosophy, the rapid adoption of low-cost expansion path, building Management marketing platform, the formation of cross-regional industrial management system, the establishment of large-scale and intensive agricultural production base, development of agricultural logistics and distribution centers, facilities, high-density integration of agricultural and technological achievements Innovation Park, in different regions of the country to build brand production base, through establish ways to build chain management platform for the demonstration area to get better value for money; advancing scientific research and promotion of modern agricultural demonstration zones to speed up construction of the reclamation area should not only focus on physical infrastructure, more importantly, always adhere to reasonable development and demonstration combine the social and economic benefits reasonably combine together to build a modern innovation base for the advancement of modern large-scale farming guide the direction; strengthen social service system demonstration area construction, including the Government-led public service to farmers as the main cooperative economic organizations, modern agricultural demonstration zone as well as other leading companies to provide social services for the agricultural organization form, mainly to promote the "three generations" full program service model to accelerate the process of building agricultural markets, take advantage of the leading enterprises and intermediary organizations leading role in the circulation of agricultural products, multi-faceted Financial support and financial services to improve the level of information service system, the establishment of food traceability system, and effectively protect the quality and safety of agricultural products; complete industrial system of modern agriculture, modern agriculture demonstration zones in the building modern agricultural industrial system process, we should give full play to the natural conditions of the reclamation area and aspects of advantages, efforts to develop a modern large-scale agriculture; build a diversified fund-raising mechanisms, Heilongjiang Reclamation modern agricultural demonstration zone means more single financing for Land Reclamation Bureau and government funds rely too large, the lack of continuous injection of funds, demonstration area want to ensure continued good development of the state must have sufficient financial support. Demonstration area must be implemented diversified funding mechanism, to form a government guidance, enterprises as the mainstay, supplemented by individuals, foreign as an opportunity for multi-channel financing situation; accelerate the transformation of modern management mode, Heilongjiang Reclamation modern agricultural demonstration zones process should change the past, backward, conservative, chaotic way of doing business, and establish a new modern enterprise system. Demonstration area to follow market principles from operating activities, the pursuit of economic, social and ecological benefits of both goals. Constantly improve the management mechanism of modern agriculture system. In the household contract management, based on the size of farms continue to consolidate and improve the mechanism of construction, continue to innovate and agricultural business organizations, to achieve combines unified and separate two-tier management system.
本文从现代农业示范区的内涵、特征、功能和黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区的范围界定角度着手,确定了现代农业与现代农业示范区的定义：现代农业是广泛应用现代科学技术、现代工业提供的生产资料和科学管理方法的社会化农业。现代农业示范区是以现代产业发展理念为指导,以新型农民为主体,以现代科学技术和物质装备为支撑,采用现代经营管理方式的可持续发展的现代农业示范区域。本文以增长极、产业集聚等理论为基础,分析了黑龙江垦区发展现代农业示范区的重大意义,以及垦区所具备的发展优势。并从规模水平、物质条件基础、产业链、科技投入、农民收入与消费水平五个方面分析了黑龙江垦区和示范区的建设现状。其中黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区在最近几年中农业规模与水平不断提高,固定投资总额有所上升,物质条件基础逐步得到完善,在科技、教育、卫生上的投入快速增加,示范区农民生活水平和人均储蓄不断提高,这些都为黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区发展水平的提高做出了重要的贡献。通过建立科学的指标评价体系从基础建设、经济效益、生态资源三方面对垦区现代化农业示范区的发展水平做出了科学的评价,即：黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区发展水平差异明显,从垦区现代农业示范区正负指标可以看出,大部分示范区发展水平并不好,说明黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区整体发展水平不平衡。可见基础建设发展因子对于示范区综合发展水平影响最大,资源环境发展因子对垦区现代示范区的影响并不突出；垦区现代农业示范区农场在经济效益得到了提高的同时在资源环境方面做出的努力还不够,示范区应认识到资源环境效益也是示范区发展水平的一个重要指标,通过对示范区各农场进行排序,进而分析各农场在示范区建设中存在的不足。同时,从经营规模、物质条件、农业科技、农业社会化服务体系、现代农业经营方式、农业微观经营组织、政府支持七个方面对黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区建设条件进行了分析,确立了黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区建设的指导思想、基本原则、基本目标,为示范区建设明确了总体思路,进一步构建了垦区现代农业示范区的运行机制,最后提出科学的、可行的有助于推动黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区建设的对策建议：通过提升经营管理理念,快速的低成本扩张路径构建经营管理推广平台,组建跨区域产业化经营体系,建立规模化和集约化农产品生产基地,建设农产品物流及配送中心、设施农业技术成果高密度集成创新园,在全国不同地区建立品牌生产基地,建立连锁经营的途等径构建经营管理平台为示范区获得更高的经济效益；加快垦区现代农业示范区建设不仅要注重物质基础建设,更重要的是始终坚持把研发与示范合理结合起来、把社会效益与经济效益合理结合起来,推进科研成果转化推广,共同建设现代化创新基地,为现代化大农业的发展指引方向；加强示范区社会化服务体系建设,主要包括加强以政府为首的公共服务机构、以农民为主体的合作经济组织、现代农业示范区内的龙头企业以及其他能够为农业提供社会化服务的组织形式建设,推广“三代”全程式服务模式,加快农业市场化建设的进程,充分利用龙头企业和中介组织发挥农产品流通的带动作用,多方位提高金融支持和金融服务水平,加强信息化服务体系建设,建立食品溯源系统,切实保障农产品质量安全；完善现代农业产业体系,要充分发挥垦区的自然条件和各方面优势,努力发展现代化大农业；建立多元化的资金筹措机制,黑龙江垦区现代农业示范区的资金筹措手段较为单一,对农垦总局和政府的资金依赖过大,缺少持续资金注入,示范区想要保持良好的发展状态必须要有足够的资金支持,必须实施多元化的资金筹措机制,形成以政府为引导、企业为主体、个人为补充、外资为契机的多渠道投融资局面：加快向现代经营管理模式的转变,黑龙江垦区在现代农业示范区建设过程中应改变以往落后、保守、混乱的经营方式,建立起新型现代企业制度。示范区经营活动要遵循市场原则,追求经济效益、社会效益和生态效益并重的目标。不断完善现代农业经营机制体系,在家庭承包经营的基础上,继续巩固和完善大小农场的机制建设,继续创新农业经营组织方式,实现统分结合的双层经营体制。
Modern agricultural demonstration zone deduced a new economic development mode of agricultural science and technology era, makes a modern agricultural industry a new economic form, will become the mainstream form of agricultural development in the21st century. Therefore, the study of modern agricultural demonstration zone has increasingly caused the attention of many scholars. The theory and practice of agricultural demonstration zone is a wide range and complex subject, is also a highly groundbreaking research. This article is to study the modern agricultural demonstration zone, this undoubtedly in theory or in practice has great realistic significance. The end of last century, China has attempted to build a modern agricultural demonstration zone. At present, in"the special period of economic construction and rapid development, our country has proposed a requirement of building a new socialist countryside, therefore, accelerate traditional agriculture mode transforming to the modern agriculture mode, the construction of modern agriculture has become a top priority task. Construction of modern agricultural demonstration zone must strengthen scientific and technical guidance and demonstration. Modern agricultural demonstration zone is in the process of science and technology in agricultural production application and its achievements, and is the inevitable choice of building modernized agriculture, technology-intensive as the main feature, modern agricultural demonstration zone includes the introduction of science and technology in agriculture development, including advanced technology demonstration, radiation and promotion, through the institutional innovation mechanism, promoting regional agriculture structure adjustment and industrial upgrading. This is the most suitable and effective agricultural development model. Currently, agricultural demonstration zone is the major form of modern agriculture, by speeding up the construction of agricultural science and technology park, can promote the pace of building modern large-scale farming, to play a positive role in promoting new socialist countryside construction, lay a solid foundation to the final realization of people's income, and promote social harmony and stability.
In this paper, the connotation of modern agricultural demonstration zone, features, functions, and Heilongjiang Reclamation modern agricultural demonstration zones begin scoping perspective to determine the modern agriculture and modern agriculture demonstration zones defined namely: Modern agriculture is widely used in modern science and technology, modern industries means of production and socialization of scientific management methods in agriculture. Modern agriculture demonstration zones on the modern industrial development concept as a guide to new farmers as the main body, with modern science and technology and materials, and equipment for the support, the use of modern management methods and sustainable development of modern agriculture demonstration zone. In this paper, growth pole, based on the theory of industrial clustering and other analyzes Heilongjiang reclamation area development of modern agriculture demonstration zones significance and Reclamation have advantages for development. From the scale level, based on material conditions, industrial chain, science and technology, farmers' income and consumption level five analyzes the Heilongjiang Reclamation and construction of the demonstration zone status. Heilongjiang reclamation area in which modern agriculture demonstration area in recent years and constantly improve the level of agricultural scale, gross fixed investment has increased, based on material conditions gradually improved in science and technology, education, health inputs on the rapid increase in living standards of farmers demonstration area and increasing per capita savings, which are for the Heilongjiang Reclamation modern agricultural demonstration zone to improve the level of development has made important contributions. Through the establishment of a scientific evaluation index system from the infrastructure, economic, ecological resources, the development of three aspects of modern agricultural demonstration zone reclamation level of development to make a scientific evaluation, namely:Heilongjiang Reclamation modern agricultural demonstration zone significantly different levels of development, from the reclamation positive and negative indicators of modern agricultural demonstration zone can be seen, most of the demonstration zone development level is not good, indicating that modern agriculture demonstration area in Heilongjiang Reclamation overall level of development has been uneven. Visible infrastructural development factor for comprehensive development level demonstration zone most affected; resources and environment factors on the development of modern demonstration area of reclamation is not prominent; visible Reclamation modern agricultural demonstration zone farm has improved the economic benefits, while it has done in the resource environment the effort was not enough, demonstration areas should actively recognize the environmental benefits of resource demonstration area is also an important indicator of the level of development. Each farm and demonstration areas were sorted, and then analyzes the shortcomings of each farm. Meanwhile, the scale of operation, material conditions, agricultural technology, agricultural social service system, modern agricultural operation, agricultural micro-management organizations, government support seven aspects of Heilongjiang kind of modern agricultural demonstration zone construction conditions were analyzed. Established the modern agricultural demonstration zone in Heilongjiang Reclamation guiding ideology, basic principles, the basic objective is to build a clear demonstration area general idea. Thus further build Reclamation modern agricultural demonstration zone operation mechanism. Finally scientific and practical help to promote modern agricultural demonstration zone in Heilongjiang Reclamation construction Suggestions:multiple channels to improve economic efficiency demonstration zones, Reclamation modern agricultural demonstration zones to enhance the management philosophy, the rapid adoption of low-cost expansion path, building Management marketing platform, the formation of cross-regional industrial management system, the establishment of large-scale and intensive agricultural production base, development of agricultural logistics and distribution centers, facilities, high-density integration of agricultural and technological achievements Innovation Park, in different regions of the country to build brand production base, through establish ways to build chain management platform for the demonstration area to get better value for money; advancing scientific research and promotion of modern agricultural demonstration zones to speed up construction of the reclamation area should not only focus on physical infrastructure, more importantly, always adhere to reasonable development and demonstration combine the social and economic benefits reasonably combine together to build a modern innovation base for the advancement of modern large-scale farming guide the direction; strengthen social service system demonstration area construction, including the Government-led public service to farmers as the main cooperative economic organizations, modern agricultural demonstration zone as well as other leading companies to provide social services for the agricultural organization form, mainly to promote the "three generations" full program service model to accelerate the process of building agricultural markets, take advantage of the leading enterprises and intermediary organizations leading role in the circulation of agricultural products, multi-faceted Financial support and financial services to improve the level of information service system, the establishment of food traceability system, and effectively protect the quality and safety of agricultural products; complete industrial system of modern agriculture, modern agriculture demonstration zones in the building modern agricultural industrial system process, we should give full play to the natural conditions of the reclamation area and aspects of advantages, efforts to develop a modern large-scale agriculture; build a diversified fund-raising mechanisms, Heilongjiang Reclamation modern agricultural demonstration zone means more single financing for Land Reclamation Bureau and government funds rely too large, the lack of continuous injection of funds, demonstration area want to ensure continued good development of the state must have sufficient financial support. Demonstration area must be implemented diversified funding mechanism, to form a government guidance, enterprises as the mainstay, supplemented by individuals, foreign as an opportunity for multi-channel financing situation; accelerate the transformation of modern management mode, Heilongjiang Reclamation modern agricultural demonstration zones process should change the past, backward, conservative, chaotic way of doing business, and establish a new modern enterprise system. Demonstration area to follow market principles from operating activities, the pursuit of economic, social and ecological benefits of both goals. Constantly improve the management mechanism of modern agriculture system. In the household contract management, based on the size of farms continue to consolidate and improve the mechanism of construction, continue to innovate and agricultural business organizations, to achieve combines unified and separate two-tier management system.
引文
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