舰船水下爆炸数值仿真及抗爆结构研究
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摘要
现代战争中,对舰攻击武器的射程、精度和打击威力都有了极大提高,舰船面临的威胁日益严重。提高舰船生命力一直是舰船结构动力学的重要研究课题之一。为了增强舰船抗打击能力,至少需要完成三项复杂的工作:首先需要对作用于舰体的爆炸载荷进行研究,分析爆炸压力场的传播和分布特性;其次是深入研究和理解舰船结构在爆炸载荷作用下的响应破坏机理;最后是探讨提高舰船结构抗爆能力的有效途径,提出切实可行的抗爆措施。
舰船爆炸问题按爆炸源划分,可以分为空中爆炸和水下爆炸两类;按与船体的相对位置关系可以分为接触爆炸和非接触爆炸。爆炸是炸药在极短的时间内,化学能量的剧烈释放过程,舰船在爆炸载荷作用下的响应具有高度非线性特征,并涉及到材料的失效破坏。同时流固耦合问题在舰船爆炸计算中不容忽视。因此试图通过建立精确的数学模型而使得舰船爆炸问题得到完全解析是不可能的。目前可行的方法是实验研究和数值仿真研究。特别是近十年来,数值仿真技术得到了飞速发展,舰船爆炸问题的数值仿真已经能够实现。另一方面,由于舰船爆炸实验费用巨大,不便于进行系列实验研究,从而分析总结规律,而且爆炸实验的实施也存在相当的难度,因此数值仿真研究已经发展成为舰船爆炸的主要研究手段之一。
本文通过对显式非线性有限元技术的消化吸收,对舰船水下非接触爆炸进行了数值仿真研究。归纳了相关的数值仿真计算理论,总结了数值仿真中的关键技术。对炸药爆轰理论以及数值计算方法进行了阐述,研究了水下爆炸冲击波流场的传播及其分布特征,分析了爆炸流场与水中结构物的相互耦合作用,并在此基础上,对水下非接触爆炸冲击波载荷作用下舰船结构的响应和损伤机理进行了研究,提出了新型抗爆炸吸能结构形式,对其抗爆吸能特性进行了评估。
本文主要研究工作及结论如下:
1.对数值仿真计算的相关理论进行了归纳总结,在舰船水下爆炸数值仿真计算中,结构宜采用Lagrange单元描述,爆炸流场宜采用多材料Euler单元描述,两者之间采用流固耦合算法加以连接。在众多耦合算法中,ALE耦合面上结构与流场的节点相互重合,不必要进行耦合面重建分析,计算效率最高。数值仿真计算中必须考虑舰船结构单元的失效问题,单元失效应变与单元几何尺寸有关,需要根据材料拉伸数值仿真校准计算对不同尺寸单元的失效应变进行修正。
2.炸药爆轰CJ假设结合炸药JWL状态方程,能够精确的计算炸药爆轰后的产物状态,数值计算中采用“Programmed burn”技术控制炸药单元的能量释放过程,模拟得到的炸药爆轰过程和爆轰CJ压力与实验值吻合较好,验证了本文炸药爆炸仿真计算的正确性。
3.对水下爆炸冲击传播和衰减规律、冲击波比冲量,气泡脉动压力进行了详细论述,研究了舰船板格在水下爆炸载荷作用下的动态响应,对水下爆炸的载荷效应进行了评估。冲击波载荷具有峰值压力大,作用时间短的特点,是造成舰船局部结构变形和破裂的主要因素;气泡脉动压力对舰船局部结构的作用效果与流体静压相似,但是由于气泡脉动蕴含能量巨大,载荷频率接近舰船结构固有频率,容易引起舰船整体鞭状运动。
4.基于流固耦合原理,需要将流场和结构作为一个总的动力学系统加以研究,在考虑流场反射和绕射的基础上,分析发现:冲击波载荷作用下,结构物表面的压力取决于入射波压力和结构变形产生的稀疏波,具体公式见(6.18)式;气泡脉动压力作用下,结构物表面的压力取决于入射波压力和结构附连水质量,具体公式见(6.19)式。
5.应用非线性有限元动态分析技术,对水下非接触爆炸载荷作用下,舰船结构动态响应进行了数值仿真研究。计算中考虑炸药与船体的相对位置影响,分别计算了船底迎爆,舭部迎爆、舷侧迎爆三种情况,主要从结构的变形与破坏模式、组成构件的塑性变形能、内部冲击环境等方面对舰船动态响应进行了分析,给出了水下爆炸载荷在船体内的传递途径。研究发现水下爆炸载荷作用下,舰船舷侧结构相对较弱,损伤最大,结构破坏模式主要表现为船体外壳板格撕裂和内部支撑骨架的扭曲压溃变形。船体外壳连同纵骨直接受到爆炸冲击波载荷作用、横向骨架、舱壁对船体板架起到了很好的支撑作用,在冲击波载荷作用下上述三者是主要吸能构件。
6.板格是舰船基本结构组成单元,在全船水下爆炸分析的基础上,研究了水下爆炸冲击波载荷作用下,舰船板格的破坏模式、中心最大变形、加速度响应幅值和动态应力应变状态。计算发现:在不考虑自身材料缺陷情况下板格主要表现为边缘撕裂破坏;中心最大变形主要取决于冲击波峰值与衰减时间常数的乘积;加速度响应幅值与冲击波峰值呈线性关系。
7.从抗爆吸能角度来看,圆管具有变形行程长、结构反力和减速度稳定、宜于制造的优点,本文对侧向受缩圆管进行了专题研究,从变形过程、结构反力、塑性变形能三个方面分析了单管的能量吸收特性,并对齐排圆管与嵌套圆管的承载和吸能特性影响做了对比分析。单根侧向受压圆管的极限载荷与管壁厚度t的平方成正比,与半径R成反比。其他条件不变的情况下,为了提高单位质量圆管的极限载荷与吸能量,增加管壁厚度t是经济而有效的手段。
8.在圆管抗爆吸能特性研究的基础上,本文提出了一种以圆管作为能量吸收单元的新型三明治抗爆炸板架结构形式。采用数值仿真方法,从抗爆和抗侵彻性能两个方面对新型板架的动态力学性能进行评估。爆炸载荷作用下,圆管的塑性变形耗散了大量冲击波能量,减小了爆炸冲击波对舰船主要构件的损伤,改善了舰船内部冲击环境,降低了冲击加速度响应峰值。另外,在抗鱼雷穿甲方面,与传统结构相比,新型结构具有明显优势。
In modern warfare, the warship facing increasingly serious threat, for the range, accuracy and combat power of anti-warship weapons have greatly improved. For the safety and vitality of a warship, the dynamic response under the action of underwater explosion (UNDEX) shock waves is an important research aspect in the field of ship structural dynamics. In order to enhance the anti-shock capability, we need to complete at least three complex tasks: The first is to study the explosive load, understanding the distribution and propagation characteristics of explosion shock loading. The second is to analyze and find out the structure dynamic response and damage mechanism of warship subjected to UNDEX loading. Finally, investigate effective and practical measures to enhance the capability of anti-explosion.
According to the explosion source, it can be divided into aerial explosion and underwater explosions; According to the relative position between the Explosive to hull, it can be divided into contact explosion and non-contact explosion. The explosion was a chemical reaction of charge in a very short time, with a severe energy release. Highly nonlinear dynamic responses of Ship structure subjected to UNDEX loading involve the failure of material. While fluid-structure interaction problems in ship explosion in the calculation cannot be ignored. So it was no possible to get a precise mathematical model to solve this problem. At present the feasible methods have two, experiment and numerical simulation. Now the numerical simulation of ship UNDEX has become possible, with the rapid development of Numerical simulation technology. On the other hand, because the huge cost of explosion experiment, can’t take a series of experiments to investigate the rule of the structure dynamic responses. So numerical simulation has become one of the main instruments in this research field.
Based on the solving technique of explicit non-linear finite element method, numerical simulation theory was summarized, the key technologies of the calculation was sum up, the nonlinear dynamic responses of ship structure subjected to UNDEX loading has been investigated by using finite element modeling code MSC.DYTRAN. According to the investigation in this dissertation, the major work and conclusions are listed as follows:
The ship structure was meshed by the lagrangian CQUAD4 shell elements, the fluid was described by eulerian solid elements, the structure-fluid coupling algorithm was employ to transfer load between ship and explosion field. In many coupling algorithm, ALE coupling has a maximum calculation efficiency, profit from without rebuilding coupling interface, because the lagrangian and eulerian element have a same node at the interface. Considering the failure of material, the critical failure strain, which change according to element size, can be set by numerical simulation benchmarks tensile test.
Based on the CJ detonation assumptions and JWL equation of state, the pressure of detonation products can be precise calculated. The“programmed burn”technique was used to model the detonation of explosive. A slab of explosive detonated at one end was calculated, the numerical simulation result show agreement with the Experiment.
Transient dynamic response of clamped rectangular plates subjected to non-contact underwater explosion loading was analyzed based on the elaborate on the propagation, decadent, impulse of UNDEX shock wave, pulsation of bubble pressure. The local structure deformation and rupture was caused by Shock wave with the characteristics huge Peak pressure, short loading time. Warship local structure subjected to Bubble pulse pressure and fluid Static pressure has a similar Mechanics behavior. However, in some special circumstances, bubble pulse pressure will lead to ship whipping, due to the bubble pressure contains enormous energy and pulse frequency close to the natural frequency of ship.
Based on the principle of fluid-structure interaction, should to take fluid and ship structure as a total dynamics system to study, in considering reflection and diffraction of fluid field, the conclusion can be reached that, in shock wave loading conditions, the pressure is a function of incident pressure and the structural deformation sparse wave, as described by Eq. (6.18). In bubble pulse pressure loading conditions, the pressure decided to incident pressure and additional water quality, as described by Eq. (6.19).
On the basis of the numerical simulation method, the dynamic response of the component of a warship subjected to underwater explosion shock waves is analyzed, and the deformation damage mode of different components and the absorptive features of energy of the plastic deformation are investigated. Furthermore, the mutual relation between the explosive and relative position of the vessel is presented by the comparison of the structural damage mode. It can be drawn as follows: As for the ship subjected to underwater explosion shock waves, the outer plate, transversal frame and bulkhead mainly undertake the impact loads.
Ship grid plate is the basic unit of structure, at the loading of UNDEX shock wave, the calculated results indicate that the tensile tearing at the support is the main failure mode of the plate under shock loading without considering the material defects of plate, the maximum central plastic deformation depended on the product of the peak pressure and the decay constant, the maximum central acceleration of plate and the peak pressure has a linear relationship.
Tube widely used anti-shock due to the tube deformation with a long trip, structure acceleration stability, and the supply manufacturers. The loading carrying Capacity and energy absorption properties of tube has been investigated. The limit load of tube is proportional to the thickness of the wall, and inversely proportional to the radius.
Based on the investigation of energy absorption properties of tube, the response of a novel sandwich structure design under blasting loading was numerically investigated. The sandwich structure uses thin walled tube as the core. the sandwich structure has excellent ability of anti-shock according to the numerical results.
舰船爆炸问题按爆炸源划分,可以分为空中爆炸和水下爆炸两类;按与船体的相对位置关系可以分为接触爆炸和非接触爆炸。爆炸是炸药在极短的时间内,化学能量的剧烈释放过程,舰船在爆炸载荷作用下的响应具有高度非线性特征,并涉及到材料的失效破坏。同时流固耦合问题在舰船爆炸计算中不容忽视。因此试图通过建立精确的数学模型而使得舰船爆炸问题得到完全解析是不可能的。目前可行的方法是实验研究和数值仿真研究。特别是近十年来,数值仿真技术得到了飞速发展,舰船爆炸问题的数值仿真已经能够实现。另一方面,由于舰船爆炸实验费用巨大,不便于进行系列实验研究,从而分析总结规律,而且爆炸实验的实施也存在相当的难度,因此数值仿真研究已经发展成为舰船爆炸的主要研究手段之一。
本文通过对显式非线性有限元技术的消化吸收,对舰船水下非接触爆炸进行了数值仿真研究。归纳了相关的数值仿真计算理论,总结了数值仿真中的关键技术。对炸药爆轰理论以及数值计算方法进行了阐述,研究了水下爆炸冲击波流场的传播及其分布特征,分析了爆炸流场与水中结构物的相互耦合作用,并在此基础上,对水下非接触爆炸冲击波载荷作用下舰船结构的响应和损伤机理进行了研究,提出了新型抗爆炸吸能结构形式,对其抗爆吸能特性进行了评估。
本文主要研究工作及结论如下:
1.对数值仿真计算的相关理论进行了归纳总结,在舰船水下爆炸数值仿真计算中,结构宜采用Lagrange单元描述,爆炸流场宜采用多材料Euler单元描述,两者之间采用流固耦合算法加以连接。在众多耦合算法中,ALE耦合面上结构与流场的节点相互重合,不必要进行耦合面重建分析,计算效率最高。数值仿真计算中必须考虑舰船结构单元的失效问题,单元失效应变与单元几何尺寸有关,需要根据材料拉伸数值仿真校准计算对不同尺寸单元的失效应变进行修正。
2.炸药爆轰CJ假设结合炸药JWL状态方程,能够精确的计算炸药爆轰后的产物状态,数值计算中采用“Programmed burn”技术控制炸药单元的能量释放过程,模拟得到的炸药爆轰过程和爆轰CJ压力与实验值吻合较好,验证了本文炸药爆炸仿真计算的正确性。
3.对水下爆炸冲击传播和衰减规律、冲击波比冲量,气泡脉动压力进行了详细论述,研究了舰船板格在水下爆炸载荷作用下的动态响应,对水下爆炸的载荷效应进行了评估。冲击波载荷具有峰值压力大,作用时间短的特点,是造成舰船局部结构变形和破裂的主要因素;气泡脉动压力对舰船局部结构的作用效果与流体静压相似,但是由于气泡脉动蕴含能量巨大,载荷频率接近舰船结构固有频率,容易引起舰船整体鞭状运动。
4.基于流固耦合原理,需要将流场和结构作为一个总的动力学系统加以研究,在考虑流场反射和绕射的基础上,分析发现:冲击波载荷作用下,结构物表面的压力取决于入射波压力和结构变形产生的稀疏波,具体公式见(6.18)式;气泡脉动压力作用下,结构物表面的压力取决于入射波压力和结构附连水质量,具体公式见(6.19)式。
5.应用非线性有限元动态分析技术,对水下非接触爆炸载荷作用下,舰船结构动态响应进行了数值仿真研究。计算中考虑炸药与船体的相对位置影响,分别计算了船底迎爆,舭部迎爆、舷侧迎爆三种情况,主要从结构的变形与破坏模式、组成构件的塑性变形能、内部冲击环境等方面对舰船动态响应进行了分析,给出了水下爆炸载荷在船体内的传递途径。研究发现水下爆炸载荷作用下,舰船舷侧结构相对较弱,损伤最大,结构破坏模式主要表现为船体外壳板格撕裂和内部支撑骨架的扭曲压溃变形。船体外壳连同纵骨直接受到爆炸冲击波载荷作用、横向骨架、舱壁对船体板架起到了很好的支撑作用,在冲击波载荷作用下上述三者是主要吸能构件。
6.板格是舰船基本结构组成单元,在全船水下爆炸分析的基础上,研究了水下爆炸冲击波载荷作用下,舰船板格的破坏模式、中心最大变形、加速度响应幅值和动态应力应变状态。计算发现:在不考虑自身材料缺陷情况下板格主要表现为边缘撕裂破坏;中心最大变形主要取决于冲击波峰值与衰减时间常数的乘积;加速度响应幅值与冲击波峰值呈线性关系。
7.从抗爆吸能角度来看,圆管具有变形行程长、结构反力和减速度稳定、宜于制造的优点,本文对侧向受缩圆管进行了专题研究,从变形过程、结构反力、塑性变形能三个方面分析了单管的能量吸收特性,并对齐排圆管与嵌套圆管的承载和吸能特性影响做了对比分析。单根侧向受压圆管的极限载荷与管壁厚度t的平方成正比,与半径R成反比。其他条件不变的情况下,为了提高单位质量圆管的极限载荷与吸能量,增加管壁厚度t是经济而有效的手段。
8.在圆管抗爆吸能特性研究的基础上,本文提出了一种以圆管作为能量吸收单元的新型三明治抗爆炸板架结构形式。采用数值仿真方法,从抗爆和抗侵彻性能两个方面对新型板架的动态力学性能进行评估。爆炸载荷作用下,圆管的塑性变形耗散了大量冲击波能量,减小了爆炸冲击波对舰船主要构件的损伤,改善了舰船内部冲击环境,降低了冲击加速度响应峰值。另外,在抗鱼雷穿甲方面,与传统结构相比,新型结构具有明显优势。
In modern warfare, the warship facing increasingly serious threat, for the range, accuracy and combat power of anti-warship weapons have greatly improved. For the safety and vitality of a warship, the dynamic response under the action of underwater explosion (UNDEX) shock waves is an important research aspect in the field of ship structural dynamics. In order to enhance the anti-shock capability, we need to complete at least three complex tasks: The first is to study the explosive load, understanding the distribution and propagation characteristics of explosion shock loading. The second is to analyze and find out the structure dynamic response and damage mechanism of warship subjected to UNDEX loading. Finally, investigate effective and practical measures to enhance the capability of anti-explosion.
According to the explosion source, it can be divided into aerial explosion and underwater explosions; According to the relative position between the Explosive to hull, it can be divided into contact explosion and non-contact explosion. The explosion was a chemical reaction of charge in a very short time, with a severe energy release. Highly nonlinear dynamic responses of Ship structure subjected to UNDEX loading involve the failure of material. While fluid-structure interaction problems in ship explosion in the calculation cannot be ignored. So it was no possible to get a precise mathematical model to solve this problem. At present the feasible methods have two, experiment and numerical simulation. Now the numerical simulation of ship UNDEX has become possible, with the rapid development of Numerical simulation technology. On the other hand, because the huge cost of explosion experiment, can’t take a series of experiments to investigate the rule of the structure dynamic responses. So numerical simulation has become one of the main instruments in this research field.
Based on the solving technique of explicit non-linear finite element method, numerical simulation theory was summarized, the key technologies of the calculation was sum up, the nonlinear dynamic responses of ship structure subjected to UNDEX loading has been investigated by using finite element modeling code MSC.DYTRAN. According to the investigation in this dissertation, the major work and conclusions are listed as follows:
The ship structure was meshed by the lagrangian CQUAD4 shell elements, the fluid was described by eulerian solid elements, the structure-fluid coupling algorithm was employ to transfer load between ship and explosion field. In many coupling algorithm, ALE coupling has a maximum calculation efficiency, profit from without rebuilding coupling interface, because the lagrangian and eulerian element have a same node at the interface. Considering the failure of material, the critical failure strain, which change according to element size, can be set by numerical simulation benchmarks tensile test.
Based on the CJ detonation assumptions and JWL equation of state, the pressure of detonation products can be precise calculated. The“programmed burn”technique was used to model the detonation of explosive. A slab of explosive detonated at one end was calculated, the numerical simulation result show agreement with the Experiment.
Transient dynamic response of clamped rectangular plates subjected to non-contact underwater explosion loading was analyzed based on the elaborate on the propagation, decadent, impulse of UNDEX shock wave, pulsation of bubble pressure. The local structure deformation and rupture was caused by Shock wave with the characteristics huge Peak pressure, short loading time. Warship local structure subjected to Bubble pulse pressure and fluid Static pressure has a similar Mechanics behavior. However, in some special circumstances, bubble pulse pressure will lead to ship whipping, due to the bubble pressure contains enormous energy and pulse frequency close to the natural frequency of ship.
Based on the principle of fluid-structure interaction, should to take fluid and ship structure as a total dynamics system to study, in considering reflection and diffraction of fluid field, the conclusion can be reached that, in shock wave loading conditions, the pressure is a function of incident pressure and the structural deformation sparse wave, as described by Eq. (6.18). In bubble pulse pressure loading conditions, the pressure decided to incident pressure and additional water quality, as described by Eq. (6.19).
On the basis of the numerical simulation method, the dynamic response of the component of a warship subjected to underwater explosion shock waves is analyzed, and the deformation damage mode of different components and the absorptive features of energy of the plastic deformation are investigated. Furthermore, the mutual relation between the explosive and relative position of the vessel is presented by the comparison of the structural damage mode. It can be drawn as follows: As for the ship subjected to underwater explosion shock waves, the outer plate, transversal frame and bulkhead mainly undertake the impact loads.
Ship grid plate is the basic unit of structure, at the loading of UNDEX shock wave, the calculated results indicate that the tensile tearing at the support is the main failure mode of the plate under shock loading without considering the material defects of plate, the maximum central plastic deformation depended on the product of the peak pressure and the decay constant, the maximum central acceleration of plate and the peak pressure has a linear relationship.
Tube widely used anti-shock due to the tube deformation with a long trip, structure acceleration stability, and the supply manufacturers. The loading carrying Capacity and energy absorption properties of tube has been investigated. The limit load of tube is proportional to the thickness of the wall, and inversely proportional to the radius.
Based on the investigation of energy absorption properties of tube, the response of a novel sandwich structure design under blasting loading was numerically investigated. The sandwich structure uses thin walled tube as the core. the sandwich structure has excellent ability of anti-shock according to the numerical results.
引文
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