森林景观斑块耦合网络及动力学研究
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摘要
景观生态学研究大区域内由多个不同生态系统组成的景观空间结构及相互作用、协调能力和动态变化,是生态学的重要研究内容。森林景观格局的研究在景观生态学的研究中占据重要地位。随着计算机应用技术的迅猛发展,对森林景观格局规律的探索在研究手段和研究范围上都有很大拓展,特别自20世纪后期复杂网络技术的推出,其系统性、复杂性和动态性的研究思想被广泛运用于控制理论、社会合作、Internet等领域的研究。近年来,利用复杂网络技术对生物系统的复杂性和自组织性研究也开始起步。将复杂网络运用到森林景观领域,是森林景观研究从现实的物理模型到抽象的逻辑模型的升华,对大尺度、系统性研究森林景观格局,指导森林经营有着理论意义。
本文以西洞庭湖区为研究对象,以复杂网络理论为指导,综合运用图论、概率论、矩阵论、数理统计、数据库技术、运筹学、计算机仿真等学科领域知识,围绕“从复杂网络视角看森林景观格局及景观指数与网络拓扑指数关系”、“森林景观格局网络的抗毁能力”、“以边缘效应为耦合作用的森林景观斑块网络动态变迁预测”三个问题,对森林景观斑块耦合网络进行建模、分析、优化及仿真。论文主要研究工作及创新点如下：
(1)定义了景观斑块耦合网络模型,构建了景观斑块耦合网络。根据研究区域内森林景观分布格局,将森林景观斑块划分阔叶林(分幼、中、成)、松类(分幼、中、成)、杉木林(分幼、中、成)、竹林、灌木林、经济林等十二类景观；以道路、河流及非林地形成的封闭区域为对象,抽取出森林景观斑块耦合体；将森林景观按垂直维度划分为乔木、灌木和草本三个层次,计算出各层次不同景观类型相邻时的边缘效应；以景观斑块为节点,边缘效应为边权,构建了基于森林景观斑块间耦合作用的含权网络。
(2)研究了不同耦合条件下景观斑块耦合网络的拓扑指数。以基于邻接关系的森林景观格局网络为对象,从随机选取的澧县、黄石、龙潭、常德林场及河洑国有林场的耦合网络分析得知,森林景观格局网络的度分布服从幂率分布,是-种无标度网络,当度值较小时,节点的度与斑块的面积和形状指数呈现较强关系,各种类型景观斑块节点的平均度值与该斑块所在地域有关；当以斑块间乔木、灌木、草本边缘效应大小为权时,基于乔木网络节点总强度与网络节点总数呈极大相关,基于灌木边缘效应的网络节点总强度绝对值与网络节点总数相关,基于草本的网络节点总强度与网络节点总数无关；基于乔木和灌木边缘效应的耦合网络节点的度与斑块类型有关,而基于草本网络中,节点的度与斑块类型无关。当以乔木生产力为主要经营目标,生物多样性为次要经营目标时,乔木、灌木、草本边缘效应的权重分别为：0.731、0.188和0.081,该景观斑块耦合网络中节点的度与景观斑块类型有关且网络总点强度与网络规模相关。
(3)建立了景观斑块耦合网络的抗毁性模型,并结合森林景观的特点,对网络抗毁性进行优化和仿真。本文定义了针对森林景观斑块网络的攻击策略、约束条件和抗毁性指标,根据对景观斑块耦合网络鲁棒性和脆弱性的仿真分析得出,当网络中25%节点受到随机攻击时,仍能保持大部分节点的连通,但若关键节点(即度值最大的1-2个节点)受到攻击时,网络很快崩溃。通过改变关键斑块的面积及形状指数、去除孤岛斑块、增加网络密度等手段,可提高网络的抗攻击能力。在森林景观经营过程中,对森林的采伐强度不宜超过区域中景观斑块的25%,且应加强对周边邻接斑块多、面积较大、形状复杂的景观类型的保护。
(4)定义了森林景观斑块耦合网络的演化动力学模型,提出了森林景观经营的调控目标和调控策略。随着时间的变迁,森林景观斑块间边缘效应也将发生相应变化,从而导致景观斑块耦合网络节点总强度的变化。本文拟合了杉木林、松类及阔叶林的平均树高、平均胸径随林木年龄变化曲线,推演出斑块间边缘效应随林分年龄变化模型。仿真分析表明,成熟林比例较高、网络密度较大的森林景观网络,节点的总强度相对稳定。通过退耕还林、分解复杂程度高且面积大的景观斑块,可提高网络的总节点强度,增强网络的抗毁能力,使森林景观朝着有利于提高乔木生产力、增加生物多样性的方向发展。
Landscape spatial structure combined of several different ecolodical systems, interactions, coordination and dynamic change in the large region of the landscape ecology research are the important content in the research of ecology. The research of forest landscape pattern plays an important role in the study of landscape ecology. With the rapid development of the computer application technology, there is a significant development of exploring the forest landscape pattern rule both in the research means and research scope, especially since the late20th century of the introduction of the complex network technology, the systemic, complex and dynamic research ideas are widely used in research of control theory, social cooperation, Internet and other areas. In recent years, the use of complex network technolgy to the complexity of biological systems and self-organizing has started. Complex networks that are applied to the field of the forest landscape is a sublimation of the forest landscape study from the reality physical model to abstract logical model, it also has theoretical significance to the large-scale, systematic research on the forest landscape pattern and direct the Forest Landscape management.
Taking the west Dongting Lake area as a research object.using the theory of the complex networks as a guide, this paper comprehensive used of graph theory, probability theory, matrix theory, mathematical statistics, database technology, operations research, computer simulation, and other areas of knowledge, around "to see the relationships from a complex network perspective amang the forest landscape pattern, the landscape index and the network topology index","the invulnerability ability of the forest landscape pattern network","the forest landscape patches network dynamic change prediction of using edge effect as coupling effect "the three questions, to construct models, analyse, optimize, simulate the forest landscape plaque coupling network. This paper's main researches and innovations are as follows:
1.This paper defined the landscape patches coupled network model, and constructed landscape plaque coupling network.Based on the study of regional forest landscape distribution pattern, Forest landscape patch was classified into12landscapes: broad-leaved forest (young, mid-aged, mature), pine forest (young, mid-aged, mature), fir forest (young, mid-aged, mature), bamboo forest, shrub forest, economic forest and so on; based on the object of the closed area that formed by the roads, rivers, and non-forestry land, the forest landscape patch coupling body had been extracted; the forest landscape was divided by the vertical dimension into the three levels:arbors, shrubs and herbals, and this paper calculated the adjacent edge effects at all levels of the different landscape types; regarded landscape patches as node and regarded edge effects as the weight of edge to build a network based on the coupling between patches of forest landscape with the weight.
2.This paper have studied the topological index of landscape plaque coupling network under different coupling conditions. Based on the adjacency relationship of landscape patch coupling network, through analysing the coupling network of Lixian, Yellowstone, Longtan, Changde forest and the state-owned forest farms of Hefu which are selected randomly, the result showed that the distribution of forest landscapethe pattern network's degree follows a power law distribution, and it is a scale-free network. The node's degree, plaque's size and the index of shape showed a strong relationship when the value of network's degree is smaller. The average value of the landscape plaque node is depend on the region where the plaque is located;When making the value of edge effect of the arbors, shrubs and herbals in plaques as weight, the total intensity based on the notes of arbors network is greatly related to the total number of nodes of the network, the absolute value of total intensity based on the edge effect of shrubs is associated with the total number of nodes of the network, the total intensity based on the notes of herbals network is irrelevant to the total number of nodes of the network. The degree of coupling network notes based on the edge effect of arbors and shrubs is related to the type of plaque,the degree of notes is irrelevant to the type of plaque.When taking arbors' productivity as the main operating target and biodiversity as the secondary business objective, the edge effect's weight of arbors, shrubs and herbals are:0.731,0.188and0.081,the degree of landscape plaque coupling network's notes is related to the types of landscape plaque, and the total intensity of network's notes is related to the scale of network.
3. Built up survivability model of landscape patches coupled network, and combined with the characteristics of the forest landscape, optimizing and emulating network invulnerability. This document defines that contraposing the strategy for the the forest landscape plaque network attacking, constraint conditions and invulnerability indicators according to analyze landscape patch coupling network robustness and vulnerability simulation, when the network with25%nodes in subjected to random attack, can still maintain most of the nodes communicating. However, if when the critical nodes (i.e. degree of the largest value of1to2nodes) attacked, the network will quickly collapsed. It can improve anti-attack capability of the network by changing the size and shape of the key plaque index, removing the island plaques, increasing network density et. In the forest landscape management process, the forest harvesting intensity should not exceed25%of the area landscape patch, and should strengthen the protection of the landscape type which consists of lots of surrounding adjacent plaques,the larger size, complex shape.
4. Defined the evolution dynamics model of the forest landscape patches coupling network, put forward the control objectives and control strategy of forest landscape management. Along with the time change, the edge effect between patches of forest landscape will produce corresponding change, thus causing the landscape patches coupling network nodes total intensity changes.The article fits the curve of average height, average diameter of Chinese fir plantation, pine forests and broad-leaved forest along with forest age changes and deduces the model of plaque edge effect varies with stand age changes.The simulation results show that the higher proportion of mature forest and the denser network in the forest landscape, the more relatively stable the total strength of the network nodes. It can improve network node strength, enhance the survivability of the network and develop the forest landscape towards the direction which can help for improving tree productivity, increasing biodiversity through landscape patch of returning farmland to forest, high degree of decomposition of complexity and large area.
本文以西洞庭湖区为研究对象,以复杂网络理论为指导,综合运用图论、概率论、矩阵论、数理统计、数据库技术、运筹学、计算机仿真等学科领域知识,围绕“从复杂网络视角看森林景观格局及景观指数与网络拓扑指数关系”、“森林景观格局网络的抗毁能力”、“以边缘效应为耦合作用的森林景观斑块网络动态变迁预测”三个问题,对森林景观斑块耦合网络进行建模、分析、优化及仿真。论文主要研究工作及创新点如下：
(1)定义了景观斑块耦合网络模型,构建了景观斑块耦合网络。根据研究区域内森林景观分布格局,将森林景观斑块划分阔叶林(分幼、中、成)、松类(分幼、中、成)、杉木林(分幼、中、成)、竹林、灌木林、经济林等十二类景观；以道路、河流及非林地形成的封闭区域为对象,抽取出森林景观斑块耦合体；将森林景观按垂直维度划分为乔木、灌木和草本三个层次,计算出各层次不同景观类型相邻时的边缘效应；以景观斑块为节点,边缘效应为边权,构建了基于森林景观斑块间耦合作用的含权网络。
(2)研究了不同耦合条件下景观斑块耦合网络的拓扑指数。以基于邻接关系的森林景观格局网络为对象,从随机选取的澧县、黄石、龙潭、常德林场及河洑国有林场的耦合网络分析得知,森林景观格局网络的度分布服从幂率分布,是-种无标度网络,当度值较小时,节点的度与斑块的面积和形状指数呈现较强关系,各种类型景观斑块节点的平均度值与该斑块所在地域有关；当以斑块间乔木、灌木、草本边缘效应大小为权时,基于乔木网络节点总强度与网络节点总数呈极大相关,基于灌木边缘效应的网络节点总强度绝对值与网络节点总数相关,基于草本的网络节点总强度与网络节点总数无关；基于乔木和灌木边缘效应的耦合网络节点的度与斑块类型有关,而基于草本网络中,节点的度与斑块类型无关。当以乔木生产力为主要经营目标,生物多样性为次要经营目标时,乔木、灌木、草本边缘效应的权重分别为：0.731、0.188和0.081,该景观斑块耦合网络中节点的度与景观斑块类型有关且网络总点强度与网络规模相关。
(3)建立了景观斑块耦合网络的抗毁性模型,并结合森林景观的特点,对网络抗毁性进行优化和仿真。本文定义了针对森林景观斑块网络的攻击策略、约束条件和抗毁性指标,根据对景观斑块耦合网络鲁棒性和脆弱性的仿真分析得出,当网络中25%节点受到随机攻击时,仍能保持大部分节点的连通,但若关键节点(即度值最大的1-2个节点)受到攻击时,网络很快崩溃。通过改变关键斑块的面积及形状指数、去除孤岛斑块、增加网络密度等手段,可提高网络的抗攻击能力。在森林景观经营过程中,对森林的采伐强度不宜超过区域中景观斑块的25%,且应加强对周边邻接斑块多、面积较大、形状复杂的景观类型的保护。
(4)定义了森林景观斑块耦合网络的演化动力学模型,提出了森林景观经营的调控目标和调控策略。随着时间的变迁,森林景观斑块间边缘效应也将发生相应变化,从而导致景观斑块耦合网络节点总强度的变化。本文拟合了杉木林、松类及阔叶林的平均树高、平均胸径随林木年龄变化曲线,推演出斑块间边缘效应随林分年龄变化模型。仿真分析表明,成熟林比例较高、网络密度较大的森林景观网络,节点的总强度相对稳定。通过退耕还林、分解复杂程度高且面积大的景观斑块,可提高网络的总节点强度,增强网络的抗毁能力,使森林景观朝着有利于提高乔木生产力、增加生物多样性的方向发展。
Landscape spatial structure combined of several different ecolodical systems, interactions, coordination and dynamic change in the large region of the landscape ecology research are the important content in the research of ecology. The research of forest landscape pattern plays an important role in the study of landscape ecology. With the rapid development of the computer application technology, there is a significant development of exploring the forest landscape pattern rule both in the research means and research scope, especially since the late20th century of the introduction of the complex network technology, the systemic, complex and dynamic research ideas are widely used in research of control theory, social cooperation, Internet and other areas. In recent years, the use of complex network technolgy to the complexity of biological systems and self-organizing has started. Complex networks that are applied to the field of the forest landscape is a sublimation of the forest landscape study from the reality physical model to abstract logical model, it also has theoretical significance to the large-scale, systematic research on the forest landscape pattern and direct the Forest Landscape management.
Taking the west Dongting Lake area as a research object.using the theory of the complex networks as a guide, this paper comprehensive used of graph theory, probability theory, matrix theory, mathematical statistics, database technology, operations research, computer simulation, and other areas of knowledge, around "to see the relationships from a complex network perspective amang the forest landscape pattern, the landscape index and the network topology index","the invulnerability ability of the forest landscape pattern network","the forest landscape patches network dynamic change prediction of using edge effect as coupling effect "the three questions, to construct models, analyse, optimize, simulate the forest landscape plaque coupling network. This paper's main researches and innovations are as follows:
1.This paper defined the landscape patches coupled network model, and constructed landscape plaque coupling network.Based on the study of regional forest landscape distribution pattern, Forest landscape patch was classified into12landscapes: broad-leaved forest (young, mid-aged, mature), pine forest (young, mid-aged, mature), fir forest (young, mid-aged, mature), bamboo forest, shrub forest, economic forest and so on; based on the object of the closed area that formed by the roads, rivers, and non-forestry land, the forest landscape patch coupling body had been extracted; the forest landscape was divided by the vertical dimension into the three levels:arbors, shrubs and herbals, and this paper calculated the adjacent edge effects at all levels of the different landscape types; regarded landscape patches as node and regarded edge effects as the weight of edge to build a network based on the coupling between patches of forest landscape with the weight.
2.This paper have studied the topological index of landscape plaque coupling network under different coupling conditions. Based on the adjacency relationship of landscape patch coupling network, through analysing the coupling network of Lixian, Yellowstone, Longtan, Changde forest and the state-owned forest farms of Hefu which are selected randomly, the result showed that the distribution of forest landscapethe pattern network's degree follows a power law distribution, and it is a scale-free network. The node's degree, plaque's size and the index of shape showed a strong relationship when the value of network's degree is smaller. The average value of the landscape plaque node is depend on the region where the plaque is located;When making the value of edge effect of the arbors, shrubs and herbals in plaques as weight, the total intensity based on the notes of arbors network is greatly related to the total number of nodes of the network, the absolute value of total intensity based on the edge effect of shrubs is associated with the total number of nodes of the network, the total intensity based on the notes of herbals network is irrelevant to the total number of nodes of the network. The degree of coupling network notes based on the edge effect of arbors and shrubs is related to the type of plaque,the degree of notes is irrelevant to the type of plaque.When taking arbors' productivity as the main operating target and biodiversity as the secondary business objective, the edge effect's weight of arbors, shrubs and herbals are:0.731,0.188and0.081,the degree of landscape plaque coupling network's notes is related to the types of landscape plaque, and the total intensity of network's notes is related to the scale of network.
3. Built up survivability model of landscape patches coupled network, and combined with the characteristics of the forest landscape, optimizing and emulating network invulnerability. This document defines that contraposing the strategy for the the forest landscape plaque network attacking, constraint conditions and invulnerability indicators according to analyze landscape patch coupling network robustness and vulnerability simulation, when the network with25%nodes in subjected to random attack, can still maintain most of the nodes communicating. However, if when the critical nodes (i.e. degree of the largest value of1to2nodes) attacked, the network will quickly collapsed. It can improve anti-attack capability of the network by changing the size and shape of the key plaque index, removing the island plaques, increasing network density et. In the forest landscape management process, the forest harvesting intensity should not exceed25%of the area landscape patch, and should strengthen the protection of the landscape type which consists of lots of surrounding adjacent plaques,the larger size, complex shape.
4. Defined the evolution dynamics model of the forest landscape patches coupling network, put forward the control objectives and control strategy of forest landscape management. Along with the time change, the edge effect between patches of forest landscape will produce corresponding change, thus causing the landscape patches coupling network nodes total intensity changes.The article fits the curve of average height, average diameter of Chinese fir plantation, pine forests and broad-leaved forest along with forest age changes and deduces the model of plaque edge effect varies with stand age changes.The simulation results show that the higher proportion of mature forest and the denser network in the forest landscape, the more relatively stable the total strength of the network nodes. It can improve network node strength, enhance the survivability of the network and develop the forest landscape towards the direction which can help for improving tree productivity, increasing biodiversity through landscape patch of returning farmland to forest, high degree of decomposition of complexity and large area.
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