黄河三角洲地区地面沉降时空演化特征及机理研究
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摘要
地面沉降信息可以通过水准测量、全球定位系统（GPS）和合成孔径雷达（SAR）技术等方式获取，水准测量这种传统方法操作简易且精度高，至今仍被广泛应用于许多地区的沉降监测或验证通过GPS和合成孔径雷达干涉（InSAR）技术获取的沉降结果精度。本文主要利用黄河三角洲地区2002–2008年水准观测数据，并对照已有研究中使用地形图和InSAR技术等方法获得的沉降信息，定量描述了沉降的时空演化特征。鉴于已有研究多是定性分析黄河三角洲构造运动、沉积物自然固结和海平面上升等因素对地面沉降的影响，而广泛认为的地面沉降关键因素—地下水开采尚未在黄河三角洲地面沉降中得到深入研究。因此，本文分析了黄河三角洲地区地下水降落漏斗与地面沉降的空间耦合关系，利用水文地质学、工程地质学、和土力学等理论方法，分层估算了不同深度地层压缩量，重点探讨了开采深层地下水引发的地面沉降机理，有助于该地区地面沉降数学模型的构建，并可为黄河三角洲高效生态经济区的可持续发展提供决策支持。
研究表明，黄河三角洲地下水动态变化剧烈，广饶县和东营区许多地区处于超采状态，已形成以广饶县城、稻庄镇和大王镇及东营区史口镇和胜利电厂等为中心的深层地下水降落漏斗，漏斗中心水位下降速度为2–3m/yr，埋深已达50–60m，且与地面高程之间存在显著的线性正相关，相关系数为0.92，过度开采深层地下水显然已成为影响沉降的最根本因素。据估算，黄河三角洲深层地下开采造成深部第二、三粘性压缩层分别沉降了36–63mm和98–138mm，是相应第二、三含水砂层沉降量的2–4倍，仅第三粘性压缩层压缩量就占总沉降量的47.6%–57.1%，已成为地面沉降主要贡献层。还分别分析了地下水开采、工程建筑、油气开采、区域构造运动、沉积物自然固结和海平面上升等因素对黄河三角洲地面沉降的影响，估计东营区和广饶县地下水开采严重地区各因素对沉降的贡献比约为28:4:2:3:2:1，地下水开采对地面沉降的贡献比达到70%。最后，依据黄河三角洲地面沉降危害提出具有针对性的防治措施。
Ground deformation measurements can be conducted through leveling as well as globalpositing system (GPS) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR)-based interferometry. Given its simpleoperation and high precision, leveling remains widely used as the traditional method formonitoring land subsidence in many cities and is also employed to calibrate or verify themeasurement accuracy of GPS or Interferometric SAR. In this paper, spatiotemporal evolution ofland subsidence in the Yellow River Delta is described quantitatively by the use of levelingduring2002–2008in contrast with subsidence information obtained by the use of topographicmaps and InSAR technology in existing studies. In view of the qualitative analysis of landsubsidence mechanism such as tectonic movement, the natural consolidation of sediment and sealevel rise et al. in the Yellow River Delta in previous researches, groundwater exploitation widelyregarded as the key factor for land subsidence has not been futher studied in the Yellow RiverDelta. Therefore, the spatial coupling relationship is analysed between the groundwaterdepression cones and land subsidence funnels in this paper. Integrated with hydrogeology,engineering geology, and soil mechanics theory, compression of geological engineering stratumsin different depth is estimated and then focused on the mechanism of land subsidence induced bydeep groundwater exploitation. This will be helpful for constructing the mathematic model ofland subsidence and for providing decision support for the sustainable development of theYellow River Delta efficient ecological economic zone.
The results show that many parts of Guangrao County and Dongying District have been inoverexploitation with the large amplitude fluctuations of groundwater level. Several deepgroundwater depression cones were primarily centered in Guangrao County, Daozhuang, Shikou and Shengli Towns, where deep groundwater level decline rate is2–3m/years, and the depthranges from50to60m. There existed a significant linear positive correlation betweengroundwater level and elevation in the center of the deep groundwater depression cone, with thecorrelation coefficient of0.92. Obviously, overexploitation of deep groundwater is the mostessential factor to land subsidence. By estimate, the compression of the second and third clayeyaquitards is36–63mm and98–138mm, respectively. Aquitard compression with a thickness ofapproximately300m is two to four times as much as the corresponding aquifers. The thirdclayey compression layer (third aquitard) contributes approximately47.6–57.1%of the totalsubsidence and has become the primary contributing layer of subsidence. In addition, the impactof groundwater exploitation, engineering and construction, oil and gas exploitation, regionaltectonic movement, natural consolidation of sediment and sea level rise on land subsidence in theYellow River Delta has been analysed，respectively. Correspondingly, it is estimated that thecontribution ratio of the six factors to land subsidence is about28:4:2:3:2:1in Dongying Districtand Guangrao Country Where groundwater exploitation contributes70%of total subsidence.Finally, some control measures against land subsidence are proposed according to the harm inthe he Yellow River Delta.
研究表明，黄河三角洲地下水动态变化剧烈，广饶县和东营区许多地区处于超采状态，已形成以广饶县城、稻庄镇和大王镇及东营区史口镇和胜利电厂等为中心的深层地下水降落漏斗，漏斗中心水位下降速度为2–3m/yr，埋深已达50–60m，且与地面高程之间存在显著的线性正相关，相关系数为0.92，过度开采深层地下水显然已成为影响沉降的最根本因素。据估算，黄河三角洲深层地下开采造成深部第二、三粘性压缩层分别沉降了36–63mm和98–138mm，是相应第二、三含水砂层沉降量的2–4倍，仅第三粘性压缩层压缩量就占总沉降量的47.6%–57.1%，已成为地面沉降主要贡献层。还分别分析了地下水开采、工程建筑、油气开采、区域构造运动、沉积物自然固结和海平面上升等因素对黄河三角洲地面沉降的影响，估计东营区和广饶县地下水开采严重地区各因素对沉降的贡献比约为28:4:2:3:2:1，地下水开采对地面沉降的贡献比达到70%。最后，依据黄河三角洲地面沉降危害提出具有针对性的防治措施。
Ground deformation measurements can be conducted through leveling as well as globalpositing system (GPS) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR)-based interferometry. Given its simpleoperation and high precision, leveling remains widely used as the traditional method formonitoring land subsidence in many cities and is also employed to calibrate or verify themeasurement accuracy of GPS or Interferometric SAR. In this paper, spatiotemporal evolution ofland subsidence in the Yellow River Delta is described quantitatively by the use of levelingduring2002–2008in contrast with subsidence information obtained by the use of topographicmaps and InSAR technology in existing studies. In view of the qualitative analysis of landsubsidence mechanism such as tectonic movement, the natural consolidation of sediment and sealevel rise et al. in the Yellow River Delta in previous researches, groundwater exploitation widelyregarded as the key factor for land subsidence has not been futher studied in the Yellow RiverDelta. Therefore, the spatial coupling relationship is analysed between the groundwaterdepression cones and land subsidence funnels in this paper. Integrated with hydrogeology,engineering geology, and soil mechanics theory, compression of geological engineering stratumsin different depth is estimated and then focused on the mechanism of land subsidence induced bydeep groundwater exploitation. This will be helpful for constructing the mathematic model ofland subsidence and for providing decision support for the sustainable development of theYellow River Delta efficient ecological economic zone.
The results show that many parts of Guangrao County and Dongying District have been inoverexploitation with the large amplitude fluctuations of groundwater level. Several deepgroundwater depression cones were primarily centered in Guangrao County, Daozhuang, Shikou and Shengli Towns, where deep groundwater level decline rate is2–3m/years, and the depthranges from50to60m. There existed a significant linear positive correlation betweengroundwater level and elevation in the center of the deep groundwater depression cone, with thecorrelation coefficient of0.92. Obviously, overexploitation of deep groundwater is the mostessential factor to land subsidence. By estimate, the compression of the second and third clayeyaquitards is36–63mm and98–138mm, respectively. Aquitard compression with a thickness ofapproximately300m is two to four times as much as the corresponding aquifers. The thirdclayey compression layer (third aquitard) contributes approximately47.6–57.1%of the totalsubsidence and has become the primary contributing layer of subsidence. In addition, the impactof groundwater exploitation, engineering and construction, oil and gas exploitation, regionaltectonic movement, natural consolidation of sediment and sea level rise on land subsidence in theYellow River Delta has been analysed，respectively. Correspondingly, it is estimated that thecontribution ratio of the six factors to land subsidence is about28:4:2:3:2:1in Dongying Districtand Guangrao Country Where groundwater exploitation contributes70%of total subsidence.Finally, some control measures against land subsidence are proposed according to the harm inthe he Yellow River Delta.
引文
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