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上市公司股权结构对内部控制有效性的影响研究
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摘要
源自于对上市公司内部控制失效的关注,始于对国内外内部控制建设面临问题的思考,本文以两权分离理论、现代产权理论和公司治理理论为基础,发现股权结构与内部控制的关系为:股权结构是内部控制制度安排的基础,内部控制制度是股东权益维护的工具;深入分析股权结构对内部控制有效性的影响机理,进一步发现股权结构从股东对经营者、经营者对管理者和管理者对员工三个层面决定着控制的有效性。然后本文运用规范与实证相结合的研究方法,尝试对股权结构对内部控制有效性的影响进行刨根问底式的深层探究。
     本文沿着结构—行为—有效性的逻辑思路,首先对不同股权结结构下内部控制主体行为进行分析。立足于中国资本市场的特殊制度背景,依托动机理论,从内部控制行为主体的权利失衡问题入手,分析了不同股权结构下董事会与总经理的动机选择。而且构建包含内部控制系统的董事会与总经理的长期博弈模型,依莫里斯—霍姆斯特姆条件,发现董事会与总经理的帕累托最优风险分担和帕累托最优努力水平很难实现,但董事会可以设计有效的内部控制系统,满足激励契约,来达到双方期望的最大效用。
     接着,通过对国内外内部控制的发展演变过程进行归纳分析,提炼整理出内部控制的本质功能是风险控制,内部控制与公司管理的制度性关联相结合,产生了其衍生功能,即战略导向,从而构成现阶段内部控制的功能体系。借鉴目标功能系统模型的思想,本文提出双维视角的内部控制有效性评价体系:风险控制+战略导向。并以此对中国上市公司的内部控制有效性进行整体评价,结果显示普遍偏低。然后,采用比较分析法,对不同绩效公司的内部控制有效性情况进行差异检验,发现高绩效公司的内部控制有效性未必高。至此,文章进入股权结构对内部控制有效性影响的实证分析阶段,通过相关分析和回归分析,发现股权集中度对内部控制有效性影响很大,除了创新导向外,与各功能均有条件的显著性相关,但作用不尽相同。第一大股东性质对内部控制有效性的影响主要表现在与合规性风险控制显著负相关,即国有控股公司有较低的合规性风险控制。由于管理人员持股比例很低(平均1.097E-3),造成管理人员持股的激励效应受到限制,与内部控制有效性的关系不显著的结论。
     最后,针对存在的问题,提出规范内部控制主体行为,提升内部控制有效性的总思路是“行为约束”和“意识诱导”相结合的内部控制模式,即在内部控制制度层面,通过优化股权结构、完善内部控制制度建设的“行为约束”方式减少或抑制内部控制缺陷的发生,在发生内部控制缺陷时,有动机发现、披露及补救内部控制缺陷;同时在内部控制执行层面,通过制定有效的高管激励计划、增强内部控制主体执行内部控制制度动机的“意识诱导”方式激发内部控制目标的有效实现。
The paper stems from the concern about listed companies’ internal control failures,and begins thinking about global internal control problems. Based on Separation ofOwnership and Control, Theory of Mordern Property Ownership and CorporateGovernance Theory, the paper finds out the relation between ownership structure andinternal control. Ownership structure is the foundation of internal control institution, andinternal control institution is the tool to protect stockholders equity. The paper analysisesthe influence of ownership structure on internal control effectiveness, and finds thatownership structure affects effectiveness of control from owners to operators, operators tomanagers and managers to employees.Then the paper combines normative with empiricalanalyses, and deeply analyzes how listed companies’ ownership structure influences oninternal control effectiveness.
     The paper firstly analyzes the behavior of internal control subjects in differentownership structures along Stucture—Conduct—Effectiveness ideas. Based on the specialinstitutional background of China's capital market, relying on motivation theory, startingfrom the rights imbalance of the internal control subjects, the paper analyses the selectionfrom motivation of board of directors and manager in different ownership structures. Thenthe paper builds the long-term games model of Board of Directors and manager includinginternal control system, with Mirrlees-Holmstrom condition, and finds that their Paretooptimal risk-sharing and Pareto optimal level of effort are difficult to achieve, but effectiveinternal control system can be designed to meet the incentive contracts, to achieve bothmaximum expected utility.
     From the development and evolution of internal control at home and abroad, theessential function of internal control is risk control, and the derivative function is strategicorientation with association of internal control system and enterprise management, so theyconstitute the function system of internal control at this stage. Then drawing on the idea ofthe target function model, the paper proposed a two-dimensional perspective evaluationsystem of internal control effectiveness: risk control+strategic orientation. Then, the paperselects Chinese A-share listed companies as a sample, and evaluates internal controleffectiveness of Chinese listed companies with two-dimensional perspective evaluationsystem. Results show that the overall condition is low. But companies with differentperformances are compared in difference test, we find that internal control effectiveness is not high in companies with high performance. At this point, the paper analyzes empiricallyhow ownership structure impacts on internal control effectiveness. With correlationanalysis and regression analysis, the paper find that ownership concentration influencesinternal control effectiveness greatly, in addition to innovation orientation, and otherfunctions are significant correlation, but their effects are not the same. The nature of thelargest shareholder is significantly negatively correlated with compliance risk control, thatis, compliance risk control is lower in the state-owned holding company. Due to the verylow percentage of management ownership (mean of1.097E-3), the incentive effects ofmanagement ownership is restricted, thus the conclusion is that the correlation ofpercentage of management ownership and internal control effectiveness is not significant.
     Finally, for the problems, the paper proposes to combine ‘behavior constraints’ with‘consciousness induction’. The internal control mode can regulate behavior of internalcontrol subjects to enhance internal control effectiveness. Specifically, at one aspect ofinternal control institution, behavior of subjects are constrained by optimizing theownership structure and improving its internal control system, thus these ways can reduceor suppress occurrence of internal control deficiencies, and motivate internal controlsubjects to find, disclose and remedy internal control deficiencies. At another aspect ofinternal control implementation, through formulating effective executive incentive plansand enhancing motivation that internal control subjects implement internal controlinstitutions, thus the consciousness is induced to achieve the internal control objectiveseffectively.
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