湖泊底泥污染化学钝化与电动生物修复研究
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摘要
湖泊底泥污染是世界范围内的一个环境问题。污染物的来源包括外源输入(如降雨,地表径流,土壤淋溶,工业和城市废水)和内源释放,在外源污染得到逐步控制的条件下,内源污染物会重新释放出来,成为影响上覆水水质的二次污染源。
针对武汉东湖底泥中主要污染物——营养物质(氮和磷)、重金属和难降解的有机物,本研究采用了化学钝化方法控制富营养化关键因子磷;考察了芽孢杆菌和复合酶对底泥中有机磷和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)的生物修复效果；系统地研究了电动技术对底泥重金属铬和LAS的迁移与去除效果。首次采用电动生物复合技术修复底泥中有机污染物LAS；进行了生物淋滤电动修复联用技术处理重金属铬,试验结果可为湖泊底泥污染防治技术的发展提供相关技术指导。论文主要研究结果包括：
1.环境因子对底泥中磷释放与吸附特征的影响试验
通过实验室模拟试验,分析了环境因子对东湖底泥中磷释放的影响,提出了底泥耗氧速率动力学模型。好氧条件下底泥的总磷平均释放速率仅为厌氧条件下的9.1%；升温、水体扰动、pH值偏酸(pH=6.0)或偏碱性(pH=9.5)都会加速底泥中磷的释放；上覆水总磷浓度较高时,底泥会发生吸磷现象。正交模拟试验结果表明底泥磷释放影响因子显著性排序依次为溶解氧>温度>pH值>水体扰动。东湖底泥吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,在厌氧与强扰动下均导致底泥的磷吸附容量Smax和吸附常数k明显减少,并使磷零点吸持平衡浓度EPC0显著增加。
2.化学钝化对东湖底泥中磷释放的控制试验
东湖底泥中各形态磷含量大小为：TP> PFe> Porg> PAl> PCa,有机磷、钙磷、铁磷与总磷的相关性好,表明它们能显著影响底泥的释磷。注入盐(铁盐、硝酸盐、钙盐和铝盐)处理东湖底泥,能够抑制底泥中磷的迁移。化学钝化前后底泥中各形态磷含量发生了变化,表明盐类化学钝化处理,特别是A12(SO4)3和好氧条件下FeCl3的处理具有较高的抑制内源磷释放的能力。
3.生物修复底泥中直链烷基苯磺酸钠和有机磷试验
微生物镜检发现东湖底泥中浮游藻类以蓝藻门和绿藻门为优势种,结合其它生化指标,表明东湖水体的富营养化程度已经很高。同时添加芽孢杆菌和复合酶的处理效果更佳,处理后可使底泥生物降解能力、异养菌总数、脱氢酶和磷酸酶活性明显增加,相应地底泥有机质和有机磷的含量下降。由于底泥中LAS含量过高,当直接添加芽孢杆菌处理底泥中LAS时,发现无明显的降解效果。经过驯化培养芽孢杆菌,可得到降解LAS的菌株。
4.电动修复底泥中重金属铬和直链烷基苯磺酸钠
首先研究了电动修复底泥中铬污染的可行性,当采用1V/cm的电压梯度,电动作用48小时后,六价铬和三价铬的去除率分别达到了57.3%和18.4%,说明电动修复技术可用于东湖底泥中重金属的去除。电动修复试验表明电动时间、电压梯度、络合剂种类、电场分布均对铬的迁移与去除有不同程度的影响,其中影响最大的是酸性络合剂,其次是电压梯度影响较大,而运行时间和电场分布对铬去除的影响较小。添加柠檬酸后,总铬和三价铬的去除率分别提高了0.75倍和2-3倍；最适宜电压梯度为1V/cm;铬的去除率随电动时间的增加而增加,但运行48h后底泥中铬的去除率随时间的增加而提升很慢；均匀电场比非均匀电场作用范围要广,但在电极附近二者的去除率相近。
电动过程促进了LAS向阳极的迁移和富集,也导致了阴、阳极附近pH值的显著变化。电动时间、电压、初始pH值和底泥含水率均影响电动修复LAS的效果,在酸性条件下LAS去除率更高,在较低含水率下,含水率对电动修复效率影响大。正交实验结果表明,影响电动效果因素主次顺序为电压、电极间距、电动时间、初始pH值。当pH=7、通电时间6h、电压10V、电极间距10cm时,电动修复东湖底泥中LAS的效果最好,去除率达到41.4%。
5.电动生物修复底泥中LAS和生物淋滤电动修复铬的试验
首先研究了电动修复对微生物活性的影响,由于电极反应使强电场对细菌有灭活作用,而弱电场下的电流可激活微生物的活性,相应地弱电场下的底泥中脱氢酶活性高于强电场下的。电场作用下靠近阳极底泥中的异氧菌生长会受到抑制,较高频率的电极正负极交替有助于消除电场作用对阳极底泥中异氧菌总数的影响。试验发现电动迁移能够向底泥中引入含氮化合物,其中硝酸盐比铵离子在底泥中具有更好的迁移性,除了迁移的量外,由于化学反应,铵离子总量将会在试验过程中减少；但电动迁移向底泥中注入磷的效果不佳,分析表明磷酸根没有在底泥中迁移。电动生物修复LAS去除率达到60.5%,比单纯的生物修复高出三十多个百分点,比单纯电动修复高出近二十个百分点。
最后,采用了生物淋滤-电动方法联用技术处理底泥中的铬。经生物淋滤后底泥中铬形态发生了改变,铬的生物侵出率可高达25.1%,侵出率与底泥的pH和ORP紧密相关。在生物淋滤-电动修复后总铬的平均去除率为53.4%,比单纯电动修复提高了近21个百分点。因此电动生物淋滤的修复方法适合于底泥中重金属污染的治理。
Sediment pollution is quite a serious problem in the whole world. The main sources of pollutants in lakes include external loading (such as rainfall, runoff, soil leaching, industrial and municipal effluents) and internal loading. When the external source pollution got controlled, a variety of pollutants in the sediment will release to aquatic environment through exchange, which is the major source of polluting overlying water.
The main pollutants in sediment from Wuhan East Lake are nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), heavy metals and refractory organic matter. By applying three ways of single technology including chemical passivating treatment with salt, sediment bioremediation and electrokinetic (EK) remediation, our research has investigated the effect of pollutants control from sediment. As phosphorus has long been considered a key factor affecting the process of eutrophication, sediment was treated with salts to reduce phosphorus release. In this paper, the effects of sediment bioremediation with bacillus probiotics and multiple enzymes were examined. According to the characteristics of chromium and linear alkylbenzene sulfate (LAS), EK remediation was studied on the migration and removal of both pollutants. For the first time, hybrid technology of electrikinetic bioremediation was adopted to restore LAS in sediment; Meanwhile, another hybrid technology of bio-leaching electrokinetic remediation was conducted to process chromium in the sediment. The results presented in this paper will be a good help for the development of pollution control of lake sediment both in practice and theory. The main research results of this paper include:
1. Factors of phosphorus release from sediment and the characteristics of phosphorus sorption.
The effects of marked environmental factors (temperature, DO, pH and stir) on phosphorus release from sediment were analyzed and model of sediment oxygen demand in Wuhan East Lake was proposed at laboratory simulated test. The rate of average TP effluent under aerobic condition was only 9.1 percent of that under anoxic condition. At the lower or higher pH (pH<6 or pH>9.5), the phosphorus release from the sediment speeded up greatly. Temperature increasing and disturbance of water could cause the release of P from sediment into overlying water. When TP concentrationin overlying water was high, phosphorus in water would be absorbed by sediments. By orthogonal test, the significant value of each affecting factor was analyzed and the order of marked factors was DO> Temperature> pH> Stir. The phosphate sorption isotherms of the sediment in Wuhan East Lake fit Langmuir equation. The greatest phosphate adsorption amount (Smax) and adsorption constant (k) under aerobic condition were much higher than those under anoxic condition, furthermore equilibrium phosphate concentration (EPCo) under anaerobic conditions was significantly higher than that under aerobic conditions. EPCo of strong disturbance sediments was increased obviously compared with that of weak disturbance sediments. The value of Smax decreased significantly after sediment was strongly disturbed.
2. Effects of chemical passivating treatment on phosphorus release in Wuhan East Lake
The forms of phosphorus in the sediments of Wuhan East Lake were investigated by sequential chemical extraction. The results showed the order of TP fractional composition in sediment is TP> PFe> Porg> PAl> PCa. The facts, which organic phosphorus, Ca and Fe binding phosphorus in sediments were well related to the quantity of phosphorus released from the sediments, implied that they played importmant roles in internal phosphorus release. We found that the addition of salts (ferrous and calcium, and especially aluminum and nitrate) into the sediment could inhibit the transfer of phosphorus in sediments. The composition of sediment in terms of its various forms of phosphorus was changed after chemical passivating treatment. Only treatment with Al2(SO4)3 resulted in negative growth of P in the water phase. Chemical passivating treatment with salts, especially aluminum and ferric chloride under anoxic condition resulted in a high capacity for inhibition of endogenous phosphorus release and increased sediment stability.
3. Study on biodegradation characteristics of LAS and organic phosphorus from sediment
Through microscopic examination, we found the dominant species of planktonic algae in Wuhan East Lake were cyanophyta and chlorophyta, in combination with other biochemical parameters, indicating that the level of eutrophication was already high. Altuough both bacillus probiotics and multiple enzymes could enhance capacity the of sediment biodegradation, but the effects of bacillus probiotics was better than that of multiple enzymes. The effect of adding mixture of bacillus probiotics and multiple enzymes was better than that of just adding bacillus probiotics. After the sediments were treated by the mixture, the value of G, heterotrophic bacteria, DHA, PA increased obviously, and the content of organic matter and organic phosphorus decreased accordingly. Due to too high content of LAS in sediment, the purpose of LAS degradation by directly adding bacillus probiotics into sediment was not obtained. After bacilli had been cultured in simulated LAS wastewater, LAS degrading strains were available.
4. Study on the electrokinetic remediation of LAS and chromium polluted lake sediment at laboratory scale.
The feasibility of the remediation of chromium-polluted sediment by electrokinetic technology was studied. When EK experiment was operated for 48 hours at 20V direct current power, the removal rate of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) was 57.8% and 17.8% respectively. The results showed that the chromium in lake sediment could be effectively removed by EK remediation method. The influence of the applied voltage and the operating time on the removal efficiency of chromium, complex types and the electric field distribution on the removal efficiency of chromium, as well as the migration and distribution of chromium in sediment were investigated. We found that complex type had crucial effect on the removal efficiencies of chromium. The removal rate of the total Cr and Cr(Ⅲ) increased 75% and nearly 300% after adding the citric acid on cathode. Secondly the applied voltage gradient had important influence on the efficiencies and the optimum voltage gradient was 1V/cm in the test; Operating time and electric field distribution affected the efficiencies in some degree. After the EK remediation system had been operated for 48 hours, the removal rate of the total Cr increased slowly. In the comparison of the uniform and the non-uniform electric fields, the effective area of the former was wider, but close to the latter around the area of the electrode.
Electro-kinetic process stimulated the migration and enrichment of LAS in the sediments, and also led to significant changes of pH value nearby the cathode and anode. The effects of LAS removal depended on the reaction time, electrolysis voltage, initial pH and sediment moisture content. The effect of sediment moisture content was obvious on EK remediation in the case of a low water content because the efficiency of electroosmosis and electromigration was small, while the effect of moisture content was little in the case of saturated sediment moisture. By orthogonal test on LAS electrokinetic remediation, the significant value of each affecting factor was analyzed and the order of marked factors was cell voltage> distance between electrodes> reaction time> initial time. The tests indicated the removal efficiency of LAS in 500 mL sediment samples after EK remediation for 6h could be up to 41.4% under the optimum conditions of initial pH7, voltage 10V, electrodes distance 10cm.
5. Study on hybrid technique of electrikinetic bioremediation and bio-leaching EK remediation.
Firstly, effects of EK transport on the vulnerability of bacteria were studied in this part. Because strong electric field for inactivation of microorganisms had the inhibiting effects of electrochemical products generated at the electrodes, dehydrogenase activity in sediment under weak electric field was higher than that under stronger electric field, and the electric current under weak electric field could activate the activity of bacteria. We found electric field could inhibit the growth of heterotrophic bacteria nearby cathode, and electric field polarity reversal might be an effective way to minimize such effects. Secondly, the test proved EK technology had the ability to introduce nitrogen compounds into the sediment, with the nitrate showing greater mobility than the ammonium. The mass of ammonium, as well as moving, had decreased in the system during the tests, due to chemical reactions. The nitrate showed a less reactive behaviour, remaining in the reactor and only moving from anode to cathode. Meanwhile, the injectionof phosphorus did not prove to be successful. The phosphate concentration declined in the catholyte where it was placed, but it did not travel through the sediment. The results that LAS removal rate of sediment treated by EK bioremediation, EK remediation and biological remediation was 60.5%,41.4%,25.8%, respectively, indicating that EK technology can enhance the process of sediment microbial remediation.
Finally, chromium in sediment was treated by bioleaching electroremediation technology. The speciation of chromium had significant changes during EK remediation. The leaching rate of chromium in sediment was up to 25.1%, which was closely related to pH and ORP of sediment. After bioleaching-electrokinetic remediation, the average removal rate of total chromium was 53.4%. In the comparison of bioleaching-electrokinetic and electrokinetic remediation, the removal rate of total chromium of the former was nearly 21 percent higher than that of the latter. Therefore, the method of bioleaching electrokinetic remediation is suitable for heavy metal pollution control in sediment.
针对武汉东湖底泥中主要污染物——营养物质(氮和磷)、重金属和难降解的有机物,本研究采用了化学钝化方法控制富营养化关键因子磷;考察了芽孢杆菌和复合酶对底泥中有机磷和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)的生物修复效果；系统地研究了电动技术对底泥重金属铬和LAS的迁移与去除效果。首次采用电动生物复合技术修复底泥中有机污染物LAS；进行了生物淋滤电动修复联用技术处理重金属铬,试验结果可为湖泊底泥污染防治技术的发展提供相关技术指导。论文主要研究结果包括：
1.环境因子对底泥中磷释放与吸附特征的影响试验
通过实验室模拟试验,分析了环境因子对东湖底泥中磷释放的影响,提出了底泥耗氧速率动力学模型。好氧条件下底泥的总磷平均释放速率仅为厌氧条件下的9.1%；升温、水体扰动、pH值偏酸(pH=6.0)或偏碱性(pH=9.5)都会加速底泥中磷的释放；上覆水总磷浓度较高时,底泥会发生吸磷现象。正交模拟试验结果表明底泥磷释放影响因子显著性排序依次为溶解氧>温度>pH值>水体扰动。东湖底泥吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,在厌氧与强扰动下均导致底泥的磷吸附容量Smax和吸附常数k明显减少,并使磷零点吸持平衡浓度EPC0显著增加。
2.化学钝化对东湖底泥中磷释放的控制试验
东湖底泥中各形态磷含量大小为：TP> PFe> Porg> PAl> PCa,有机磷、钙磷、铁磷与总磷的相关性好,表明它们能显著影响底泥的释磷。注入盐(铁盐、硝酸盐、钙盐和铝盐)处理东湖底泥,能够抑制底泥中磷的迁移。化学钝化前后底泥中各形态磷含量发生了变化,表明盐类化学钝化处理,特别是A12(SO4)3和好氧条件下FeCl3的处理具有较高的抑制内源磷释放的能力。
3.生物修复底泥中直链烷基苯磺酸钠和有机磷试验
微生物镜检发现东湖底泥中浮游藻类以蓝藻门和绿藻门为优势种,结合其它生化指标,表明东湖水体的富营养化程度已经很高。同时添加芽孢杆菌和复合酶的处理效果更佳,处理后可使底泥生物降解能力、异养菌总数、脱氢酶和磷酸酶活性明显增加,相应地底泥有机质和有机磷的含量下降。由于底泥中LAS含量过高,当直接添加芽孢杆菌处理底泥中LAS时,发现无明显的降解效果。经过驯化培养芽孢杆菌,可得到降解LAS的菌株。
4.电动修复底泥中重金属铬和直链烷基苯磺酸钠
首先研究了电动修复底泥中铬污染的可行性,当采用1V/cm的电压梯度,电动作用48小时后,六价铬和三价铬的去除率分别达到了57.3%和18.4%,说明电动修复技术可用于东湖底泥中重金属的去除。电动修复试验表明电动时间、电压梯度、络合剂种类、电场分布均对铬的迁移与去除有不同程度的影响,其中影响最大的是酸性络合剂,其次是电压梯度影响较大,而运行时间和电场分布对铬去除的影响较小。添加柠檬酸后,总铬和三价铬的去除率分别提高了0.75倍和2-3倍；最适宜电压梯度为1V/cm;铬的去除率随电动时间的增加而增加,但运行48h后底泥中铬的去除率随时间的增加而提升很慢；均匀电场比非均匀电场作用范围要广,但在电极附近二者的去除率相近。
电动过程促进了LAS向阳极的迁移和富集,也导致了阴、阳极附近pH值的显著变化。电动时间、电压、初始pH值和底泥含水率均影响电动修复LAS的效果,在酸性条件下LAS去除率更高,在较低含水率下,含水率对电动修复效率影响大。正交实验结果表明,影响电动效果因素主次顺序为电压、电极间距、电动时间、初始pH值。当pH=7、通电时间6h、电压10V、电极间距10cm时,电动修复东湖底泥中LAS的效果最好,去除率达到41.4%。
5.电动生物修复底泥中LAS和生物淋滤电动修复铬的试验
首先研究了电动修复对微生物活性的影响,由于电极反应使强电场对细菌有灭活作用,而弱电场下的电流可激活微生物的活性,相应地弱电场下的底泥中脱氢酶活性高于强电场下的。电场作用下靠近阳极底泥中的异氧菌生长会受到抑制,较高频率的电极正负极交替有助于消除电场作用对阳极底泥中异氧菌总数的影响。试验发现电动迁移能够向底泥中引入含氮化合物,其中硝酸盐比铵离子在底泥中具有更好的迁移性,除了迁移的量外,由于化学反应,铵离子总量将会在试验过程中减少；但电动迁移向底泥中注入磷的效果不佳,分析表明磷酸根没有在底泥中迁移。电动生物修复LAS去除率达到60.5%,比单纯的生物修复高出三十多个百分点,比单纯电动修复高出近二十个百分点。
最后,采用了生物淋滤-电动方法联用技术处理底泥中的铬。经生物淋滤后底泥中铬形态发生了改变,铬的生物侵出率可高达25.1%,侵出率与底泥的pH和ORP紧密相关。在生物淋滤-电动修复后总铬的平均去除率为53.4%,比单纯电动修复提高了近21个百分点。因此电动生物淋滤的修复方法适合于底泥中重金属污染的治理。
Sediment pollution is quite a serious problem in the whole world. The main sources of pollutants in lakes include external loading (such as rainfall, runoff, soil leaching, industrial and municipal effluents) and internal loading. When the external source pollution got controlled, a variety of pollutants in the sediment will release to aquatic environment through exchange, which is the major source of polluting overlying water.
The main pollutants in sediment from Wuhan East Lake are nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), heavy metals and refractory organic matter. By applying three ways of single technology including chemical passivating treatment with salt, sediment bioremediation and electrokinetic (EK) remediation, our research has investigated the effect of pollutants control from sediment. As phosphorus has long been considered a key factor affecting the process of eutrophication, sediment was treated with salts to reduce phosphorus release. In this paper, the effects of sediment bioremediation with bacillus probiotics and multiple enzymes were examined. According to the characteristics of chromium and linear alkylbenzene sulfate (LAS), EK remediation was studied on the migration and removal of both pollutants. For the first time, hybrid technology of electrikinetic bioremediation was adopted to restore LAS in sediment; Meanwhile, another hybrid technology of bio-leaching electrokinetic remediation was conducted to process chromium in the sediment. The results presented in this paper will be a good help for the development of pollution control of lake sediment both in practice and theory. The main research results of this paper include:
1. Factors of phosphorus release from sediment and the characteristics of phosphorus sorption.
The effects of marked environmental factors (temperature, DO, pH and stir) on phosphorus release from sediment were analyzed and model of sediment oxygen demand in Wuhan East Lake was proposed at laboratory simulated test. The rate of average TP effluent under aerobic condition was only 9.1 percent of that under anoxic condition. At the lower or higher pH (pH<6 or pH>9.5), the phosphorus release from the sediment speeded up greatly. Temperature increasing and disturbance of water could cause the release of P from sediment into overlying water. When TP concentrationin overlying water was high, phosphorus in water would be absorbed by sediments. By orthogonal test, the significant value of each affecting factor was analyzed and the order of marked factors was DO> Temperature> pH> Stir. The phosphate sorption isotherms of the sediment in Wuhan East Lake fit Langmuir equation. The greatest phosphate adsorption amount (Smax) and adsorption constant (k) under aerobic condition were much higher than those under anoxic condition, furthermore equilibrium phosphate concentration (EPCo) under anaerobic conditions was significantly higher than that under aerobic conditions. EPCo of strong disturbance sediments was increased obviously compared with that of weak disturbance sediments. The value of Smax decreased significantly after sediment was strongly disturbed.
2. Effects of chemical passivating treatment on phosphorus release in Wuhan East Lake
The forms of phosphorus in the sediments of Wuhan East Lake were investigated by sequential chemical extraction. The results showed the order of TP fractional composition in sediment is TP> PFe> Porg> PAl> PCa. The facts, which organic phosphorus, Ca and Fe binding phosphorus in sediments were well related to the quantity of phosphorus released from the sediments, implied that they played importmant roles in internal phosphorus release. We found that the addition of salts (ferrous and calcium, and especially aluminum and nitrate) into the sediment could inhibit the transfer of phosphorus in sediments. The composition of sediment in terms of its various forms of phosphorus was changed after chemical passivating treatment. Only treatment with Al2(SO4)3 resulted in negative growth of P in the water phase. Chemical passivating treatment with salts, especially aluminum and ferric chloride under anoxic condition resulted in a high capacity for inhibition of endogenous phosphorus release and increased sediment stability.
3. Study on biodegradation characteristics of LAS and organic phosphorus from sediment
Through microscopic examination, we found the dominant species of planktonic algae in Wuhan East Lake were cyanophyta and chlorophyta, in combination with other biochemical parameters, indicating that the level of eutrophication was already high. Altuough both bacillus probiotics and multiple enzymes could enhance capacity the of sediment biodegradation, but the effects of bacillus probiotics was better than that of multiple enzymes. The effect of adding mixture of bacillus probiotics and multiple enzymes was better than that of just adding bacillus probiotics. After the sediments were treated by the mixture, the value of G, heterotrophic bacteria, DHA, PA increased obviously, and the content of organic matter and organic phosphorus decreased accordingly. Due to too high content of LAS in sediment, the purpose of LAS degradation by directly adding bacillus probiotics into sediment was not obtained. After bacilli had been cultured in simulated LAS wastewater, LAS degrading strains were available.
4. Study on the electrokinetic remediation of LAS and chromium polluted lake sediment at laboratory scale.
The feasibility of the remediation of chromium-polluted sediment by electrokinetic technology was studied. When EK experiment was operated for 48 hours at 20V direct current power, the removal rate of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) was 57.8% and 17.8% respectively. The results showed that the chromium in lake sediment could be effectively removed by EK remediation method. The influence of the applied voltage and the operating time on the removal efficiency of chromium, complex types and the electric field distribution on the removal efficiency of chromium, as well as the migration and distribution of chromium in sediment were investigated. We found that complex type had crucial effect on the removal efficiencies of chromium. The removal rate of the total Cr and Cr(Ⅲ) increased 75% and nearly 300% after adding the citric acid on cathode. Secondly the applied voltage gradient had important influence on the efficiencies and the optimum voltage gradient was 1V/cm in the test; Operating time and electric field distribution affected the efficiencies in some degree. After the EK remediation system had been operated for 48 hours, the removal rate of the total Cr increased slowly. In the comparison of the uniform and the non-uniform electric fields, the effective area of the former was wider, but close to the latter around the area of the electrode.
Electro-kinetic process stimulated the migration and enrichment of LAS in the sediments, and also led to significant changes of pH value nearby the cathode and anode. The effects of LAS removal depended on the reaction time, electrolysis voltage, initial pH and sediment moisture content. The effect of sediment moisture content was obvious on EK remediation in the case of a low water content because the efficiency of electroosmosis and electromigration was small, while the effect of moisture content was little in the case of saturated sediment moisture. By orthogonal test on LAS electrokinetic remediation, the significant value of each affecting factor was analyzed and the order of marked factors was cell voltage> distance between electrodes> reaction time> initial time. The tests indicated the removal efficiency of LAS in 500 mL sediment samples after EK remediation for 6h could be up to 41.4% under the optimum conditions of initial pH7, voltage 10V, electrodes distance 10cm.
5. Study on hybrid technique of electrikinetic bioremediation and bio-leaching EK remediation.
Firstly, effects of EK transport on the vulnerability of bacteria were studied in this part. Because strong electric field for inactivation of microorganisms had the inhibiting effects of electrochemical products generated at the electrodes, dehydrogenase activity in sediment under weak electric field was higher than that under stronger electric field, and the electric current under weak electric field could activate the activity of bacteria. We found electric field could inhibit the growth of heterotrophic bacteria nearby cathode, and electric field polarity reversal might be an effective way to minimize such effects. Secondly, the test proved EK technology had the ability to introduce nitrogen compounds into the sediment, with the nitrate showing greater mobility than the ammonium. The mass of ammonium, as well as moving, had decreased in the system during the tests, due to chemical reactions. The nitrate showed a less reactive behaviour, remaining in the reactor and only moving from anode to cathode. Meanwhile, the injectionof phosphorus did not prove to be successful. The phosphate concentration declined in the catholyte where it was placed, but it did not travel through the sediment. The results that LAS removal rate of sediment treated by EK bioremediation, EK remediation and biological remediation was 60.5%,41.4%,25.8%, respectively, indicating that EK technology can enhance the process of sediment microbial remediation.
Finally, chromium in sediment was treated by bioleaching electroremediation technology. The speciation of chromium had significant changes during EK remediation. The leaching rate of chromium in sediment was up to 25.1%, which was closely related to pH and ORP of sediment. After bioleaching-electrokinetic remediation, the average removal rate of total chromium was 53.4%. In the comparison of bioleaching-electrokinetic and electrokinetic remediation, the removal rate of total chromium of the former was nearly 21 percent higher than that of the latter. Therefore, the method of bioleaching electrokinetic remediation is suitable for heavy metal pollution control in sediment.
引文
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