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“动+名”偏正式双音复合词的结构义及其释义研究
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摘要
在现代汉语中,由两个不相同的词根结合在一起构成的词叫做双音节复合式合成词,简称双音复合词,它在整个词汇系统中占有很大的比重。双音复合词从词根和词根之间的关系看,主要有联合、偏正、补充、动宾和主谓等五种构词方式;从前后两个语素在语法属性的搭配关系(简称为“素性搭配”)上看,主要有“名+名”、“名+动”、“名+形”、“动+名”、“动+动”、“动+形”、“形+名”、“形+动”、“形+形”等等。双音复合词的构词方式与素性搭配存在简单的常规构成模式和复杂的非常规构成模式。其中“动+名”的自然组合通常构成动宾关系(由于汉语中动词的基本功能是做谓语),在“动+名”偏正式双音复合词中,动词性语素充当了名词性语素的定语,这是一种非常规构成模式。本文以《现代汉语词典》第6版中的2145个“动+名”偏正式双音复合词为研究对象,首次对其语法、语义结构进行全面描写,结合辞书释义的实际情况从语法、语义的综合视角全面揭示其蕴含的结构义类型,并将其运用到辞书释义之中。
     第一章,本文穷尽性地收录由名词性语素、动词性语素或形容词性语素(分别简称为“名素”、“动素”、“形素”)构成的双音复合词,采取综合分析构词方式与素性搭配的方法对其进行全面分析和数据统计,最终选定“动+名”偏正式双音复合词为研究对象,并对“动+名”偏正式复合词及词组的研究现状进行了梳理。
     第二章,本文首次对此类复合词的语法、语义结构进行了全面地、多角度地分析和描写。首先简要分析了此类复合词的语法结构,即“定语+中心语”;然后重点分析了此类复合词的两套语义结构,即以动素为中心的14种语义结构和以名素为中心的8种语义结构。
     第三章,本文从此类复合词的辞书释义中提取出了8类结构义。结构义是指在结构中产生的意义。这里所说的“结构”既包括语法结构,也包括语义结构。将结构义与两套语义结构分别进行关联性考察后,本文发现这8类结构义是在语法结构“定语+中心语”和以名素为中心的语义结构中产生的。与非受事动宾式复合词和“名+名”偏正式词语的结构义进行对比后,本文进一步发现结构义对前后两个语素的选择并不是随意的,而是受语法结构的制约,一般来说,结构义所选择的语素正是语法结构的中心。此外,本文使用变换的方法对此类复合词进行分析后,发现“动+名”偏正式双音复合词也是一种紧缩形式,隐含着动素所连带的次要动词、助词以及与动素一起构成某种结构的表达框架。由于上述隐含成分均与动素有着密切的联系,所以可统称之为动素的连带成分。
     第四章,本文归纳出此类复合词的三种释义方式,即定义式释义、同义词释义和描写说明式释义,并根据结构义是否完整地出现在辞书释义中,将定义式释义分为以下三种:第一种,完整结构义定义式(“结构义+动素义+名素义”),即在语法结构和语义结构中所产生的意义均出现在辞书释义中;第二种,语义结构隐含定义式(“动素义+的+名素义”),即在辞书释义里只出现了语法结构中修饰关系的标记“的”,而在语义结构中所产生的意义则隐含在释义当中;第三种,结构义全省定义式(“动素义+名素义”),即在语法结构和语义结构中所产生的意义均未出现在辞书释义中。此外,本文以完整结构义定义式作为检验现有语文辞书释义准确性的依据,并对个别词条中的结构义提出了修改建议。
In modern Chinese, the word composed by two different roots is called disyllabiccombined-type compound, abbreviated as disyllabic compound, which occupies a largeproportion in the whole vocabulary system. Judging from the relationship between roots ofthe disyllabic compounds, there are principally five types of disyllabic compounds, includingthe coordinate, modifier-head, verb-complement, verb-object and subject-predicate.According to the grammatically matching relationship between the front and back morphemes,the disyllabic compound can be classified as N+N(noun+noun), N+V(noun+verb),N+A(noun+adjective), V+N(verb+noun), V+V (verb+verb), V+A (verb+adjective), A+N(adjective+noun), A+V (adjective+verb) and A+A (adjective+adjective), etc. As forthe word-formation and grammatical collocation of the disyllabic compound, there are thecommon model and complicated non-common model. In the “V+N” modifier-headdisyllabic compounds, the verb morpheme serves as the attribute of the noun morpheme,which is a type of non-common model. Taking the2,145“V+N” modifier-head disyllabiccompounds in Modern Chinese Dictionary (6thedition) as the research object, this papercomprehensively introduces the grammatical and semantic structure of the disyllabiccompound for the first time, and, combining the practical condition of the interpretation ofthis dictionary, it explains the patterns of structural meaning in the comprehensivegrammatical and semantic perspectives before applying them into the interpretation ofdictionaries.
     In the first chapter, this paper collects the disyllabic compounds composed by the verbmorpheme, noun morpheme or adjective morpheme as many as possible, analyzing theword-formation and grammatical collocation for comprehensively study and statistics. Lateron, it selects the “V+N” modifier-head compounds as the research object and reviews thestatus of the study on those compounds and phrases.
     In the second chapter, this paper for the first time comprehensively and multiply analyzesand describes the grammatical and semantic structure of this type of compounds. Firstly, itbriefly analyzes the grammatical structure of these compounds, i.e. the “attribute+centerword” structure. Then, it stresses on analyzing two sets of semantic structures of thesecompounds, i.e.14semantic structures centered on verb morphemes and8semantic structurescentered on noun morphemes.
     In the third chapter, this paper extracts8kinds of structural meanings from the interpretation of the dictionary of this kind of compounds. The structural meaning stands forthe meaning created in the structure. The “structure” mentioned here includes both thegrammatical structure and semantic structure. After investigating the relevance of thestructural meaning and that of the two sets of semantic structures, this paper concludes thatthe above-mentioned structural meanings appear in the “attribute+center word” grammaticalstructure and semantic structure centered on the noun morphemes. Comparing the structuralmeaning of the non-patient verb-object compounds and “N+N” modifier-head words, thispaper further discovers that, in the angle of structural meaning, the selection of the front andback morphemes is not optional, but restricted by the grammatical structure. Generallyspeaking, the morpheme selected in accordance with the structural meaning is centered on thegrammatical structure. In addition, this paper also analyzes this type of compounds in themethod of transformation, finding that the “V+N” modifier-head disyllabic compound is acontracted form, which implies the secondary verbs and auxiliary words related with verbmorphemes as well as the expression framework which composes a certain structure withverb morpheme. Since the implied components mentioned above are closely related to verbmorphemes, they can be regarded as the related components of verb morphemes.
     In the forth chapter, this paper summarizes three interpreting methods of this kind ofcompounds, i.e. the definition interpreting, synonym interpreting and description/introductioninterpreting. According to whether the structural meaning integrally appears in theinterpretation of dictionaries, this paper classifies the definition interpreting as the thedefinition of integral structural meaning, the definition of implied semantic structure and thedefinition of elliptical structural meaning. In addition, this paper, taking the definition ofintegral structural meaning as the evidence to test the exactness of the interpretations in theexisting Chinese dictionaries, proposes suggestions to the modification of the structuralmeaning of several entries.
     Summarizing the content and central viewpoint of the full text, the conclusion part ofthis paper also points out the shortcomings of this present study as well as the problems left tobe solved in further studies.
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