苜蓿干草调制贮藏技术时空异质性研究
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摘要
为解决我国西北地区和黄淮海地区两大苜蓿主产区苜蓿干草生产中存在的难题，通过本论文的研究探讨适合两个地区的苜蓿适时收获技术、干草优化调制技术及草捆安全贮藏技术，旨在为我国优质苜蓿干草的生产提供可借鉴的理论依据和技术支持。本论文以银川和青岛为试验点，以“金皇后”紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativaL.cv.Golden Empress）为试验原料，通过小区试验和大田试验对苜蓿的收获、干草调制及草捆贮藏的技术和机理进行了系统全面的研究，并利用体外消化试验进行了验证。通过对试验研究结果进行全面分析和综合评价，得出以下结论：
(1)综合考虑不同刈割期、不同留茬高度和不同刈割次数对苜蓿产量、营养成分含量及越冬前根的影响，认为苜蓿适宜的刈割留茬高度为5~6cm，末次刈割为7~8cm；宁夏北部平原地区适宜的刈割期为初花期，刈割次数为4次；青岛地区适宜的刈割期为现蕾期至初花期，刈割次数为5次。
(2)综合考虑不同干燥处理对苜蓿干燥速率、叶片损失率及营养成分损失率的影响，认为在宁夏北部平原地区适宜的干燥处理为：“中度压扁+翻晒1次+自然干燥”，南部山区适宜的干燥处理为：“中度压扁+含水量为40%打捆+打小捆干燥”；青岛地区适宜的干燥处理为：“中度压扁+翻晒1次+塑料大棚干燥”。
(3)综合考虑各打捆处理对贮藏后苜蓿草捆的感官特征、草捆温度、霉菌数量、营养成分含量及体外消化特性，认为当苜蓿干草含水量为28%~30%时打成100kg/m3的草捆并添加2%的CaO可以有效预防草捆霉变，草捆营养保存较好，各营养成分的降解率也较高。
(4)综合各项试验结果，得出苜蓿适时收获、干草优化调制及草捆安全贮藏方式为：苜蓿在初花期刈割，留茬高度为5~6cm，在进行中度压扁、翻晒1次的情况下采取自然干燥（银川地区）或塑料大棚干燥（青岛地区），同时在含水量为28%~30%时打成100kg/m3的草捆并添加2%的CaO进行贮藏，可获得品质较好的苜蓿干草。利用此法收获和调制的苜蓿干草，在贮藏360d后，银川地区干草的CP含量仍可达到15.19%，TDN和RFV分别为50.27%和101.68，DM降解率为66.24%；青岛地区干草的CP含量可达15.12%，TDN和RFV分别为50.19%和101.32，DM降解率为66.83%。
In order to solve the problem of alfalfa hay making in two alfalfa main productionareas of Northwest and Huang-Huai-Hai in China, explored the harvest timely technology,optimized hay making technology and safety bale storage technology of alfalfa thoughthe research of this paper for two areas, aimed to provide theoretical basis and technicalsupport for the excellent quality alfalfa hay production of our country. In this paper, itwas taken Yinchuan and Qingdao as experimental sites, and "Golden Empress" alfalfa asexperimental raw material, studied the technology and mechanism of harvest, hay makingand bale storage of alfalfa systematically through plot experiment and field experiment,and tested by in vitro digestion experiment. Based on the comprehensive analysis andevaluation of the experimental results, obtained the following conclusions:
(1) Considering the effects of different cutting periods, stubble height and cuttingtimes on alfalfa yield, nutrients and root before winter, thought that the suitable cuttingstubble height of alfalfa is5~6cm and the last harvest is7~8cm; the appropriate cuttingperiod of alfalfa in the northern plains areas of Ningxia is the initial flowering stage, itcan cutting4times; the appropriate cutting period of alfalfa in Qingdao is between thesquaring stage and the initial flowering stage, it can cutting5times.
(2) Considering the effect of different drying treatments on drying rate, leaf loss rateand nutrients loss rate of alfalfa, thought that the tests of "Moderately fracturing+Turnover drying once+Natural drying" and "Moderately fracturing+Baling moisture of40%+Wisp drying" respectively is the best test in the northern plains areas and southernmountain areas of Ningxia, and the test of "Moderately fracturing+Turn over dryingonce+Plastic shed drying" is the best test in Qingdao areas.
(3) Considering the effects of baling conditions on the sensory characteristics, baletemperature, mold amount, nutrient content and in vitro digestibility of alfalfa, thoughtthat baling in moisture of28%~30%to100kg/m3bale with addition of2%CaO can playa good mildewproof effect after storage, the alfalfa bale nutrition could preserved betterand the degradation rate was higher than others.
(4) Synthesized all the experimental results and got the measures of harvest timely,optimized hay making and safety bale storage for alfalfa. It was that cutting in initialflowering stage, stubble height is5~6cm, moderately fracturing and turn over once of natural drying in Yinchuan area or plastic shed drying in Qingdao area, baling into100kg/m3bale with addition of2%CaO when the water content reached to28%~30%, itcould obtain high quality hay. Use this method to harvest and making alfalfa hay, when itwas storaged after360days, The hay CP content in Yinchuan could still be reached to15.19%, the TDN and RFV were50.27%and101.68respectively, DM degradation ratewas66.24%. The hay CP content in Qingdao could reach to15.12%, the TDN and RFVwere50.19%and101.32respectively, DM degradation rate was66.83%.
(1)综合考虑不同刈割期、不同留茬高度和不同刈割次数对苜蓿产量、营养成分含量及越冬前根的影响，认为苜蓿适宜的刈割留茬高度为5~6cm，末次刈割为7~8cm；宁夏北部平原地区适宜的刈割期为初花期，刈割次数为4次；青岛地区适宜的刈割期为现蕾期至初花期，刈割次数为5次。
(2)综合考虑不同干燥处理对苜蓿干燥速率、叶片损失率及营养成分损失率的影响，认为在宁夏北部平原地区适宜的干燥处理为：“中度压扁+翻晒1次+自然干燥”，南部山区适宜的干燥处理为：“中度压扁+含水量为40%打捆+打小捆干燥”；青岛地区适宜的干燥处理为：“中度压扁+翻晒1次+塑料大棚干燥”。
(3)综合考虑各打捆处理对贮藏后苜蓿草捆的感官特征、草捆温度、霉菌数量、营养成分含量及体外消化特性，认为当苜蓿干草含水量为28%~30%时打成100kg/m3的草捆并添加2%的CaO可以有效预防草捆霉变，草捆营养保存较好，各营养成分的降解率也较高。
(4)综合各项试验结果，得出苜蓿适时收获、干草优化调制及草捆安全贮藏方式为：苜蓿在初花期刈割，留茬高度为5~6cm，在进行中度压扁、翻晒1次的情况下采取自然干燥（银川地区）或塑料大棚干燥（青岛地区），同时在含水量为28%~30%时打成100kg/m3的草捆并添加2%的CaO进行贮藏，可获得品质较好的苜蓿干草。利用此法收获和调制的苜蓿干草，在贮藏360d后，银川地区干草的CP含量仍可达到15.19%，TDN和RFV分别为50.27%和101.68，DM降解率为66.24%；青岛地区干草的CP含量可达15.12%，TDN和RFV分别为50.19%和101.32，DM降解率为66.83%。
In order to solve the problem of alfalfa hay making in two alfalfa main productionareas of Northwest and Huang-Huai-Hai in China, explored the harvest timely technology,optimized hay making technology and safety bale storage technology of alfalfa thoughthe research of this paper for two areas, aimed to provide theoretical basis and technicalsupport for the excellent quality alfalfa hay production of our country. In this paper, itwas taken Yinchuan and Qingdao as experimental sites, and "Golden Empress" alfalfa asexperimental raw material, studied the technology and mechanism of harvest, hay makingand bale storage of alfalfa systematically through plot experiment and field experiment,and tested by in vitro digestion experiment. Based on the comprehensive analysis andevaluation of the experimental results, obtained the following conclusions:
(1) Considering the effects of different cutting periods, stubble height and cuttingtimes on alfalfa yield, nutrients and root before winter, thought that the suitable cuttingstubble height of alfalfa is5~6cm and the last harvest is7~8cm; the appropriate cuttingperiod of alfalfa in the northern plains areas of Ningxia is the initial flowering stage, itcan cutting4times; the appropriate cutting period of alfalfa in Qingdao is between thesquaring stage and the initial flowering stage, it can cutting5times.
(2) Considering the effect of different drying treatments on drying rate, leaf loss rateand nutrients loss rate of alfalfa, thought that the tests of "Moderately fracturing+Turnover drying once+Natural drying" and "Moderately fracturing+Baling moisture of40%+Wisp drying" respectively is the best test in the northern plains areas and southernmountain areas of Ningxia, and the test of "Moderately fracturing+Turn over dryingonce+Plastic shed drying" is the best test in Qingdao areas.
(3) Considering the effects of baling conditions on the sensory characteristics, baletemperature, mold amount, nutrient content and in vitro digestibility of alfalfa, thoughtthat baling in moisture of28%~30%to100kg/m3bale with addition of2%CaO can playa good mildewproof effect after storage, the alfalfa bale nutrition could preserved betterand the degradation rate was higher than others.
(4) Synthesized all the experimental results and got the measures of harvest timely,optimized hay making and safety bale storage for alfalfa. It was that cutting in initialflowering stage, stubble height is5~6cm, moderately fracturing and turn over once of natural drying in Yinchuan area or plastic shed drying in Qingdao area, baling into100kg/m3bale with addition of2%CaO when the water content reached to28%~30%, itcould obtain high quality hay. Use this method to harvest and making alfalfa hay, when itwas storaged after360days, The hay CP content in Yinchuan could still be reached to15.19%, the TDN and RFV were50.27%and101.68respectively, DM degradation ratewas66.24%. The hay CP content in Qingdao could reach to15.12%, the TDN and RFVwere50.19%and101.32respectively, DM degradation rate was66.83%.
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