西藏邦铺式钼多金属矿床—兼论冈底斯成矿带东段钼多金属矿床成矿规律
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摘要
邦铺矿床为冈底斯成矿带东段继沙让钼矿发现以来又一达大型规模的斑岩-矽卡岩型钼多金属矿床。矿床由产出于二长花岗斑岩中的钼(铜)矿体、闪长玢岩中的铜(钼)矿体和产出于洛巴堆组矽卡岩和大理岩中的铅锌矿体组成,矿化元素分带特征明显。本文以邦铺矿床为重点解剖对象,深入开展其成矿理论研究的同时,辅以对区域其他几个重要钼矿成矿特征的剖析,梳理和总结了冈底斯东段主要钼多金属矿床的成矿规律,完善了冈底斯东段矿床成矿亚系列,对于区域找矿有重要指导意义。
通过开展野外地质调查、钻孔岩心和平硐编录、光-薄片鉴定等工作,对矿体产出特征、矿石组构、围岩蚀变、脉体类型及特征等方面进行了系统研究,划分了矿床成矿期次和矿化阶段。利用电子探针分析对蚀变矿物黑云母、石榴子石、辉石、角闪石等的种属及其形成的物理化学条件进行了分析,在矿区首次发现了铁钙蔷薇辉石和锰铝榴石,提出矽卡岩型铅锌矿体中Ag的成矿潜在性。
系统的成岩年代学研究表明,成矿岩体二长花岗斑岩和闪长玢岩分别形成于16.23Ma和15.16Ma,无矿黑云母二长花岗岩和石英二长斑岩分别形成于(60.6-70)Ma和15.43Ma；成矿年代学研究结果显示,矿床成矿时代为14.09Ma,为中新世中期成矿。岩浆岩地球化学特征研究结果显示成岩物质源区除含大量壳源物质以外,有明显的幔源物质加入特征,矿床形成于印度-亚洲大陆碰撞中应力松弛所形成的伸展环境。
同位素、包裹体及单矿物稀土-微量元素等矿床地球化学研究结果表明,主成矿阶段流体来源稳定,以壳源岩浆流体为主,少量幔源流体参与成矿,成矿后期有天水混入；成矿过程经历了岩浆出溶挥发分和流体、超临界流体形成、流体减压沸腾和流体混合等过程。斑岩矿体成矿物质源于地幔与上地壳物质的混染,而铅锌矿体成矿物质源区明显以上地壳物质为主,无或极少量幔源物质混染。成矿物质源区的差异系造成铅锌与铜钼元素分带的主要因素,而成矿岩体含矿性差异以及钼、铜成矿阶段流体性质的差异是导致钼和铜分离的重要因素。在上述研究基础上,构建了矿床成矿模型。
首次在冈底斯弧背断隆带上识别出了早白垩世的成矿作用,并以钼成矿作用为主线,初步总结了冈底斯东段钼多金属矿成因类型,梳理出五期钼成矿事件,构筑了冈底斯东段铝多金属矿床时空展布格架并相应探讨了其成矿动力学背景。利用铝成矿岩体Hf、Sr同位素地球化学,矿石硫化物Pb同位素地球化学方法系统地阐述了冈底斯东段主要钼多金属矿床成岩-成矿物质源区特征与矿化元素组合分带之间的耦合关系,指出冈底斯东段由南冈底斯南缘向北至南冈底斯中北部,再到冈底斯弧背断隆带幔源物质混入程度由弱增强再减弱的过程使得区域铝多金属矿床矿化元素组合发生了特征性变化。
对冈底斯东段斑岩型及斑岩-矽卡岩型独立钼矿、钼(铜)矿、铜(铝)矿和钼铜多金属矿成矿岩浆岩基本地质特征和岩石地球化学特征进行了对比和梳理,探讨了成矿岩浆岩性质与成矿元素组合之间的相互关系。通过对哈海岗、玛雄朗和列廷冈矿床成矿时代的定位对冈底斯东段矿床成矿亚系列进行了补充和完善。
Bangpu Mo polymetallic ore deposit of porphyry-skarn type is another large ore deposit since the Sharang Mo deposit found in the east section of the Gangdese metallogenic belt. The ore deposit are composed of three ore bodies which are the Mo (Cu) ore body occurred in the monzonitic granite porphyry, Cu (Mo) ore body occurred in the diorite porphyrite and the Pb-Zn ore body occurred in the skarn and marble of the Luobadui Formation, respectively. Zonation of mineralizaion elements is very obvious. In this paper, the author regards the Bangpu ore deposit as the key study object and carries out study on metallogenic theory deeply, meanwhile, the author takes some study on the geological features of the other main Mo ore deposits in the east section of the Gangdese polymetallic belt. Based on researches of the main Mo polymetallic ore deposits, the author have arranged, and summarized the metallogenic regularity of Mo polymetallic ore deposits and perfected the sub-class metallogenic series in the east section of the Gangdese belt. All these studies have an important guiding significance for the regional prospecting.
Based on the field geological investigation, geological logging of drill core and mine adit, identification of minerals with polarization microscope and so on, the author have made a systematic research on the occurrence feature of ore bodies, ore fabrics, wall rock alteration, features of veins and types of veins and so on.. Then, the metallogenic episodes and metallogenic stages of Bangpu ore deposit are identified. This paper analyzes the mineral species of some altered minerals for example the biotite, garnets, augites and amphiboles and discusses the physicochemical conditions in the process of mineral formation using the electron microprobe analysis. The author recognizes the spessartite and the ferrobustamite and emphasizes the possibility of the existence of Ag in the skarn type Pb-Zn ore deposit.
The systematically diagenesis geochronology results show that the ore-forming monzonitic granite porphyry and the diorite porphyrite are formed in16.23Ma and15.16Ma, respectively. The forming ages of the biotite adamellite and the quartz monzonite porphyry which are have no relationship to the ore-forming are (60.6～70) Ma and15.43Ma, respectively. Study of metallogenic geochronology has shown that the ore-forming age of Bangpu deposit is14.09Ma, and it's ore-forming event in the mid Miocene. The results of geochemistry of magmatic rocks show that besides lots of crust-derived materials, there is obvious characteristic of injection of mantle-derived materials in the source of diagenesis
Geochemical results of Bangpu ore deposit, such as isotope, the inclusions and rare earth-trace elements of single mineral, indicate that the fluid resources of the main mineralization stage is stable, which is most of magma fluid of the crust source with a small amount of mantle-derived fluids involved in mineralization and mixed some meteoric water in the late metallogenic stage. The mineralization process experienced magma exsolution of volatile and fluid, formation of supercritical fluid, processes of fluids boiling after decompressed, fluids mixed and so on. Ore-forming minerals of porphyry-type ore bodies are derived from the contamination of mantle and crustal materials, and ore-forming materials of the lead-zinc ore body are significantly from the upper crustal materials, with almost no mantle-derived materials contamination. The differences of sources of ore-forming mineral are the main reasons for the lead-zinc-copper-molybdenum elements zoning, while thedifferences of propertfes of the ore-forming intrusive rocks and the different properties of fluid between the stages of molybdenum mineralization and copper mineralization are another important factors leading to the separation of molybdenum and copper. Based on the above research, a metallogenic model had been built in this paper.
It's the first time to identify mineralization of Early Cretaceous in the Gangdese Back-Arc Faulted Uplift Zones. The paper preliminary summaries the genetic types of the Mo polymetallic deposits, figures out five Mo mineralization events, and build the space and time framework of Mo polymetallic deposits in the eastern Gangdese belt, and discusses their metallogenic dynamics background respectively by using the Mo mineralization as the main line. Using the Hf and Sr isotope geochemistry of Mo mineralization intrusions and Pb isotope geochemistry of the ore sulfides, the author systematically elaborates the relations between characteristics of diagenesis and mineralization source and mineralization elements distribution zones among main Mo polymetallic deposits in the eastern Gangdese, and points out that in the eastern section of the Gangdese belt, from the south margin of the South Gangdese to the middle-northern part of the South Gangdese, then to the Back-Arc Faulted Uplift Zones, extent of mixture with mantle materials appears to be weak to enhanced and weakened again. The process makes the characteristics of mineralization elements association vary regularly among regional Mo polymentallic deposits.
Some comparative and arrangement studies on the geological and geochemical characteristics of ore-forming magmatic rocks of porphyry and porphyry-skarn type Mo deposits, Mo (Cu) deposits, Cu (Mo) deposits and Mo polymetallic deposits have been carried out. On this basis, the paper has discussed the relationship between the properties of ore-forming magmatic rocks and the ore-forming elements association. Some supplement and perfection on the sub-class metallogenic series of the east section of the Gangdese belt has been made after the determination of the metallogenic ages of Hahaigan ore deposit, Maxionglang deposit and the Lietinggang deposit.
通过开展野外地质调查、钻孔岩心和平硐编录、光-薄片鉴定等工作,对矿体产出特征、矿石组构、围岩蚀变、脉体类型及特征等方面进行了系统研究,划分了矿床成矿期次和矿化阶段。利用电子探针分析对蚀变矿物黑云母、石榴子石、辉石、角闪石等的种属及其形成的物理化学条件进行了分析,在矿区首次发现了铁钙蔷薇辉石和锰铝榴石,提出矽卡岩型铅锌矿体中Ag的成矿潜在性。
系统的成岩年代学研究表明,成矿岩体二长花岗斑岩和闪长玢岩分别形成于16.23Ma和15.16Ma,无矿黑云母二长花岗岩和石英二长斑岩分别形成于(60.6-70)Ma和15.43Ma；成矿年代学研究结果显示,矿床成矿时代为14.09Ma,为中新世中期成矿。岩浆岩地球化学特征研究结果显示成岩物质源区除含大量壳源物质以外,有明显的幔源物质加入特征,矿床形成于印度-亚洲大陆碰撞中应力松弛所形成的伸展环境。
同位素、包裹体及单矿物稀土-微量元素等矿床地球化学研究结果表明,主成矿阶段流体来源稳定,以壳源岩浆流体为主,少量幔源流体参与成矿,成矿后期有天水混入；成矿过程经历了岩浆出溶挥发分和流体、超临界流体形成、流体减压沸腾和流体混合等过程。斑岩矿体成矿物质源于地幔与上地壳物质的混染,而铅锌矿体成矿物质源区明显以上地壳物质为主,无或极少量幔源物质混染。成矿物质源区的差异系造成铅锌与铜钼元素分带的主要因素,而成矿岩体含矿性差异以及钼、铜成矿阶段流体性质的差异是导致钼和铜分离的重要因素。在上述研究基础上,构建了矿床成矿模型。
首次在冈底斯弧背断隆带上识别出了早白垩世的成矿作用,并以钼成矿作用为主线,初步总结了冈底斯东段钼多金属矿成因类型,梳理出五期钼成矿事件,构筑了冈底斯东段铝多金属矿床时空展布格架并相应探讨了其成矿动力学背景。利用铝成矿岩体Hf、Sr同位素地球化学,矿石硫化物Pb同位素地球化学方法系统地阐述了冈底斯东段主要钼多金属矿床成岩-成矿物质源区特征与矿化元素组合分带之间的耦合关系,指出冈底斯东段由南冈底斯南缘向北至南冈底斯中北部,再到冈底斯弧背断隆带幔源物质混入程度由弱增强再减弱的过程使得区域铝多金属矿床矿化元素组合发生了特征性变化。
对冈底斯东段斑岩型及斑岩-矽卡岩型独立钼矿、钼(铜)矿、铜(铝)矿和钼铜多金属矿成矿岩浆岩基本地质特征和岩石地球化学特征进行了对比和梳理,探讨了成矿岩浆岩性质与成矿元素组合之间的相互关系。通过对哈海岗、玛雄朗和列廷冈矿床成矿时代的定位对冈底斯东段矿床成矿亚系列进行了补充和完善。
Bangpu Mo polymetallic ore deposit of porphyry-skarn type is another large ore deposit since the Sharang Mo deposit found in the east section of the Gangdese metallogenic belt. The ore deposit are composed of three ore bodies which are the Mo (Cu) ore body occurred in the monzonitic granite porphyry, Cu (Mo) ore body occurred in the diorite porphyrite and the Pb-Zn ore body occurred in the skarn and marble of the Luobadui Formation, respectively. Zonation of mineralizaion elements is very obvious. In this paper, the author regards the Bangpu ore deposit as the key study object and carries out study on metallogenic theory deeply, meanwhile, the author takes some study on the geological features of the other main Mo ore deposits in the east section of the Gangdese polymetallic belt. Based on researches of the main Mo polymetallic ore deposits, the author have arranged, and summarized the metallogenic regularity of Mo polymetallic ore deposits and perfected the sub-class metallogenic series in the east section of the Gangdese belt. All these studies have an important guiding significance for the regional prospecting.
Based on the field geological investigation, geological logging of drill core and mine adit, identification of minerals with polarization microscope and so on, the author have made a systematic research on the occurrence feature of ore bodies, ore fabrics, wall rock alteration, features of veins and types of veins and so on.. Then, the metallogenic episodes and metallogenic stages of Bangpu ore deposit are identified. This paper analyzes the mineral species of some altered minerals for example the biotite, garnets, augites and amphiboles and discusses the physicochemical conditions in the process of mineral formation using the electron microprobe analysis. The author recognizes the spessartite and the ferrobustamite and emphasizes the possibility of the existence of Ag in the skarn type Pb-Zn ore deposit.
The systematically diagenesis geochronology results show that the ore-forming monzonitic granite porphyry and the diorite porphyrite are formed in16.23Ma and15.16Ma, respectively. The forming ages of the biotite adamellite and the quartz monzonite porphyry which are have no relationship to the ore-forming are (60.6～70) Ma and15.43Ma, respectively. Study of metallogenic geochronology has shown that the ore-forming age of Bangpu deposit is14.09Ma, and it's ore-forming event in the mid Miocene. The results of geochemistry of magmatic rocks show that besides lots of crust-derived materials, there is obvious characteristic of injection of mantle-derived materials in the source of diagenesis
Geochemical results of Bangpu ore deposit, such as isotope, the inclusions and rare earth-trace elements of single mineral, indicate that the fluid resources of the main mineralization stage is stable, which is most of magma fluid of the crust source with a small amount of mantle-derived fluids involved in mineralization and mixed some meteoric water in the late metallogenic stage. The mineralization process experienced magma exsolution of volatile and fluid, formation of supercritical fluid, processes of fluids boiling after decompressed, fluids mixed and so on. Ore-forming minerals of porphyry-type ore bodies are derived from the contamination of mantle and crustal materials, and ore-forming materials of the lead-zinc ore body are significantly from the upper crustal materials, with almost no mantle-derived materials contamination. The differences of sources of ore-forming mineral are the main reasons for the lead-zinc-copper-molybdenum elements zoning, while thedifferences of propertfes of the ore-forming intrusive rocks and the different properties of fluid between the stages of molybdenum mineralization and copper mineralization are another important factors leading to the separation of molybdenum and copper. Based on the above research, a metallogenic model had been built in this paper.
It's the first time to identify mineralization of Early Cretaceous in the Gangdese Back-Arc Faulted Uplift Zones. The paper preliminary summaries the genetic types of the Mo polymetallic deposits, figures out five Mo mineralization events, and build the space and time framework of Mo polymetallic deposits in the eastern Gangdese belt, and discusses their metallogenic dynamics background respectively by using the Mo mineralization as the main line. Using the Hf and Sr isotope geochemistry of Mo mineralization intrusions and Pb isotope geochemistry of the ore sulfides, the author systematically elaborates the relations between characteristics of diagenesis and mineralization source and mineralization elements distribution zones among main Mo polymetallic deposits in the eastern Gangdese, and points out that in the eastern section of the Gangdese belt, from the south margin of the South Gangdese to the middle-northern part of the South Gangdese, then to the Back-Arc Faulted Uplift Zones, extent of mixture with mantle materials appears to be weak to enhanced and weakened again. The process makes the characteristics of mineralization elements association vary regularly among regional Mo polymentallic deposits.
Some comparative and arrangement studies on the geological and geochemical characteristics of ore-forming magmatic rocks of porphyry and porphyry-skarn type Mo deposits, Mo (Cu) deposits, Cu (Mo) deposits and Mo polymetallic deposits have been carried out. On this basis, the paper has discussed the relationship between the properties of ore-forming magmatic rocks and the ore-forming elements association. Some supplement and perfection on the sub-class metallogenic series of the east section of the Gangdese belt has been made after the determination of the metallogenic ages of Hahaigan ore deposit, Maxionglang deposit and the Lietinggang deposit.
引文
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