沼泽湿地垦殖前后土壤有机碳垂直分布及其稳定性特征研究
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摘要
土壤有机碳库的变化与气候变化密切相关。土壤有机碳库并非均质，而是分为对气候和人类活动影响反应敏感并决定土壤有机碳流通的活性库，以及作为大气CO2长期碳汇，控制和保持土壤有机碳的稳定库。深层土壤有机碳储量大，且特有其稳定性，对于储碳层较厚的土壤类型，研究有机碳垂直分布规律以便精确估算更深层土壤有机碳储量更符合其有机碳库的实际情况。湿地土壤储碳层一般较厚，有机碳密度普遍较高，三江平原作为我国最大的淡水沼泽湿地分布区，是我国北方重要的土壤有机碳库。近几十年来三江平原沼泽湿地经历了多次大面积垦殖，湿地农田化现象严重，农田成为本区的主要景观类型。湿地变成农田改变了湿地生态系统原有的碳循环模式，影响了湿地土壤有机碳库状况。
本研究针对三江平原大面积沼泽湿地农田化，区域土地利用方式剧烈变化这一现状，在湿地农业开发较早的兴凯湖地区选择土壤类型同为泥炭沼泽土的湿地及由其垦殖而来的旱田（大豆田）和水田（水稻田），运用野外调查、室内分析测试及室内控制实验相结合的方法研究湿地垦殖前和垦殖后有机碳处于稳定阶段时土壤有机碳的垂直分布、储量及稳定性特征，并探讨植物、土壤微生物特性以及可溶性有机碳的垂直迁移对土壤有机碳含量和垂直分布的影响。以期丰富三江平原碳循环研究，为土地利用剧烈变化情景下对三江平原区域土壤有机碳库进行精确估算和预测提供数据支撑；为明确垦殖对三江平原土壤有机碳库的长期影响及在兼顾固碳减排和保证粮食生产的原则下调整优化区域土地利用结构提供科学依据。通过研究，得出以下主要结论：
（1）垦殖显著降低湿地0-40cm土层土壤有机碳含量，垦殖前后土壤有机碳含量在0-50cm土层随深度增加降低更明显，50cm以下随深度增加有机碳含量变化不大；垦殖降低了湿地土壤有机碳密度，且大豆田土壤有机碳密度高于水稻田，三者1m深土壤有机碳均是大部分储存在0-50cm土层中。垦殖改变了湿地剖面土壤有机碳含量，但是并未改变土壤有机碳含量随土壤深度的变化规律，垦殖前后土壤有机碳含量与深度之间的关系均可用指数函数来描述。
（2）垦殖后，生长季末归还土壤的植物残体量降低，大豆田高于水稻田。垦殖后植物残体含碳总量也降低，沼泽湿地、大豆田和水稻田残体中含碳总量分别1694.54g/m2，299.77g/m2和240.71g/m2。这与垦殖后土壤有机碳含量和密度降低，大豆田高于水稻田的结论相符合。归还土壤的植物残体中，地上部分C:N水稻田高于沼泽湿地，沼泽湿地高于大豆田；地下部分C:N大豆田高于水稻田，水稻田高于湿地。
（3）垦殖降低了土壤微生物数量：垦殖后，0-5cm、5-10cm、10-20cm、20-30cm四个土层土壤微生物量碳和微生物量氮含量均降低，大豆田微生物量碳低于水稻田，微生物量氮大豆田高于水稻田。垦殖降低了土壤微生物活性：垦殖后土壤基础呼吸降低，大豆田基础呼吸低于水稻田，水稻田土壤微生物活性更高。0-5cm和5-10cm表层土壤在5-7月旱地大豆田比有淹水的水稻田和沼泽湿地微生物代谢熵更高，8月、9月水稻田积水排干后，水稻田微生物代谢熵急剧增加，高于大豆田和有积水的沼泽湿地，淹水情况下，微生物活性受到抑制。对于10-20cm和20-30cm的下层土壤，沼泽湿地和水稻田土壤微生物代谢熵高于旱地大豆田。
（4）土壤溶液中可溶性有机碳含量20-60cm以及20-100cm的降低幅度均是大豆田高于沼泽湿地和水稻田，沼泽湿地和水稻田的降低幅度基本相同，旱地大豆田对可溶性有机碳的截留效果较有积水的沼泽湿地和水稻田更明显，沼泽湿地和水稻田土壤对可溶性有机碳的截留效果大致相当。
（5）垦殖后可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、易氧化有机碳和易矿化有机碳这些活性有机碳组分含量和储量降低，大豆田低于水稻田。垦殖后，活性有机碳储量占土壤有机碳储量的比例大豆田低于水稻田。垦殖后4个土层<0.25mm微团聚体内有机碳储量及其占土壤有机碳储量的比例增加，大豆田高于水稻田。此外，土地利用方式、季节、温度和土壤含水量这些单因素对土壤有机碳矿化产生显著影响。季节和土地利用方式、季节和温度、季节和水分、土地利用方式和温度、土地利用方式和水分、温度和水分对土壤有机碳矿化的两两交互影响显著。垦殖后土壤有机碳矿化速率降低，且相同土壤含水量条件下矿化速率随温度变化升高的幅度也降低，大豆田土壤有机碳矿化速率低于水稻田。垦殖后土壤有机碳总量和活性组分均减少，但垦殖后土壤有机碳以更加稳定的形式存在，垦殖为大豆田比垦殖为水稻田更加有利于土壤有机碳的长期保存。
Change in soil organic carbon (SOC) pool and climate change are closely related.SOC pool is not homogeneous, but divided into active SOC pool and stable SOC pool.The active pool is sensitive to climate change and humanactivities and decides theSOC fluxes. The stable pool controls and maintains SOC as a long-term carbon sinkof atmospheric CO2. SOC storage in deeper soil layers is large and unique to itsstability. For some soil types whose SOC storage layer is thicker, studying on SOCvertical distribution in order to accurately estimate SOC storage in deeper soil layersis more in line with the realities of their SOC pool. Generally, SOC storage layer isthicker and SOC density is higher in wetland. As China’s largest distribution area offresh water marsh, the Sanjiang Plain is the important SOC pool in North China. Inrecent decades, large area of wetland in Sanjiang Plain has been reclaimed manytimes, farmland has become to the main landscape. Wetland becoming to farmlandhas changed the carbon cycle model of wetland and affected SOC pool.
In this study, the state that large area wetland had become to farmland, and landuse had changed severly were took into account. Wetland, upland fields (soybean field)and paddy field which have the same soil type peat marsh soil were chosed as sampleplots in Xingkai Lake area in which agriculture development is very early. Fieldsurvey, indoor analysis and control experiment were used to research verticaldistribution, storage and stability of SOC, and probe the effect of plant, soil microbeand vertical migration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on SOC content andvertical distribution. This study was with a view to enriching the studies on carboncycle in the Sanjiang Plain; and providing data for accurate estimates and projectionsof SOC pool under severe land use change in Sanjiang Plain; and providing scientific basis to identify the long-term effects of reclamation on SOC pool, and to adjust theland use structure in the balance between carbon sequestration and emission reductionand guaranting food production. Through research, main conclusions have beenreached as follows:
(1)After reclamation, SOC content in0-40cm soil layers decreased significantly;SOC content in0-50cm soil layers decreased more obviously with soil depthincreased, below50cm it changed little with soil depth increased. Because ofreclamation, SOC density also decreased, and that in soybean field was higher than inpaddy field; most SOC were stored in0-50cm soil layers in wetland, soybean fieldand paddy field. Reclaiming changed the SOC content in the soil profile of wetland,but dinn’t alter the SOC content variation rule with soil depth increase; before andafter reclamation, relationships between SOC content and soil depth could bedescribed by the exponential function.
(2)After reclamation, the amount of plant residues returned to soil in the end ofgrowth season decreased, and that in soybean field was more than that in paddy field.The total carbon content in plant residues also decreased, the total carbon in plantresidues in wetland, soybean field and paddy field were1694.54g/m2，299.77g/m2and240.71g/m2, respectively. It was consistent with the conclusion that SOC contentdecreased, and that in soybean field was higher than that in paddy field afterreclamation. The C:N of overground part of plant residues returned to soil in paddyfield was higher than that in wetland, that in wetland higher than that in soybean field;the C:N of belowground part of plant residues returned to soil in soybean field washigher than that in paddy field,and that in paddy field higher than that in wetland.
(3) Microbial biomass decreased due to reclamation. After reclamation, in0-5cm,5-10cm,10-20cm and20-30cm soil layers Microbial Biomass Carbon (MBC)and Microbial Biomass Nitrogen (MBN) decreased, MBC and MBN in soybean fieldwere lower and higher than in paddy field respectively. At the same time MBC/MBNdecreased, microbial community structure changed, and MBC/MBN in soybean fieldwas lower than that in paddy field. Microbial activity decreased due to reclamation. Basal Respiration (BR) decreased, and that in soybean field was lower than that inpaddy field, microbial activity in paddy field was higher. In0-5cm and5-10cmtopsoil layers in May to July, Respiration Quotient-qCO2(qCO2) was higher insoybean field than that in paddy field and wetland, both were in water logging; whilein August and September logging water was drained up, qCO2in paddy fieldincreased dramatically to be higher than that in soybean field and wetland. Underwaterlogged conditions, microbial activity is subdued. In10-20cm and20-30cmsubsoil layers, qCO2were higher in wetland and paddy field than that in soybeanfiled.
(4) Reduction ranges of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil solution from20cm to60cm soil depth and from20cm to100cm soil depth were all higher insoybean filed than those in wetland and paddy field. That was essentially the same inwetland as that in paddy field. The retention of DOC was more obvious for soybeanfarming than wetland and rice farming, and that was roughly the same for wetland asrice farming.
(5) After reclamation, content and storage of labile organic carbon componentssuch as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC),easily-oxidized organic carbon, and easy mineralizable organic carbon decreased, andthose in soybean field were lower than in paddy field. After reclamation, ratio oflabile organic carbon storage to total SOC storage in soybean field was lower than inpaddy field. In0-5cm,5-10cm,10-20cm and20-30cm soil layers, SOC storage ofmicro-aggregates (<0.25mm) and its share in total soil SOC increased, those insoybean were higher than that in paddy field. In addition, land use patterns, season,temperature and soil water content had a significant impact on soil organic carbonmineralization. Interactions influence of seasons and land use patterns, season andtemperature, season and soil water content, land use patterns and temperature, landuse patterns and soil water content, temperature and soil water content on soil organiccarbon mineralization were also sifnificant. After reclamation, soil organic carbonmineralization rate decreased and that in soybean field was lower than in paddy field; mineralization rate rise range with temperature rise decreased under the same soilwater content. Due to reclamation, total SOC storage and labile components storagedecreased, but after reclamation SOC was stored in more stable form, soybeanfarming is more friendly for sustainable SOC residence in the soils than rice farming.
本研究针对三江平原大面积沼泽湿地农田化，区域土地利用方式剧烈变化这一现状，在湿地农业开发较早的兴凯湖地区选择土壤类型同为泥炭沼泽土的湿地及由其垦殖而来的旱田（大豆田）和水田（水稻田），运用野外调查、室内分析测试及室内控制实验相结合的方法研究湿地垦殖前和垦殖后有机碳处于稳定阶段时土壤有机碳的垂直分布、储量及稳定性特征，并探讨植物、土壤微生物特性以及可溶性有机碳的垂直迁移对土壤有机碳含量和垂直分布的影响。以期丰富三江平原碳循环研究，为土地利用剧烈变化情景下对三江平原区域土壤有机碳库进行精确估算和预测提供数据支撑；为明确垦殖对三江平原土壤有机碳库的长期影响及在兼顾固碳减排和保证粮食生产的原则下调整优化区域土地利用结构提供科学依据。通过研究，得出以下主要结论：
（1）垦殖显著降低湿地0-40cm土层土壤有机碳含量，垦殖前后土壤有机碳含量在0-50cm土层随深度增加降低更明显，50cm以下随深度增加有机碳含量变化不大；垦殖降低了湿地土壤有机碳密度，且大豆田土壤有机碳密度高于水稻田，三者1m深土壤有机碳均是大部分储存在0-50cm土层中。垦殖改变了湿地剖面土壤有机碳含量，但是并未改变土壤有机碳含量随土壤深度的变化规律，垦殖前后土壤有机碳含量与深度之间的关系均可用指数函数来描述。
（2）垦殖后，生长季末归还土壤的植物残体量降低，大豆田高于水稻田。垦殖后植物残体含碳总量也降低，沼泽湿地、大豆田和水稻田残体中含碳总量分别1694.54g/m2，299.77g/m2和240.71g/m2。这与垦殖后土壤有机碳含量和密度降低，大豆田高于水稻田的结论相符合。归还土壤的植物残体中，地上部分C:N水稻田高于沼泽湿地，沼泽湿地高于大豆田；地下部分C:N大豆田高于水稻田，水稻田高于湿地。
（3）垦殖降低了土壤微生物数量：垦殖后，0-5cm、5-10cm、10-20cm、20-30cm四个土层土壤微生物量碳和微生物量氮含量均降低，大豆田微生物量碳低于水稻田，微生物量氮大豆田高于水稻田。垦殖降低了土壤微生物活性：垦殖后土壤基础呼吸降低，大豆田基础呼吸低于水稻田，水稻田土壤微生物活性更高。0-5cm和5-10cm表层土壤在5-7月旱地大豆田比有淹水的水稻田和沼泽湿地微生物代谢熵更高，8月、9月水稻田积水排干后，水稻田微生物代谢熵急剧增加，高于大豆田和有积水的沼泽湿地，淹水情况下，微生物活性受到抑制。对于10-20cm和20-30cm的下层土壤，沼泽湿地和水稻田土壤微生物代谢熵高于旱地大豆田。
（4）土壤溶液中可溶性有机碳含量20-60cm以及20-100cm的降低幅度均是大豆田高于沼泽湿地和水稻田，沼泽湿地和水稻田的降低幅度基本相同，旱地大豆田对可溶性有机碳的截留效果较有积水的沼泽湿地和水稻田更明显，沼泽湿地和水稻田土壤对可溶性有机碳的截留效果大致相当。
（5）垦殖后可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、易氧化有机碳和易矿化有机碳这些活性有机碳组分含量和储量降低，大豆田低于水稻田。垦殖后，活性有机碳储量占土壤有机碳储量的比例大豆田低于水稻田。垦殖后4个土层<0.25mm微团聚体内有机碳储量及其占土壤有机碳储量的比例增加，大豆田高于水稻田。此外，土地利用方式、季节、温度和土壤含水量这些单因素对土壤有机碳矿化产生显著影响。季节和土地利用方式、季节和温度、季节和水分、土地利用方式和温度、土地利用方式和水分、温度和水分对土壤有机碳矿化的两两交互影响显著。垦殖后土壤有机碳矿化速率降低，且相同土壤含水量条件下矿化速率随温度变化升高的幅度也降低，大豆田土壤有机碳矿化速率低于水稻田。垦殖后土壤有机碳总量和活性组分均减少，但垦殖后土壤有机碳以更加稳定的形式存在，垦殖为大豆田比垦殖为水稻田更加有利于土壤有机碳的长期保存。
Change in soil organic carbon (SOC) pool and climate change are closely related.SOC pool is not homogeneous, but divided into active SOC pool and stable SOC pool.The active pool is sensitive to climate change and humanactivities and decides theSOC fluxes. The stable pool controls and maintains SOC as a long-term carbon sinkof atmospheric CO2. SOC storage in deeper soil layers is large and unique to itsstability. For some soil types whose SOC storage layer is thicker, studying on SOCvertical distribution in order to accurately estimate SOC storage in deeper soil layersis more in line with the realities of their SOC pool. Generally, SOC storage layer isthicker and SOC density is higher in wetland. As China’s largest distribution area offresh water marsh, the Sanjiang Plain is the important SOC pool in North China. Inrecent decades, large area of wetland in Sanjiang Plain has been reclaimed manytimes, farmland has become to the main landscape. Wetland becoming to farmlandhas changed the carbon cycle model of wetland and affected SOC pool.
In this study, the state that large area wetland had become to farmland, and landuse had changed severly were took into account. Wetland, upland fields (soybean field)and paddy field which have the same soil type peat marsh soil were chosed as sampleplots in Xingkai Lake area in which agriculture development is very early. Fieldsurvey, indoor analysis and control experiment were used to research verticaldistribution, storage and stability of SOC, and probe the effect of plant, soil microbeand vertical migration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on SOC content andvertical distribution. This study was with a view to enriching the studies on carboncycle in the Sanjiang Plain; and providing data for accurate estimates and projectionsof SOC pool under severe land use change in Sanjiang Plain; and providing scientific basis to identify the long-term effects of reclamation on SOC pool, and to adjust theland use structure in the balance between carbon sequestration and emission reductionand guaranting food production. Through research, main conclusions have beenreached as follows:
(1)After reclamation, SOC content in0-40cm soil layers decreased significantly;SOC content in0-50cm soil layers decreased more obviously with soil depthincreased, below50cm it changed little with soil depth increased. Because ofreclamation, SOC density also decreased, and that in soybean field was higher than inpaddy field; most SOC were stored in0-50cm soil layers in wetland, soybean fieldand paddy field. Reclaiming changed the SOC content in the soil profile of wetland,but dinn’t alter the SOC content variation rule with soil depth increase; before andafter reclamation, relationships between SOC content and soil depth could bedescribed by the exponential function.
(2)After reclamation, the amount of plant residues returned to soil in the end ofgrowth season decreased, and that in soybean field was more than that in paddy field.The total carbon content in plant residues also decreased, the total carbon in plantresidues in wetland, soybean field and paddy field were1694.54g/m2，299.77g/m2and240.71g/m2, respectively. It was consistent with the conclusion that SOC contentdecreased, and that in soybean field was higher than that in paddy field afterreclamation. The C:N of overground part of plant residues returned to soil in paddyfield was higher than that in wetland, that in wetland higher than that in soybean field;the C:N of belowground part of plant residues returned to soil in soybean field washigher than that in paddy field,and that in paddy field higher than that in wetland.
(3) Microbial biomass decreased due to reclamation. After reclamation, in0-5cm,5-10cm,10-20cm and20-30cm soil layers Microbial Biomass Carbon (MBC)and Microbial Biomass Nitrogen (MBN) decreased, MBC and MBN in soybean fieldwere lower and higher than in paddy field respectively. At the same time MBC/MBNdecreased, microbial community structure changed, and MBC/MBN in soybean fieldwas lower than that in paddy field. Microbial activity decreased due to reclamation. Basal Respiration (BR) decreased, and that in soybean field was lower than that inpaddy field, microbial activity in paddy field was higher. In0-5cm and5-10cmtopsoil layers in May to July, Respiration Quotient-qCO2(qCO2) was higher insoybean field than that in paddy field and wetland, both were in water logging; whilein August and September logging water was drained up, qCO2in paddy fieldincreased dramatically to be higher than that in soybean field and wetland. Underwaterlogged conditions, microbial activity is subdued. In10-20cm and20-30cmsubsoil layers, qCO2were higher in wetland and paddy field than that in soybeanfiled.
(4) Reduction ranges of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil solution from20cm to60cm soil depth and from20cm to100cm soil depth were all higher insoybean filed than those in wetland and paddy field. That was essentially the same inwetland as that in paddy field. The retention of DOC was more obvious for soybeanfarming than wetland and rice farming, and that was roughly the same for wetland asrice farming.
(5) After reclamation, content and storage of labile organic carbon componentssuch as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC),easily-oxidized organic carbon, and easy mineralizable organic carbon decreased, andthose in soybean field were lower than in paddy field. After reclamation, ratio oflabile organic carbon storage to total SOC storage in soybean field was lower than inpaddy field. In0-5cm,5-10cm,10-20cm and20-30cm soil layers, SOC storage ofmicro-aggregates (<0.25mm) and its share in total soil SOC increased, those insoybean were higher than that in paddy field. In addition, land use patterns, season,temperature and soil water content had a significant impact on soil organic carbonmineralization. Interactions influence of seasons and land use patterns, season andtemperature, season and soil water content, land use patterns and temperature, landuse patterns and soil water content, temperature and soil water content on soil organiccarbon mineralization were also sifnificant. After reclamation, soil organic carbonmineralization rate decreased and that in soybean field was lower than in paddy field; mineralization rate rise range with temperature rise decreased under the same soilwater content. Due to reclamation, total SOC storage and labile components storagedecreased, but after reclamation SOC was stored in more stable form, soybeanfarming is more friendly for sustainable SOC residence in the soils than rice farming.
引文
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