航空相机高精度速高比测量技术的研究
摘要
航空相机在空中飞行照相时，像移补偿精度是影响航空相机成像质量的关键因素，高精度像移补偿的前提是需要对速高比进行高精度的测量。本文将速高比测量转化为像移速度测量，从航空相机像移速度测量出发，以空间滤波测速法（SFV）为基础，对空间滤波器的滤波特性、滤波器的参数选择、二维速度测量以及SFV信号处理等相关技术进行了深入研究。
通过对光学测速方法进行回顾，提出了利用空间滤波测速法对航空相机像移速度进行测量；介绍了空间滤波测速的原理和特性，并从数学角度对图像光强分布的空间滤波效应进行了介绍；讨论了透射函数对于窄带通滤波特性的影响，给出了不同形状的滤波器窗口对于典型透射函数的功率谱表达式，并对其功率谱中的频谱带宽及中心频率等特性进行了研究；通过研究空间滤波器的功率谱密度函数，对影响空间滤波特性的关键参数进行了分析；对比了透射光栅、棱镜光栅、光电二极管阵列以及液晶元件阵列等各类空间滤波器件进行像移速度测量的适用性；讨论了利用差分检波对基频成分的消除，提出了进行像移速度方向鉴别以及二维速度测量的方法；深入的讨论了处理SFV信号所涉及的信号分析技术，介绍了频谱分析，频率跟踪，计数方法以及相关技术等典型的信号分析技术。
提出了利用线阵CCD的空间滤波特性进行航空相机像移速度测量的新方法，利用线阵CCD的空间滤波特性，通过对线阵CCD推扫所产生的图像进行隔行采样，模拟了空间滤波器的窄带通频率特性，实现了对航空相机像移速度的光学非接触测量，从而实现了速高比的测量。此方法可根据地面目标的频率分布灵活调整空间滤波器的频率特性，能够适用于航空相机速高比的精确测量。实验对5mm/s~53.2mm/s范围内几个典型像移速度进行了测量，结果表明，CCD像元尺寸为8μm，相机曝光时间为10ms时，测量误差引起的像移量误差最大为2μm，能够满足航空相机像移补偿的精度要求；实验中采用了线阵CCD的像素binning功能，大幅度提高了数据的读出速率，实现了动态累加的快速采样，同时提高图像的信噪比；提出了利用单个线阵CCD进行一维运动方向鉴别的方法，简化了光学系统；介绍了基于模糊图像的二维速度方向鉴别方法，并进行了试验验证。
本文成功的实现了航空相机像移速度的高精度测量，从而实现了速高比的高精度测量，试验结果表明，文中提出的测量方法其精度完全满足航空相机像移补偿的精度要求。
The precision of image motion compensation is the key factor impacting the imagequality. High precision measurement of speed height ratio (SHR) is the foundation forhigh precision image motion compensation. SHR measurement is converted to imagemotion measurement in this paper, aerial camera image motion measurement is studiedwhich is based on spatial filtering velocity measurement (SFV). Filter characteristics ofspatial filtering effect, filter parameter selection, two dimension velocity measurement,SFV signal process and related techniques are further studied.
The validity of SFV for aerial camera is proposed comparing with optical velocitymeasurement. The principal and characteristics of SFV are introduced and spatialfiltering effect of image light intensity distribution is presented mathematically. Theeffects of transmittance function on characteristics of narrow band filter are discussed.The power spectrum presentations of typical transmittance function for different shapeof filter window are presented, and the characteristics of spectrum bandwidth andcentral frequency of the power spectrum are studied. The key parameters affectingidentity of spatial filter are analyzed by studying power spectrum function of spatialfilter. The applicability of various spatial filters, such as transmittance grating, prismgrating, optical-electoral diode array and liquid crystal component array, for imagemotion compensation is compared. The pedestal component elimination usingdifference demodulation is discussed. Direction discrimination of image motion andtwo dimension velocity measurements are proposed. SFV signal process and relatedsignal analysis techniques are further discussed. Typical signal analysis techniques,such as frequency spectrum analysis, frequency tracking and counting method, areintroduced.
A novel method for image motion measure is proposed using spatial filteringeffect of line CCD for aerial camera. The narrow band filtering property of spatial splitis simulated through interval sampling line CCD image. An optical noncontact measurement of aerial camera image motion velocity is realized, and the SHRmeasurement is accordingly achieved. This method can flexibly adjust frequencycharacteristic of spatial filter according to frequency distribution of targets on ground,so it is applicable to high precision measurement of SHR for aerial camera. Severaltypical image motion velocities ranging from5mm/s to53.2mm/s are experimentallymeasured. The experimental results indicate that the maximum image motion errorresulting from measurement error is2μm when CCD pixel pitch is8μm and time ofexposure is10ms. Pixel binning of line CCD is utilized in the experiment, whichrealizes dynamic fast sampling and enhances image SNR. Direction identificationmethod for two-dimension velocity based on blur image is introduced and experimentis carried out to validate the method.
通过对光学测速方法进行回顾，提出了利用空间滤波测速法对航空相机像移速度进行测量；介绍了空间滤波测速的原理和特性，并从数学角度对图像光强分布的空间滤波效应进行了介绍；讨论了透射函数对于窄带通滤波特性的影响，给出了不同形状的滤波器窗口对于典型透射函数的功率谱表达式，并对其功率谱中的频谱带宽及中心频率等特性进行了研究；通过研究空间滤波器的功率谱密度函数，对影响空间滤波特性的关键参数进行了分析；对比了透射光栅、棱镜光栅、光电二极管阵列以及液晶元件阵列等各类空间滤波器件进行像移速度测量的适用性；讨论了利用差分检波对基频成分的消除，提出了进行像移速度方向鉴别以及二维速度测量的方法；深入的讨论了处理SFV信号所涉及的信号分析技术，介绍了频谱分析，频率跟踪，计数方法以及相关技术等典型的信号分析技术。
提出了利用线阵CCD的空间滤波特性进行航空相机像移速度测量的新方法，利用线阵CCD的空间滤波特性，通过对线阵CCD推扫所产生的图像进行隔行采样，模拟了空间滤波器的窄带通频率特性，实现了对航空相机像移速度的光学非接触测量，从而实现了速高比的测量。此方法可根据地面目标的频率分布灵活调整空间滤波器的频率特性，能够适用于航空相机速高比的精确测量。实验对5mm/s~53.2mm/s范围内几个典型像移速度进行了测量，结果表明，CCD像元尺寸为8μm，相机曝光时间为10ms时，测量误差引起的像移量误差最大为2μm，能够满足航空相机像移补偿的精度要求；实验中采用了线阵CCD的像素binning功能，大幅度提高了数据的读出速率，实现了动态累加的快速采样，同时提高图像的信噪比；提出了利用单个线阵CCD进行一维运动方向鉴别的方法，简化了光学系统；介绍了基于模糊图像的二维速度方向鉴别方法，并进行了试验验证。
本文成功的实现了航空相机像移速度的高精度测量，从而实现了速高比的高精度测量，试验结果表明，文中提出的测量方法其精度完全满足航空相机像移补偿的精度要求。
The precision of image motion compensation is the key factor impacting the imagequality. High precision measurement of speed height ratio (SHR) is the foundation forhigh precision image motion compensation. SHR measurement is converted to imagemotion measurement in this paper, aerial camera image motion measurement is studiedwhich is based on spatial filtering velocity measurement (SFV). Filter characteristics ofspatial filtering effect, filter parameter selection, two dimension velocity measurement,SFV signal process and related techniques are further studied.
The validity of SFV for aerial camera is proposed comparing with optical velocitymeasurement. The principal and characteristics of SFV are introduced and spatialfiltering effect of image light intensity distribution is presented mathematically. Theeffects of transmittance function on characteristics of narrow band filter are discussed.The power spectrum presentations of typical transmittance function for different shapeof filter window are presented, and the characteristics of spectrum bandwidth andcentral frequency of the power spectrum are studied. The key parameters affectingidentity of spatial filter are analyzed by studying power spectrum function of spatialfilter. The applicability of various spatial filters, such as transmittance grating, prismgrating, optical-electoral diode array and liquid crystal component array, for imagemotion compensation is compared. The pedestal component elimination usingdifference demodulation is discussed. Direction discrimination of image motion andtwo dimension velocity measurements are proposed. SFV signal process and relatedsignal analysis techniques are further discussed. Typical signal analysis techniques,such as frequency spectrum analysis, frequency tracking and counting method, areintroduced.
A novel method for image motion measure is proposed using spatial filteringeffect of line CCD for aerial camera. The narrow band filtering property of spatial splitis simulated through interval sampling line CCD image. An optical noncontact measurement of aerial camera image motion velocity is realized, and the SHRmeasurement is accordingly achieved. This method can flexibly adjust frequencycharacteristic of spatial filter according to frequency distribution of targets on ground,so it is applicable to high precision measurement of SHR for aerial camera. Severaltypical image motion velocities ranging from5mm/s to53.2mm/s are experimentallymeasured. The experimental results indicate that the maximum image motion errorresulting from measurement error is2μm when CCD pixel pitch is8μm and time ofexposure is10ms. Pixel binning of line CCD is utilized in the experiment, whichrealizes dynamic fast sampling and enhances image SNR. Direction identificationmethod for two-dimension velocity based on blur image is introduced and experimentis carried out to validate the method.
引文
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