上部结构与地基基础共同作用的地基基础设计方法体系及实用软件研究
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摘要
第一部分共同作用的地基基础设计理论研究
1．在地基基础设计中，过分的钢筋配筋率造成资金和资源的巨大浪费。大量现场测试结果显示：基础底板钢筋应力的实测值要远远小于钢筋强度设计值，本论文对各种可能影响因素进行详细分析后得出结论：现行设计计算方法的不合理是造成基础底板钢筋应力实测值小于设计值的根本原因，能否考虑上部结构参加工作是最主要的影响因素。
当高层建筑的高度接近或超过基础的长和宽尺寸时，其整体工作性状更接近于深梁。计算分析结果表明：每个楼层的结构梁和板的应力是由“整体弯曲”和“局部弯曲”共同作用产生。据此，提出利用简支深梁计算基础底板钢筋应力和减少实配钢筋面积的简化方法，并与一些工程实例进行对比。
2．本论文通过5个工程实测结果和两个算例，定量地分析了结构形式为框剪、框架、剪力墙和筒体的上部刚度对基础变形、地基反力及底板钢筋应力的影响范围，进一步论证上部结构刚度的增长有一个临界高度(层数)，上部刚度-层数关系曲线能客观地反映上部结构刚度由增加到趋于极限的过程。
简支深梁差异变形、底部最大水平应力及差异水平应力随梁高变化曲线上存在三个转折点。利用高层建筑与深梁工作性状的一致性，可以将H=0.3L、0.5L、0.7L(H为基础底板以上结构高度，L为基础长度)作为判别剪力墙、框剪、框架结构刚度影响范围的界限高度；对于筒体及其它形式的超高层结构，还需进一步研究，目前，可将基础长度小于60m的筒体结构刚度影响界限高度初定为H=1.5～2.0L，基础长度大于60m的筒体结构刚度影响界限高度初定为H=1.0～1.5L，最多不超过100m。
确定上部结构刚度的影响范围，既能丰富对共同作用机理的认识，又能减少整体计算的工作量。
3．利用工程地质勘察报告提供的有限地质数据，合理地构造三维地质模型，可为上部结构与地基基础整体计算创造基本条件。本论文通过水平方向和深度方向的连续化处理，将整个场区的土体分割成连续的三棱柱体，可以通过线性差值，自动获得半无限空间内任意位置的土体物理力学指标，并能够自动构造出标准钻孔。
第二部分共同作用的地基基础设计方法体系研究
1．本部分系统地论述上部结构与地基基础共同作用整体设计的有限元方法，并作重要补充，提出解决“现行规范中基础内力和变形计算采用的荷载组合不统一”问题的具体方法，可以协调一致地整体计算基础变形与内力。
2．提出上部结构与地基基础共同作用的简化计算方法，计算整体弯曲可采用“简化深梁法”，计算局部弯曲可采用“改进倒梁法”。还对常规的基础构件设计方法进行说明，提出一个自动判别钢筋混凝土内筒区域的方法，可帮助计算机自动完成内筒筒体对基础底板的冲切和剪切承载力计算。
3．将基础施工图设计研究的重点放在提高计算机辅助设计的智能化和效率上，以减轻设计人员的工作强度。本论文在基础梁选筋归并、配筋平面图表示方法和基础梁模板自动布图三个方面提出独特思路。
第三部分共同作用的地基基础辅助设计软件研究
1．比较系统地说明建立计算模型时应考虑的内容和需要设置的软件功能。分析目前国内应用较多的相关软件特点及数据接口内容，为技术人员合理地选择提供参考。
2．为提高上部结构与地基基础共同作用整体分析的效率，提出一个快速迭代方法，可以消除地基刚度矩阵满阵和不对称给计算带来的不便。对影响计算结果的计算参数也进行说明。
3．对后处理中的计算结果可视化和参数化绘图等问题进行研究。
总之，本论文的研究工作为上部结构与地基基础共同作用理论进行地基基础设计，提供比较全面、实用的方法体系和相应的软件，期望早日用之实践。
It has been recognized that the theory of superstructure-foundation-soil interaction is a well-known major branch of geotechnical engineering. However, the geotechnical engineer can get still no any more benefit using this theory in design and practice. On the contrary, some risks may be suffered due to the incomplete design theory and method
It is the first time in China that the design method of
superstructure-foundation-soil interaction is taken as a system to study. This dissertation, based on the author's experiences in foundation design, software development and applications for many years, attempts to enrich the design theory considering interaction between superstructure and foundation supplement the present design methods and develop the corresponding compute aid design programme for providing the effective guidance and service to designers.
This dissertation includes three parts as follows:
Part 1
Study on Theory of Foundation Design Considering Superstructure-Foundation-Soil Interaction
1. An excess use of steel in foundation design causes a huge waste of funds and resources. Many field experimental results have been shown that the measured value of stresses of steel bar in foundation slab is much less than the design value. The conclusion has been obtained by the detailed analysis on various possible influencing factors that the basic reason is the unreasonable design and calculated methods in which the main influencing factor lies on if considering the interaction or not.
While the height of a high-rise building is close to or over the length and
width of foundation, the whole performance will approach to that in deep beam. The calculated and analyzed results have shown that the stress of frame beam and slab in each floor is generated by interaction of whole and local buckling. From this reason, a method called simply deep beam is presented to calculate the stress of steel bar in foundation slab and this method can reduce the actual area of steel. For checking its feasibility the comparison between calculated and measured results has been made in some engineering cases.
2. Based on the quantitative analysis for 5 engineering cases with field experiment data and 2 calculation examples, the influence range of superstructure stiffness on foundation deformation, foundation pressure and the stress of steel bar in foundation slab can be obtained when the building is constructed by frame-shear, frame, shear wall or tube structure. It is confirmed that there is a critical height (number of floors) for the increase of superstructure stiffness. The relationship between superstructure stiffness and number of floors can objectively reflects the process of superstructure stiffness
Differential deformation, maximum horizontal stress at bottom and differential horizontal stress in the simply supported deep beam obviously change with number of floors. There are three turning points along the deformation-number of floors curve. For practical convenience to reflect the consistency of the working performance between high-rise building and deep beam, H=0.3L、0.5L、0.7L (H is the structural height above foundation slab and L is the foundation length) can be taken as the critical height for influence range of stiffness of shear wall, frame and frame structure. Future study on tube structure and other form of high-rise structure is needed. Currently, the height within influence range of tube structure with the foundational length less than 60 m would be preliminarily fixed as H=1.5～2.0L, while H=1.0～1.5L for those with the foundational length more than 60 m in order to study.
To determine the influence range of superstructure stiffness can not only provide a better understanding on the mechanism of interaction, but also reduce the overall calculating workload.
3. Based on the limited geological data provided by an engineering geological survey report, a 3D geological model can be constructed to create the basic condition for the overall calculation of superstructure-foundation-soil interaction. In this paper, using the continuous processing method along the horizontal and vertical direction, the solid body of the whole site can be divided into continuous triangular prisms. Thus, the linear increment can be used to obtain the physical and mechanical indices of solid body at any position within semi-infinite space automatically and also construct a standard drilling hole automatically.
Part 2 Study on Method System of Foundation Design Considering Superstructure-Foundation-Soil Interaction
1.This paper systematically states the finite element overall design method considering superstructure-foundation-soB interaction, complements some important contents and proposes a concrete method to deal with the inconsistency of load combination between interior force and deformation of foundation in present design code. Thus, using this method presented in this paper the interior force and deformation in foundation corresponding to match design code can be calculated.
2.This paper proposes a simple method for considering superstructure-foundation-soil interaction in which the simplified deep beam method is used to calculate the whole buckling and the improved inverted beam method to calculate the local buckling. Furthermore, the general design methods for foundation components is also illustrated. It should be noted that the other proposal can automatically identify the inner tube area of reinforced concrete and help computer automatically calculate the punching and sheering bearing capacity of foundation slab to the inner tube.
3.The focus of primary study on design of foundation construction drawing design is how to improve the intelligence and efficiency of computer aided design in order to reduce the designers' labor.
This section has an unique perspective at three aspects of 1. integrating and selecting steel of foundation beam, 2.method of reinforcement of whole foundation plane and 3.automatic layout on pattern of foundation beam for construction drawing.
Part 3 Study on Aided Design Software of Foundation Considering Superstructure-Foundation-Soil Interaction
1. This part systematically illustrates the contents and functions required to set up the calculation model and analyze the features and data interface of the present domestic corresponding softwares, which is for engineers' reference.
2. A high-speed iterative method is presented to increase the efficiency of overall analysis on superstructure-foundation-soil interaction, which can eliminate the inconvenience caused by full rank of foundation stiffness matrix and asymmetry. Besides, some illustrations are given for the parameters influencing the calculating results.
3. The visualization of calculating results and parameterized drawing and so on in post treatment are also studied.
In one word, this dissertation provides the theory of foundation design, method system of foundation design and aided design software of foundation considering superstructure-foundation-soil interaction in order to be used in engineering practice in the near future.
1．在地基基础设计中，过分的钢筋配筋率造成资金和资源的巨大浪费。大量现场测试结果显示：基础底板钢筋应力的实测值要远远小于钢筋强度设计值，本论文对各种可能影响因素进行详细分析后得出结论：现行设计计算方法的不合理是造成基础底板钢筋应力实测值小于设计值的根本原因，能否考虑上部结构参加工作是最主要的影响因素。
当高层建筑的高度接近或超过基础的长和宽尺寸时，其整体工作性状更接近于深梁。计算分析结果表明：每个楼层的结构梁和板的应力是由“整体弯曲”和“局部弯曲”共同作用产生。据此，提出利用简支深梁计算基础底板钢筋应力和减少实配钢筋面积的简化方法，并与一些工程实例进行对比。
2．本论文通过5个工程实测结果和两个算例，定量地分析了结构形式为框剪、框架、剪力墙和筒体的上部刚度对基础变形、地基反力及底板钢筋应力的影响范围，进一步论证上部结构刚度的增长有一个临界高度(层数)，上部刚度-层数关系曲线能客观地反映上部结构刚度由增加到趋于极限的过程。
简支深梁差异变形、底部最大水平应力及差异水平应力随梁高变化曲线上存在三个转折点。利用高层建筑与深梁工作性状的一致性，可以将H=0.3L、0.5L、0.7L(H为基础底板以上结构高度，L为基础长度)作为判别剪力墙、框剪、框架结构刚度影响范围的界限高度；对于筒体及其它形式的超高层结构，还需进一步研究，目前，可将基础长度小于60m的筒体结构刚度影响界限高度初定为H=1.5～2.0L，基础长度大于60m的筒体结构刚度影响界限高度初定为H=1.0～1.5L，最多不超过100m。
确定上部结构刚度的影响范围，既能丰富对共同作用机理的认识，又能减少整体计算的工作量。
3．利用工程地质勘察报告提供的有限地质数据，合理地构造三维地质模型，可为上部结构与地基基础整体计算创造基本条件。本论文通过水平方向和深度方向的连续化处理，将整个场区的土体分割成连续的三棱柱体，可以通过线性差值，自动获得半无限空间内任意位置的土体物理力学指标，并能够自动构造出标准钻孔。
第二部分共同作用的地基基础设计方法体系研究
1．本部分系统地论述上部结构与地基基础共同作用整体设计的有限元方法，并作重要补充，提出解决“现行规范中基础内力和变形计算采用的荷载组合不统一”问题的具体方法，可以协调一致地整体计算基础变形与内力。
2．提出上部结构与地基基础共同作用的简化计算方法，计算整体弯曲可采用“简化深梁法”，计算局部弯曲可采用“改进倒梁法”。还对常规的基础构件设计方法进行说明，提出一个自动判别钢筋混凝土内筒区域的方法，可帮助计算机自动完成内筒筒体对基础底板的冲切和剪切承载力计算。
3．将基础施工图设计研究的重点放在提高计算机辅助设计的智能化和效率上，以减轻设计人员的工作强度。本论文在基础梁选筋归并、配筋平面图表示方法和基础梁模板自动布图三个方面提出独特思路。
第三部分共同作用的地基基础辅助设计软件研究
1．比较系统地说明建立计算模型时应考虑的内容和需要设置的软件功能。分析目前国内应用较多的相关软件特点及数据接口内容，为技术人员合理地选择提供参考。
2．为提高上部结构与地基基础共同作用整体分析的效率，提出一个快速迭代方法，可以消除地基刚度矩阵满阵和不对称给计算带来的不便。对影响计算结果的计算参数也进行说明。
3．对后处理中的计算结果可视化和参数化绘图等问题进行研究。
总之，本论文的研究工作为上部结构与地基基础共同作用理论进行地基基础设计，提供比较全面、实用的方法体系和相应的软件，期望早日用之实践。
It has been recognized that the theory of superstructure-foundation-soil interaction is a well-known major branch of geotechnical engineering. However, the geotechnical engineer can get still no any more benefit using this theory in design and practice. On the contrary, some risks may be suffered due to the incomplete design theory and method
It is the first time in China that the design method of
superstructure-foundation-soil interaction is taken as a system to study. This dissertation, based on the author's experiences in foundation design, software development and applications for many years, attempts to enrich the design theory considering interaction between superstructure and foundation supplement the present design methods and develop the corresponding compute aid design programme for providing the effective guidance and service to designers.
This dissertation includes three parts as follows:
Part 1
Study on Theory of Foundation Design Considering Superstructure-Foundation-Soil Interaction
1. An excess use of steel in foundation design causes a huge waste of funds and resources. Many field experimental results have been shown that the measured value of stresses of steel bar in foundation slab is much less than the design value. The conclusion has been obtained by the detailed analysis on various possible influencing factors that the basic reason is the unreasonable design and calculated methods in which the main influencing factor lies on if considering the interaction or not.
While the height of a high-rise building is close to or over the length and
width of foundation, the whole performance will approach to that in deep beam. The calculated and analyzed results have shown that the stress of frame beam and slab in each floor is generated by interaction of whole and local buckling. From this reason, a method called simply deep beam is presented to calculate the stress of steel bar in foundation slab and this method can reduce the actual area of steel. For checking its feasibility the comparison between calculated and measured results has been made in some engineering cases.
2. Based on the quantitative analysis for 5 engineering cases with field experiment data and 2 calculation examples, the influence range of superstructure stiffness on foundation deformation, foundation pressure and the stress of steel bar in foundation slab can be obtained when the building is constructed by frame-shear, frame, shear wall or tube structure. It is confirmed that there is a critical height (number of floors) for the increase of superstructure stiffness. The relationship between superstructure stiffness and number of floors can objectively reflects the process of superstructure stiffness
Differential deformation, maximum horizontal stress at bottom and differential horizontal stress in the simply supported deep beam obviously change with number of floors. There are three turning points along the deformation-number of floors curve. For practical convenience to reflect the consistency of the working performance between high-rise building and deep beam, H=0.3L、0.5L、0.7L (H is the structural height above foundation slab and L is the foundation length) can be taken as the critical height for influence range of stiffness of shear wall, frame and frame structure. Future study on tube structure and other form of high-rise structure is needed. Currently, the height within influence range of tube structure with the foundational length less than 60 m would be preliminarily fixed as H=1.5～2.0L, while H=1.0～1.5L for those with the foundational length more than 60 m in order to study.
To determine the influence range of superstructure stiffness can not only provide a better understanding on the mechanism of interaction, but also reduce the overall calculating workload.
3. Based on the limited geological data provided by an engineering geological survey report, a 3D geological model can be constructed to create the basic condition for the overall calculation of superstructure-foundation-soil interaction. In this paper, using the continuous processing method along the horizontal and vertical direction, the solid body of the whole site can be divided into continuous triangular prisms. Thus, the linear increment can be used to obtain the physical and mechanical indices of solid body at any position within semi-infinite space automatically and also construct a standard drilling hole automatically.
Part 2 Study on Method System of Foundation Design Considering Superstructure-Foundation-Soil Interaction
1.This paper systematically states the finite element overall design method considering superstructure-foundation-soB interaction, complements some important contents and proposes a concrete method to deal with the inconsistency of load combination between interior force and deformation of foundation in present design code. Thus, using this method presented in this paper the interior force and deformation in foundation corresponding to match design code can be calculated.
2.This paper proposes a simple method for considering superstructure-foundation-soil interaction in which the simplified deep beam method is used to calculate the whole buckling and the improved inverted beam method to calculate the local buckling. Furthermore, the general design methods for foundation components is also illustrated. It should be noted that the other proposal can automatically identify the inner tube area of reinforced concrete and help computer automatically calculate the punching and sheering bearing capacity of foundation slab to the inner tube.
3.The focus of primary study on design of foundation construction drawing design is how to improve the intelligence and efficiency of computer aided design in order to reduce the designers' labor.
This section has an unique perspective at three aspects of 1. integrating and selecting steel of foundation beam, 2.method of reinforcement of whole foundation plane and 3.automatic layout on pattern of foundation beam for construction drawing.
Part 3 Study on Aided Design Software of Foundation Considering Superstructure-Foundation-Soil Interaction
1. This part systematically illustrates the contents and functions required to set up the calculation model and analyze the features and data interface of the present domestic corresponding softwares, which is for engineers' reference.
2. A high-speed iterative method is presented to increase the efficiency of overall analysis on superstructure-foundation-soil interaction, which can eliminate the inconvenience caused by full rank of foundation stiffness matrix and asymmetry. Besides, some illustrations are given for the parameters influencing the calculating results.
3. The visualization of calculating results and parameterized drawing and so on in post treatment are also studied.
In one word, this dissertation provides the theory of foundation design, method system of foundation design and aided design software of foundation considering superstructure-foundation-soil interaction in order to be used in engineering practice in the near future.
引文
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[51] 北京高层建筑箱形基础研究小组，北京前三门604#工程箱形基础试验研究报告，1978
[52] 北京高层建筑箱基试验研究小组，北京中医医院病房楼工程箱形基础测试研究报告，1978
[53] 陈卫，地基基础工程大型应用软件全面突破的一个标志—理正基础CAD系统构成，《第九届全国建筑工程计算机应用学术会议论文集》，哈尔滨建筑大学，1998
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