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蒸汽管道保温材料与保温结构优化研究
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摘要
蒸汽吞吐与蒸汽驱热力采油方法是开采稠油的主要工艺技术,输汽系统在生产运行的各个环节中存在着不同程度的热能损失。调研数据表明辽河油田48条总长23km的地面输汽管线,地面输汽管线平均散热损失为298.0W/m~2,为国家标准允许最大热损失188W/m2的1.58倍,折算浪费成本600余万元/年,严重影响热采的经济效益。因此优选高效保温材料与保温结构,维持管输蒸汽的温度与干度,大幅改善稠油热采效果,提高稠油开采经济效益。
     本文对蒸汽管线的常规保温材料及保温结构进行了室内实验评价,同时研制出新型胶凝保温材料,提出蒸汽管线主动加热保温结构,建立管线保温结构优化数学模型,给出高效保温材料与保温结构。主要开展以下6个方面工作:
     1.分析评价现有的输汽管线保温状况,调研保温的薄弱环节和存在问题,为减少蒸汽输送和注入过程中的能量损失、提高注入井蒸汽干度、实施节能技改,提供依据和技术支持。根据注汽管线的工作特点和要求,建议采用绝热性能优良的隔热材料作为地面输汽管线的保温材料,并采用复合式保温结构,最大限度地降低输汽管线的热损失。
     2.针对常规保温材料和气凝胶材料,进行导热性能、力学性能、微观特性评价的测试实验,筛选出优质保温材料。
     3.目前采用的保温材料吸水性强、强度低,针对这一情况研制了一种憎水性强、高强度的保温材料。该材料是一种高铁铝低钙型固体粉料,在活化剂的作用下,它会与水发生化学反应而形成固化物,这种固化物在420℃高温的反复冲击下无裂缝,不开裂,强度和保温性能基本不降低。为了提高这种材料的隔热保温性能,在配料时掺入增孔剂,使其在固化的同时能在内部形成多孔结构,同时可实现材料容重的调控。
     4.通过实验对保温结构的稳定性及隔热性进行评价,考虑粘结剂对保温层的影响,以及外护层材料的力学分析,优选出结构稳定、热流密度低、隔热效果佳的保温结构。
     5.为充分利用太阳能,降低管线外壁空气对流换热,建立主动加热保温结构模型,并应用FLUENT软件对环境因素、不同保温材料、外界温度、夹层厚度以及夹层中介质的种类进行数值模拟,分析各因素对新型主动加热保温方式的保温效果的影响。
     6.根据蒸汽管线保温结构优化数学模型,开发了管线优化保温设计运行管理软件。该软件可用于保温材料的选择,保温层厚度优化,为蒸汽管线保温施工和运行提供优化方案。
Steam stimulation and steam flooding of thermal recovery method are main technologiesfor heavy crude oil recovery enhancement. Different degrees of heat loss of steam systemexists in all aspects of production and operation. In this paper, spot checks Liaohe Oilfield48,23km of the ground steam pipeline, the ground steam pipelines average heat loss is298.0W/m2which is1.58times of the national standard of the allowable maximum heat lossas188W/m2, reduced waste cost of6320000yuan that seriously affect steam stimulation andthermal recovery economic benefits. Research on efficient thermal insulation material andstructure, to maintain the pipeline temperature of the steam and dry degree which can greatlyimprove the heavy oil thermal recovery effect and improve economic benefits.
     In this paper, the steam pipeline of existing insulation materials and conventionalinsulating structure were studied, and developed a new type of gelling insulation materials,proposed the active heat preservation structure of the steam pipeline, establishment of pipeinsulation structure optimization mathematics model, developped the effective thermalinsulation materials and structures. Mainly in the following6aspects of work:
     1.Analyse and evaluate steam pipelines insulation condition, find out the weak links ofinsulation and existing problems, in order to reduce the steam delivery and injection of energyloss in the process, improve the well dry steam, implement the energy-saving technologicaltransformation, provide the basis and technical support. According to the workingcharacteristics and requirements of steam injection pipeline, recommend use insulationmaterial with excellent thermal insulation properties as the ground steam pipeline ofinsulation materials,and by adopting the composite insulation structure, minimize the heatloss of steam pipelines.
     2. So far the main disadvantage of thermal insulation material is strong water absorption,low intensity. In the view of this situation, this paper developed a thermal insulation materialfor the strong hydrophobic nature, high strength. This material is a high iron and aluminumlow calcium solid powder. Under the action of activator, it can react with water and form acured. This cured under repeated impact of the high temperature of420℃no cracks, nocracking, strength and insulation performance is not decreasing. In order to improve thethermal insulation property of this material, mixed pore increasing agent in the ingredients,make curing and form a porous structure in the internal at the same time, also can realize thematerial density of control.
     3. Aiming at the thermal insulation material commonly used in steam pipeline and newgelling insulation material and aerogel materials, conducted the indoor test experiment ofthermal properties, mechanical properties, the microscopic characteristic evaluation, selectedthe high-quality thermal insulation material.
     4. Evaluated the stability and thermal insulation for insulation structure, considered theeffect of binder on the insulation layer and the outer protective layer materials of mechanicalanalysis. Optimized the structure stability,heat flux density low, good insulation effect of thethermal insulation structure.
     5. In order to improve the temperature of pipeline outer wall, reduce the temperaturedifference between inside and outside, so as to reduce the heat loss. Establishment of activeheat preservation structure model, using FLUENT software simulate of environmental factors,different insulation materials, the outside temperature, interlayer thickness and the type ofmedium in interlayer, to study the impact of various factors on the new active heatperservation effect.
     6. According to the optimization mathematical model of steam pipeline insulationstructure, thermal insulation pipeline optimization design was developed by managementsoftware. Developed the pipeline optimization insulation design operation managementsoftware, the software can be used for the selection of insulation material, the thickness of theinsulation layer optimization, provided the feasible options for steam pipeline insulationconstruction.
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