市政再生水补水的电厂循环冷却水系统微生物特征及控制技术研究
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摘要
采用市政再生水作为电厂循环冷却水的补水水源是我国解决城市水危机的关键措施之一。与自然水体相比,市政再生水中微生物数量多,有机物和营养物质含量高,采用市政再生水作为补水水源,电厂循环冷却水系统将面临更为复杂的微生物问题。
本文在常规水质和微生物指标分析的基础上,综合应用现代分子生物学DNA技术、电化学分析和扫描电镜技术,实验室研究与现场试验相结合,首次系统全面地研究了市政再生水补水的电厂循环冷却水系统的水质特征、微生物特征、微生物对金属腐蚀行为的影响以及微生物化学控制技术,主要结论如下：
(1)根据23项水质指标的全分析结果,市政再生水中电导率、TDS、氯离子、表面活性剂含量是地表水的2～4倍,CODMn、总磷、溶解性总磷、溶解性正磷、总氮含量是地表水的1.5-2倍,细菌总数高1个数量级,表明采用市政再生水替代地表水作为补水水源,电厂循环冷却水系统的结垢趋势减缓,但腐蚀程度和微生物风险增大。
(2)市政再生水补水的电厂循环冷却水系统中,增大浓缩倍数,氯离子、电导率、硬度、硫酸根浓度成倍增加,浊度略有增加,铁离子浓度不变,表明水质的腐蚀性增强,析晶垢、颗粒垢、沉积物增多；CODMn浓度增加,氨氮浓度降低,表明硝化和亚硝化自养菌的代谢速率高于异养菌。升高温度,水中的硬度、浊度、正磷酸根浓度降低,表明析晶垢、微粒垢增多；CODMn浓度持续下降,氨氮浓度趋于稳定,异养菌数量大幅增长,因碱度降低,硝化菌和亚硝化菌的生长受到限制。
(3)市政再生水中污垢产量比地表水低44%,但单位质量污垢中的细菌总数和铁细菌含量分别是地表水的8.6倍和2.7倍,表明市政再生水替代地表水作为补水水源,电厂循环冷却水系统的污垢产量降低,但微生物腐蚀的影响增大。电镜扫描图片显示,碳钢在地表水中以均匀腐蚀为主,市政再生水中则为点蚀。
(4)市政再生水补水的电厂循环冷却水系统中,浓缩倍数和温度增加,污垢量增大,因此系统传热阻力和能耗损失增加。流速提高,污垢量变化不大,但污垢热阻升高,粘附率提高,剪切作用使污垢的密实度和粘附性能增强,机械清除难度增大。微生物对系统最不利的运行条件是：浓缩倍数4.0倍、温度35℃、流速0.8m/s～1.0m/s。添加缓蚀阻垢剂后,循环冷却水中有机物增加了92%,磷含量增大了43.5倍,因此导致污垢产量增加40%,污垢中粘液形成菌、异养菌总数增加80%,表明缓蚀阻垢剂导致微生物风险加剧。
(5)市政再生水含有悬浮微生物28种,优势菌种隶属于变形菌门β-变形菌纲的嗜甲基菌科。进入循环冷却水系统后,悬浮和固定微生物的物种分别为18种和44种,优势菌种仍然隶属于变形菌门的β-变形菌纲。添加水处理药剂后,循环冷却水中悬浮微生物种数为38种,菌种的数量分布较为均匀,优势菌种转变为隶属于厚壁菌门的葡萄球菌科,微生物种群结构改变的主要原因是循环水中有机物和磷含量的大幅增加。
(6)市政再生水补水的电厂循环冷却水系统中,虽然碳钢腐蚀最严重、不锈钢腐蚀最轻,但微生物对不锈钢腐蚀的影响却最大。以15d的平均腐蚀率计算,不锈钢MIC所占的比例为36.36%,是碳钢的1.6倍,黄铜的2.4倍。电镜扫描结果表明,不锈钢点蚀造成的微生物分布不均,可能是其MIC腐蚀严重的主要原因。
(7)市政再生水补水的电厂循环冷却水系统中,微生物化学控制技术研究结果表明,与异噻唑啉酮、生物分散剂DREWSPERSE738相比,氯锭和次氯酸钠对悬浮和固定微生物的作用效果最优。结合实际,建议采用氯锭为微生物控制药剂,同时根据其对细菌总数、铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌的有效作用时间试验结果,确定其投加周期为3天。正交试验的结果显示,增加阻垢缓蚀剂,碳钢缓蚀剂和黄铜缓蚀的投加剂量,氯锭的杀菌率会相应增加。通过现场动态中试试验,提出微生物化学控制投药参数为：氯锭150mg/L,阻垢缓蚀剂8mg/L,黄铜缓蚀剂6mg/L,碳钢缓蚀剂6mg/L。
It is one of key measures using municipal reclaimed water as makeup water of circulating cooling water to alleviate the urban water crisis in China. Compared with the natural water, a larger number of microorganisms and more abundant nutrients lie in municipal reclaimed water. Thus, circulating cooling water system makeup by municipal reclaimed water faces more complex microbial problems.
Water quality, microbial characteristic, microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) and microbial control technology were researched comprehensively and systematically by DNA technology, electrochemical method, scanning electron microscopy and conventional water quality analysis method in laboratory and on-site for power recycling cooling water system makeup by municipal reclaimed water.
Main conclusions were as follows:
(1) Based on water quality analysis, conductivity, total dissolved solid (TDS), chloride and surfactant in municipal reclaimed water were2to4times than those in surface water. CODMn, total phosphorus, dissolved total phosphorus, soluble orthophosphate and total nitrogen were all1.5to2times than those in surface water. Total number of bacteria was higher an order magnitude than that in surface water. Results showed that more serious corrosion and higher microbiological risk would be faced when power recycling cooling water was replenished by municipal reclaimed water rather than surface water.
(2) Chloride, conductivity, hardness and sulfate increased linearly, turbidity increased slightly and iron ion kept unchanged with the concentration factor rose in the power circulating cooling water system makeup by municipal reclaimed water. More crystallization fouling, particulate fouling and sediment would be occurred and more serious corrosion would be happened in the system. At the same time, CODMn increased and ammonia nitrogen decreased with the concentration factor growth, which meant that metabolic rates of nitrification and nitrosification bacteria were higher than that of heterotrophic bacteria. Hardness, turbidity and orthophosphate in water decreased when temperature increased, showing that crystallization and particulate fouling increased in the system. Moreover, with the temperature growth, CODMn declined continuously but ammonia nitrogen tended to stable, which meant nitrification and nitrosification bacteria growth restricted due to decline of alkalinity.
(3) Foulant weight in municipal reclaimed water was44%lower than that in surface water. However, total number of bacteria and iron bacteria were8.6times and2.7times higher than those in surface water respectively. These showed that less foulant and more serious MIC would be happened if replacing surface water by municipal reclaimed water to replenish power recycling cooling water. Pitting corrosion in municipal reclaimed water and uniform corrosion in surface water were found by scanning electron microscope.
(4) More fouling occurred and thus higher heat transfer resistance and energy loss happened when increasing concentration factor and temperature of the power circulating cooling water system makeup by municipal reclaimed water. Foulant weight was unchanged with the variation of flow rate, but heat transfer resistance and adhersion of foulant on the surface increased. Higher density and stronger adhesion were obtained due to the role of shear, which meant it was difficult to remove foulant by mechanical method. Most unfavorable operating conditions of the cooling water system were the concentration factor4.0, temperature35℃and flow rate0.8m/s～1.0m/s. In addition, Foulant weight and microorganisms would increase40%and80%when scale and corrosion inhibitors were added into the system. High TOC and TP caused by scale and corrosion inhibitors was main reason.
(5)There were28kinds of suspended microorganisms detected by DNA technology in municipal reclaimed water, in which dominant strain belonged to Bacteria Proteobacteria Betaproteobacteria Methylophilales Methylophilaceae. For the recycling cooling water system,18kinds of suspended microorganisms and44kinds of fixed microorganisms were detected, in which dominant strain belonged to Bacteria Proteobacteria Betaproteobacteria. After adding chemical agents, suspended microorganisms increased to38kinds and distribution of bacteria species was more evenly. Thus dominant strain changed and belonged to Bacteria Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Staphylococcaceae Staphylococcus, which was caused by TOC and TP increased sharply due to scale and corrosion inhibitors.
(6) MIC on stainless steel was the biggest though corrosion of carbon steel was most serious in three typical metals of the power circulating cooling water system makeup by municipal reclaimed water. According to average corrosion rate of15days, the proportion of MIC in stainless steel corrosion was36.36%, which was1.6times and2.4times more than the values in carbon steel and brass corrosion respectively. Electron microscope scanning result showed that serious MIC may be caused by biofilm uneven distribution on the surface of stainless steel.
(7)Compared with isothiazole morpholinone and bio-dispersant DREWSPERSE738, sterilization efficiencie of chlorine ingot and sodium hypochlorite on suspended and fixed microorganisms were the higher in the power circulating cooling water system makeup by municipal reclaimed water. Chlorine ingot was selected as microbial control agent due to its stronger UV resistant ability in outdoor environment. At the same time, dosing period was determined for3days according to effect of chlorine ingot on total number of bacteria, iron bacteria and sulfate reducing bacteria. Orthogonal test showed that sterilizing rate of chloride ingot increased when dosages of scale and corrosion inhibitor, carbon steel corrosion inhibitor and brass corrosion inhibitor increased. By the dynamic experiment insite, chemical agent control technology was optimized:chlorine150mg/L, scale and corrosion inhibitor8mg/L, brass corrosion inhibitor6mg/L and carbon steel corrosion inhibitor6mg/L.
本文在常规水质和微生物指标分析的基础上,综合应用现代分子生物学DNA技术、电化学分析和扫描电镜技术,实验室研究与现场试验相结合,首次系统全面地研究了市政再生水补水的电厂循环冷却水系统的水质特征、微生物特征、微生物对金属腐蚀行为的影响以及微生物化学控制技术,主要结论如下：
(1)根据23项水质指标的全分析结果,市政再生水中电导率、TDS、氯离子、表面活性剂含量是地表水的2～4倍,CODMn、总磷、溶解性总磷、溶解性正磷、总氮含量是地表水的1.5-2倍,细菌总数高1个数量级,表明采用市政再生水替代地表水作为补水水源,电厂循环冷却水系统的结垢趋势减缓,但腐蚀程度和微生物风险增大。
(2)市政再生水补水的电厂循环冷却水系统中,增大浓缩倍数,氯离子、电导率、硬度、硫酸根浓度成倍增加,浊度略有增加,铁离子浓度不变,表明水质的腐蚀性增强,析晶垢、颗粒垢、沉积物增多；CODMn浓度增加,氨氮浓度降低,表明硝化和亚硝化自养菌的代谢速率高于异养菌。升高温度,水中的硬度、浊度、正磷酸根浓度降低,表明析晶垢、微粒垢增多；CODMn浓度持续下降,氨氮浓度趋于稳定,异养菌数量大幅增长,因碱度降低,硝化菌和亚硝化菌的生长受到限制。
(3)市政再生水中污垢产量比地表水低44%,但单位质量污垢中的细菌总数和铁细菌含量分别是地表水的8.6倍和2.7倍,表明市政再生水替代地表水作为补水水源,电厂循环冷却水系统的污垢产量降低,但微生物腐蚀的影响增大。电镜扫描图片显示,碳钢在地表水中以均匀腐蚀为主,市政再生水中则为点蚀。
(4)市政再生水补水的电厂循环冷却水系统中,浓缩倍数和温度增加,污垢量增大,因此系统传热阻力和能耗损失增加。流速提高,污垢量变化不大,但污垢热阻升高,粘附率提高,剪切作用使污垢的密实度和粘附性能增强,机械清除难度增大。微生物对系统最不利的运行条件是：浓缩倍数4.0倍、温度35℃、流速0.8m/s～1.0m/s。添加缓蚀阻垢剂后,循环冷却水中有机物增加了92%,磷含量增大了43.5倍,因此导致污垢产量增加40%,污垢中粘液形成菌、异养菌总数增加80%,表明缓蚀阻垢剂导致微生物风险加剧。
(5)市政再生水含有悬浮微生物28种,优势菌种隶属于变形菌门β-变形菌纲的嗜甲基菌科。进入循环冷却水系统后,悬浮和固定微生物的物种分别为18种和44种,优势菌种仍然隶属于变形菌门的β-变形菌纲。添加水处理药剂后,循环冷却水中悬浮微生物种数为38种,菌种的数量分布较为均匀,优势菌种转变为隶属于厚壁菌门的葡萄球菌科,微生物种群结构改变的主要原因是循环水中有机物和磷含量的大幅增加。
(6)市政再生水补水的电厂循环冷却水系统中,虽然碳钢腐蚀最严重、不锈钢腐蚀最轻,但微生物对不锈钢腐蚀的影响却最大。以15d的平均腐蚀率计算,不锈钢MIC所占的比例为36.36%,是碳钢的1.6倍,黄铜的2.4倍。电镜扫描结果表明,不锈钢点蚀造成的微生物分布不均,可能是其MIC腐蚀严重的主要原因。
(7)市政再生水补水的电厂循环冷却水系统中,微生物化学控制技术研究结果表明,与异噻唑啉酮、生物分散剂DREWSPERSE738相比,氯锭和次氯酸钠对悬浮和固定微生物的作用效果最优。结合实际,建议采用氯锭为微生物控制药剂,同时根据其对细菌总数、铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌的有效作用时间试验结果,确定其投加周期为3天。正交试验的结果显示,增加阻垢缓蚀剂,碳钢缓蚀剂和黄铜缓蚀的投加剂量,氯锭的杀菌率会相应增加。通过现场动态中试试验,提出微生物化学控制投药参数为：氯锭150mg/L,阻垢缓蚀剂8mg/L,黄铜缓蚀剂6mg/L,碳钢缓蚀剂6mg/L。
It is one of key measures using municipal reclaimed water as makeup water of circulating cooling water to alleviate the urban water crisis in China. Compared with the natural water, a larger number of microorganisms and more abundant nutrients lie in municipal reclaimed water. Thus, circulating cooling water system makeup by municipal reclaimed water faces more complex microbial problems.
Water quality, microbial characteristic, microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) and microbial control technology were researched comprehensively and systematically by DNA technology, electrochemical method, scanning electron microscopy and conventional water quality analysis method in laboratory and on-site for power recycling cooling water system makeup by municipal reclaimed water.
Main conclusions were as follows:
(1) Based on water quality analysis, conductivity, total dissolved solid (TDS), chloride and surfactant in municipal reclaimed water were2to4times than those in surface water. CODMn, total phosphorus, dissolved total phosphorus, soluble orthophosphate and total nitrogen were all1.5to2times than those in surface water. Total number of bacteria was higher an order magnitude than that in surface water. Results showed that more serious corrosion and higher microbiological risk would be faced when power recycling cooling water was replenished by municipal reclaimed water rather than surface water.
(2) Chloride, conductivity, hardness and sulfate increased linearly, turbidity increased slightly and iron ion kept unchanged with the concentration factor rose in the power circulating cooling water system makeup by municipal reclaimed water. More crystallization fouling, particulate fouling and sediment would be occurred and more serious corrosion would be happened in the system. At the same time, CODMn increased and ammonia nitrogen decreased with the concentration factor growth, which meant that metabolic rates of nitrification and nitrosification bacteria were higher than that of heterotrophic bacteria. Hardness, turbidity and orthophosphate in water decreased when temperature increased, showing that crystallization and particulate fouling increased in the system. Moreover, with the temperature growth, CODMn declined continuously but ammonia nitrogen tended to stable, which meant nitrification and nitrosification bacteria growth restricted due to decline of alkalinity.
(3) Foulant weight in municipal reclaimed water was44%lower than that in surface water. However, total number of bacteria and iron bacteria were8.6times and2.7times higher than those in surface water respectively. These showed that less foulant and more serious MIC would be happened if replacing surface water by municipal reclaimed water to replenish power recycling cooling water. Pitting corrosion in municipal reclaimed water and uniform corrosion in surface water were found by scanning electron microscope.
(4) More fouling occurred and thus higher heat transfer resistance and energy loss happened when increasing concentration factor and temperature of the power circulating cooling water system makeup by municipal reclaimed water. Foulant weight was unchanged with the variation of flow rate, but heat transfer resistance and adhersion of foulant on the surface increased. Higher density and stronger adhesion were obtained due to the role of shear, which meant it was difficult to remove foulant by mechanical method. Most unfavorable operating conditions of the cooling water system were the concentration factor4.0, temperature35℃and flow rate0.8m/s～1.0m/s. In addition, Foulant weight and microorganisms would increase40%and80%when scale and corrosion inhibitors were added into the system. High TOC and TP caused by scale and corrosion inhibitors was main reason.
(5)There were28kinds of suspended microorganisms detected by DNA technology in municipal reclaimed water, in which dominant strain belonged to Bacteria Proteobacteria Betaproteobacteria Methylophilales Methylophilaceae. For the recycling cooling water system,18kinds of suspended microorganisms and44kinds of fixed microorganisms were detected, in which dominant strain belonged to Bacteria Proteobacteria Betaproteobacteria. After adding chemical agents, suspended microorganisms increased to38kinds and distribution of bacteria species was more evenly. Thus dominant strain changed and belonged to Bacteria Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Staphylococcaceae Staphylococcus, which was caused by TOC and TP increased sharply due to scale and corrosion inhibitors.
(6) MIC on stainless steel was the biggest though corrosion of carbon steel was most serious in three typical metals of the power circulating cooling water system makeup by municipal reclaimed water. According to average corrosion rate of15days, the proportion of MIC in stainless steel corrosion was36.36%, which was1.6times and2.4times more than the values in carbon steel and brass corrosion respectively. Electron microscope scanning result showed that serious MIC may be caused by biofilm uneven distribution on the surface of stainless steel.
(7)Compared with isothiazole morpholinone and bio-dispersant DREWSPERSE738, sterilization efficiencie of chlorine ingot and sodium hypochlorite on suspended and fixed microorganisms were the higher in the power circulating cooling water system makeup by municipal reclaimed water. Chlorine ingot was selected as microbial control agent due to its stronger UV resistant ability in outdoor environment. At the same time, dosing period was determined for3days according to effect of chlorine ingot on total number of bacteria, iron bacteria and sulfate reducing bacteria. Orthogonal test showed that sterilizing rate of chloride ingot increased when dosages of scale and corrosion inhibitor, carbon steel corrosion inhibitor and brass corrosion inhibitor increased. By the dynamic experiment insite, chemical agent control technology was optimized:chlorine150mg/L, scale and corrosion inhibitor8mg/L, brass corrosion inhibitor6mg/L and carbon steel corrosion inhibitor6mg/L.
引文
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