闭孔泡沫铝及其夹芯结构的高温力学行为研究
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摘要
泡沫金属材料具有优异的力学、热学、电磁学和声学性能,广泛应用于航空航天、海洋船舶、汽车工程等领域。然而,若从构件的强度、吸能和维护等方面综合考虑,单纯的泡沫金属无法作为结构构件,通常要与传统的致密金属组成复合结构才能实现最佳力学性能,多数情况下是作为夹芯结构的芯层材料。目前,对泡沫金属及其夹芯结构的力学性能的研究主要集中在常温条件下,而对其高温力学性能的研究还比较匮乏。泡沫金属具有作为空间飞行器中轻质承载吸能结构构件的潜在应用背景和越来越广泛的应用需求。因此,深入研究泡沫金属及其夹芯结构在高温下的力学性能以及热力耦合效应变得十分迫切。
本文以实验研究为主,结合理论分析和数值计算系统研究了在不同温度环境下闭孔泡沫铝及其夹芯结构的力学行为。研究内容主要包括四个方面：(一)不同温度下闭孔泡沫铝材料的静动态力学性能、冲击行为和塑性压入力学行为；(二)不同温度下泡沫铝夹芯梁结构的压入和三点弯曲行为；(三)不同温度下泡沫铝夹芯板结构的压入和侵彻力学行为；(四)基于多层复合结构的夹芯板的多功能设计。主要讨论了不同温度条件下泡沫铝及其夹芯结构的变形/失效模式、承载和能量吸收性能,取得的主要成果如下：
采用MTS材料测试系统和SHPB实验装置,实验研究了闭孔泡沫铝材料在不同温度下的准静态和动态力学性能,得到了闭孔泡沫铝材料力学性能随温度的变化关系。考虑闭孔泡沫铝在牺牲覆盖层中的工程应用,对梯度温度场中闭孔泡沫铝杆受刚性质量块撞击时泡沫铝材料中的冲击波传播建立了冲击波模型,并利用有限元模拟对理论模型进行了验证。探讨了梯度温度场中泡沫铝杆临界长度、临界冲击速度以及冲击载荷等与温度场分布的关系,并得到了给定长度的泡沫铝杆临界冲击速度与杆两端面温差的关系的解析解,为闭孔泡沫铝在牺牲覆盖层等缓冲吸能结构中的工程应用设计提供了理论指导。
采用MTS材料测试系统,实验研究了闭孔泡沫铝材料在不同温度下不同形状压头作用时的塑性压入力学行为。对比分析了不同温度时泡沫铝的压入变形特征和变形机制,得到了泡沫铝的塑性压垮强度和能量吸收对温度的依赖关系,给出了既包含温度影响也包含压入深度影响的撕裂能的经验公式。采用量纲分析和有限元模拟方法,进一步分析了与泡沫铝球头压入响应有关的物理量,得到了闭孔泡沫铝在球头压入时的压入载荷与温度、泡沫铝相对密度以及压入深度的函数关系。
采用MTS材料测试系统,实验研究了泡沫铝夹芯梁在不同温度下的准静态压入和三点弯曲变形/失效行为和承载吸能性能,探讨了一些主要参数对夹芯梁结构响应的影响,如压头半径、面板厚度、芯层厚度和相对密度等。将夹芯梁结构的失效模式图扩展到高温情况下,分析了泡沫铝夹芯梁的初始失效模式图随温度的变化趋势,为进一步预测夹芯梁的低速冲击行为奠定了基础,并为夹芯梁的优化设计和工程应用提供了理论参考。
通过MTS准静态实验,研究了复合材料面板闭孔泡沫铝芯层夹芯板结构的压入和侵彻力学性能,考察了一些关键参数,如面板厚度、芯层厚度和相对密度以及压头形状等,对夹芯板结构的承载和吸能性能产生的影响,同时探讨了边界约束条件对夹芯板的载荷-位移响应的影响。结合落锤低速冲击实验,比较了夹芯板结构的准静态和低速冲击力学性能之间的差异。通过夹芯板在不同温度下的准静态和低速冲击实验和压入实验,研究了温度对泡沫铝夹芯板结构的变形／失效模式、承载和能量吸收性能的影响,探讨了泡沫铝夹芯板结构在高温下的动态力学性能和静态力学性能之间差异。
从泡沫金属夹芯结构的承载、吸能与隔热等多功能综合考虑出发,通过添加高效轻质的隔热层氧化铝纤维板发展了多种可能的多层复合结构拓扑构型,并通过隔热性能和承载吸能性能的比较进行了初步优选。然后通过准静态压入实验研究了传统夹芯板和优选的多层夹芯板结构在不同温度下的压入力学性能,得到了两种夹芯板结构的失效位移、压实位移、初始峰值载荷、压入平台载荷、能量吸收和比质量能量吸收等性能随温度的变化关系。
Metallic foams, as ultra-light materials, exhibit many unique characteristics in mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, and acoustic properties and have been widely used in many areas, such as aerospace industry, marine shipping industry and automotive engineering. However, by considering an overall analysis of resistance, energy absorption and maintenance in real applications, the bare metallic foams would not be used but some kind of composite structures along with compact metals are desired. In most cases, metallic foams serve as the cores of sandwich structures. To date, researches on the mechanical behavior of metallic foams and their sandwich structures are limited mainly at room temperature. However, the mechanical properties of metallic foams and metallic foam cored sandwich structures at high temperatures have been much less documented. The large potential and demands of metallic foams to be used in applications of lightweight bearing carrier in aircrafts and spacecrafts is the main reason and motivation to investigate their high temperature mechanical properties and their thermo-mechanical coupling effects urgently.
It was aimed in the present thesis to study the mechanical properties and energy absorptions of aluminum foams and aluminum foam cored sandwich panels at different temperatures. This was done mainly by carrying out experiments, together with theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. Four different case studies, to determine the high temperature performance of aluminum foams and aluminum foam cored sandwich structures were conducted, which are (1) Quasi-static and dynamic properties, impact behavior and plastic indentation behavior of closed-cell aluminum foams at different temperatures,(2) Indentation and three-point bending behavior of aluminum foam cored sandwich beams at different temperatures,(3) Indentation and perforation behaviors of sandwich panels at different temperatures, and (4) Multi-function design of aluminum foam cored hybrid sandwich panels with interlayer. The main achievements are as follows.
The quasi-static and dynamic properties of closed-cell aluminum foams at different temperatures were studied experimentally, and the dependent relationship of aluminum foams to temperatures was obtained. Recent interest in metallic foams for the sacrificial cladding applications has generated the need for the studies of graded metallic foams. Thus, the propagation of compaction wave in closed-cell aluminum foams with a temperature gradient under high velocity impact was investigated. An analytical solution was proposed and numerical simulations were carried out to verify the proposed theoretical model of foam compaction. The relations of critical length, critical impact velocity and impact force of the aluminum foam rod with temperature gradient to the temperature distribution and the relation of critical impact velocity of an aluminum foam rod with a given length to the temperature contrast at its two ends were evaluated to guide the application designs.
Deep indentation response of closed-cell aluminum foam under different temperatures was experimentally investigated by using a flat-ended punch and a hemispherical-ended punch. The indentation deformation behavior and mechanism of aluminum foams at different temperatures were compared and analyzed, and the dependent relationships of the plastic collapse strength, energy absorption to temperatures were obtained. An empirical formula incorporating indentation depth effect and temperature effect was presented for tear energy. Based on dimensional analysis and finite element simulations, several scaling relationships in the indentation of metallic foams with a spherical indenter were obtained and the dependence of the spherical indentation force of closed-cell aluminum foam on temperature, relative density of foam and dimensionless indentation depth were examined.
The deformation/failure behavior, load carrying capacity and energy absorption capability of aluminum foam cored sandwich beams under quasi-static indentation and three-point bending at different temperatures were investigated experimentally. The effects of several parameters on the structural responses of sandwich beams were examined, such as the diameter of the punch, face sheet thickness, core thickness and relative density. Failure mode maps of sandwich beams at elevated temperatures were achieved and the change trends of failure modes with the temperature were analyzed. This study provides the foundation for predicting the low velocity impact responses of sandwich beams and can be regarded as the theoretical basis of optimization design and engineering application of sandwich beams.
Indentation and perforation response of sandwich panels with composite face sheets and aluminum foam core were investigated experimentally. Effects of some key parameters on the overall energy absorption behavior of the panels were explored, such as impact energy, face sheets and core thickness, core density and indenter nose shape. The dependency of the load-displacement responses of sandwich panels on boundary conditions was also discussed and drop hammer tests were carried out to compare the quasi-static and low velocity impact responses. The effects of temperature on the deformation/failure modes, load carrying capacity and energy absorption capability of sandwich panels are studied through carrying out quasi-static and low velocity impact perforation and indentation experiments under different temperatures.
Based on an overall analysis of load carrying, energy absorption and thermal insulation of metallic foam cored sandwich structures, a new hybrid sandwich structure has been developed by inserting lightweight, efficient thermal insulating interlayers between the face sheet and the foam core. Optimum selection was made by studying and comparing the thermal insulation performance, load carrying capacity and energy absorption capability of different designs of the sandwich panels. The structural responses of the traditional sandwich panel and a hybrid sandwich panel under different temperatures were studied experimentally.
本文以实验研究为主,结合理论分析和数值计算系统研究了在不同温度环境下闭孔泡沫铝及其夹芯结构的力学行为。研究内容主要包括四个方面：(一)不同温度下闭孔泡沫铝材料的静动态力学性能、冲击行为和塑性压入力学行为；(二)不同温度下泡沫铝夹芯梁结构的压入和三点弯曲行为；(三)不同温度下泡沫铝夹芯板结构的压入和侵彻力学行为；(四)基于多层复合结构的夹芯板的多功能设计。主要讨论了不同温度条件下泡沫铝及其夹芯结构的变形/失效模式、承载和能量吸收性能,取得的主要成果如下：
采用MTS材料测试系统和SHPB实验装置,实验研究了闭孔泡沫铝材料在不同温度下的准静态和动态力学性能,得到了闭孔泡沫铝材料力学性能随温度的变化关系。考虑闭孔泡沫铝在牺牲覆盖层中的工程应用,对梯度温度场中闭孔泡沫铝杆受刚性质量块撞击时泡沫铝材料中的冲击波传播建立了冲击波模型,并利用有限元模拟对理论模型进行了验证。探讨了梯度温度场中泡沫铝杆临界长度、临界冲击速度以及冲击载荷等与温度场分布的关系,并得到了给定长度的泡沫铝杆临界冲击速度与杆两端面温差的关系的解析解,为闭孔泡沫铝在牺牲覆盖层等缓冲吸能结构中的工程应用设计提供了理论指导。
采用MTS材料测试系统,实验研究了闭孔泡沫铝材料在不同温度下不同形状压头作用时的塑性压入力学行为。对比分析了不同温度时泡沫铝的压入变形特征和变形机制,得到了泡沫铝的塑性压垮强度和能量吸收对温度的依赖关系,给出了既包含温度影响也包含压入深度影响的撕裂能的经验公式。采用量纲分析和有限元模拟方法,进一步分析了与泡沫铝球头压入响应有关的物理量,得到了闭孔泡沫铝在球头压入时的压入载荷与温度、泡沫铝相对密度以及压入深度的函数关系。
采用MTS材料测试系统,实验研究了泡沫铝夹芯梁在不同温度下的准静态压入和三点弯曲变形/失效行为和承载吸能性能,探讨了一些主要参数对夹芯梁结构响应的影响,如压头半径、面板厚度、芯层厚度和相对密度等。将夹芯梁结构的失效模式图扩展到高温情况下,分析了泡沫铝夹芯梁的初始失效模式图随温度的变化趋势,为进一步预测夹芯梁的低速冲击行为奠定了基础,并为夹芯梁的优化设计和工程应用提供了理论参考。
通过MTS准静态实验,研究了复合材料面板闭孔泡沫铝芯层夹芯板结构的压入和侵彻力学性能,考察了一些关键参数,如面板厚度、芯层厚度和相对密度以及压头形状等,对夹芯板结构的承载和吸能性能产生的影响,同时探讨了边界约束条件对夹芯板的载荷-位移响应的影响。结合落锤低速冲击实验,比较了夹芯板结构的准静态和低速冲击力学性能之间的差异。通过夹芯板在不同温度下的准静态和低速冲击实验和压入实验,研究了温度对泡沫铝夹芯板结构的变形／失效模式、承载和能量吸收性能的影响,探讨了泡沫铝夹芯板结构在高温下的动态力学性能和静态力学性能之间差异。
从泡沫金属夹芯结构的承载、吸能与隔热等多功能综合考虑出发,通过添加高效轻质的隔热层氧化铝纤维板发展了多种可能的多层复合结构拓扑构型,并通过隔热性能和承载吸能性能的比较进行了初步优选。然后通过准静态压入实验研究了传统夹芯板和优选的多层夹芯板结构在不同温度下的压入力学性能,得到了两种夹芯板结构的失效位移、压实位移、初始峰值载荷、压入平台载荷、能量吸收和比质量能量吸收等性能随温度的变化关系。
Metallic foams, as ultra-light materials, exhibit many unique characteristics in mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, and acoustic properties and have been widely used in many areas, such as aerospace industry, marine shipping industry and automotive engineering. However, by considering an overall analysis of resistance, energy absorption and maintenance in real applications, the bare metallic foams would not be used but some kind of composite structures along with compact metals are desired. In most cases, metallic foams serve as the cores of sandwich structures. To date, researches on the mechanical behavior of metallic foams and their sandwich structures are limited mainly at room temperature. However, the mechanical properties of metallic foams and metallic foam cored sandwich structures at high temperatures have been much less documented. The large potential and demands of metallic foams to be used in applications of lightweight bearing carrier in aircrafts and spacecrafts is the main reason and motivation to investigate their high temperature mechanical properties and their thermo-mechanical coupling effects urgently.
It was aimed in the present thesis to study the mechanical properties and energy absorptions of aluminum foams and aluminum foam cored sandwich panels at different temperatures. This was done mainly by carrying out experiments, together with theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. Four different case studies, to determine the high temperature performance of aluminum foams and aluminum foam cored sandwich structures were conducted, which are (1) Quasi-static and dynamic properties, impact behavior and plastic indentation behavior of closed-cell aluminum foams at different temperatures,(2) Indentation and three-point bending behavior of aluminum foam cored sandwich beams at different temperatures,(3) Indentation and perforation behaviors of sandwich panels at different temperatures, and (4) Multi-function design of aluminum foam cored hybrid sandwich panels with interlayer. The main achievements are as follows.
The quasi-static and dynamic properties of closed-cell aluminum foams at different temperatures were studied experimentally, and the dependent relationship of aluminum foams to temperatures was obtained. Recent interest in metallic foams for the sacrificial cladding applications has generated the need for the studies of graded metallic foams. Thus, the propagation of compaction wave in closed-cell aluminum foams with a temperature gradient under high velocity impact was investigated. An analytical solution was proposed and numerical simulations were carried out to verify the proposed theoretical model of foam compaction. The relations of critical length, critical impact velocity and impact force of the aluminum foam rod with temperature gradient to the temperature distribution and the relation of critical impact velocity of an aluminum foam rod with a given length to the temperature contrast at its two ends were evaluated to guide the application designs.
Deep indentation response of closed-cell aluminum foam under different temperatures was experimentally investigated by using a flat-ended punch and a hemispherical-ended punch. The indentation deformation behavior and mechanism of aluminum foams at different temperatures were compared and analyzed, and the dependent relationships of the plastic collapse strength, energy absorption to temperatures were obtained. An empirical formula incorporating indentation depth effect and temperature effect was presented for tear energy. Based on dimensional analysis and finite element simulations, several scaling relationships in the indentation of metallic foams with a spherical indenter were obtained and the dependence of the spherical indentation force of closed-cell aluminum foam on temperature, relative density of foam and dimensionless indentation depth were examined.
The deformation/failure behavior, load carrying capacity and energy absorption capability of aluminum foam cored sandwich beams under quasi-static indentation and three-point bending at different temperatures were investigated experimentally. The effects of several parameters on the structural responses of sandwich beams were examined, such as the diameter of the punch, face sheet thickness, core thickness and relative density. Failure mode maps of sandwich beams at elevated temperatures were achieved and the change trends of failure modes with the temperature were analyzed. This study provides the foundation for predicting the low velocity impact responses of sandwich beams and can be regarded as the theoretical basis of optimization design and engineering application of sandwich beams.
Indentation and perforation response of sandwich panels with composite face sheets and aluminum foam core were investigated experimentally. Effects of some key parameters on the overall energy absorption behavior of the panels were explored, such as impact energy, face sheets and core thickness, core density and indenter nose shape. The dependency of the load-displacement responses of sandwich panels on boundary conditions was also discussed and drop hammer tests were carried out to compare the quasi-static and low velocity impact responses. The effects of temperature on the deformation/failure modes, load carrying capacity and energy absorption capability of sandwich panels are studied through carrying out quasi-static and low velocity impact perforation and indentation experiments under different temperatures.
Based on an overall analysis of load carrying, energy absorption and thermal insulation of metallic foam cored sandwich structures, a new hybrid sandwich structure has been developed by inserting lightweight, efficient thermal insulating interlayers between the face sheet and the foam core. Optimum selection was made by studying and comparing the thermal insulation performance, load carrying capacity and energy absorption capability of different designs of the sandwich panels. The structural responses of the traditional sandwich panel and a hybrid sandwich panel under different temperatures were studied experimentally.
引文
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