乌梁素海底泥农田利用可行性分析及其环境风险评价
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摘要
湖泊底泥属于湖泊水体环境的重要组成部分，主要组成部分是粘土矿物质、有机质以及具有活性的金属氧化物。由于其组成部分的影响，底泥颗粒具有较大比较面积，使得其在湖泊水环境中具有巨大的作用，影响湖泊中营养物质、重金属元素的迁移转化。随着经济的快速发展，越来越多的难降解污染物包括重金属、营养物质、有机物等通过不同的方式随意排放，其中相当大的一部分污染物质沉积在湖泊底泥中，从而使得湖泊水体受到污染，导致水环境生态系统也遭受到威胁。综合比较各种湖泊底泥资源化利用方式，土地利用是一种最经济的利用方式，也是目前最常用的处理模式。
乌梁素海作为巴盟河套地区重要的工业、农业、生活退水场，随着经济社会和农业的发展，大量富含营养物质和重金属的退水被排放到湖泊内，使得乌梁素海富营养化和重金属污染日益严重，乌梁素海的综合治理迫在眉睫，尤其在底泥疏浚过程中，造成大量底泥淤积荒废，存在二次污染的风险。如何合理使用淤泥，进行资源化利用是本文重点研究的问题。本文结合最近几年对乌梁素海湖泊沉积物的采样分析，对乌梁素海沉积物的质地、淤积程度、蓄积量，以及沉积物的地球化学特征进行了分析。在摸清沉积物特性的基础上，利用田间试验，揭示了湖泊底泥对作物生长，土壤环境的影响，以及进行了湖泊底泥施用对农田土壤的生态风险评价。本研究获得的结果主要是一下几个方面：
首先，乌梁素海属于典型的浅水湖泊，沉积物偏碱性，受沉积作用明显，颗粒组成以砂粒和粉粒为主。淤泥蓄积量是19641.60万t，平均年蓄积量419万t。乌梁素海底泥中N、P、有机碳和Ca含量较高，远远高于河套灌区土壤中的含量。各项重金属含量与中国《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》（GB4284－1984）和欧盟部分国家限制相比，均低于限值，符合国家农业控制标准，具有很好的农田利用价值。
其次，湖泊底泥施用连续2年的大田试验结果显示：湖泊底泥提高了土壤肥力，有益于作物的生长。底泥施用促进了向日葵的生长，在株高方面表现明显，其中S4和S5处理对葵花株高的影响显著。底泥施用提高了葵花产量，S5处理的产量与施肥水平相同。底泥施用提高了葵花籽粒氮、磷吸收。施用底泥提高了籽粒中蛋白质和总氨基酸，但是脂肪含量没有显著的影响。
第三，底泥施用造成过量氮、磷在土壤中累积剩余，直接施用不能有效地提高作物可吸收的营养物质含量，反而造成了环境污染的风险。湖泊底泥施用后，土壤中残留的各重金属均未超过土壤环境质量二级标准。向日葵籽粒对重金属元素的BCF小于0.3，籽粒对痕量元素的BCF大小顺序为:Hg>Cd>Cr>Pb>As。每年以不同施用量条件下，S4（2360t/hm2a）最多可连续施用10年；S5（4720t/hm2a）最多可施用5年。
最后，乌梁素海湖泊底泥施用农田后，根据不同的评价方法对土壤生态风险进行了评价。对土壤生态风险构成威胁的指标以Hg为主，Hg的E i
r值为160.72，对于如何科学、安全的进行湖泊底泥资源化利用，Hg的过量累积是以后值得注意的焦点。
Lake sediment is an important part of the lakes environment,mainly includes clayminerals,organic matter and with active metal oxide. Due to the influence of element,sediment particles have large specific surface area, so it has huge effects on nutrientsubstance and migration of heavy metals. With the rapid pace of economic development,more and more persistent organic pollutants has drained off, including heavymetal,nutrient substance and nutrient substance, a considerable part of contaminantdeposit in sediment, thus the lake has polluted, water environment ecological system isunder threat. Compared comprehensively all ways of resource utilization, farmland use isthe most economical and a common way at present.
Wuliangsuhai Lake as an important industry, agriculture, life recession flow site ofHeTao region, Bayannur. With the development of economy social and agricultural, a lotof return water with rich in nutrients and heavy metal is emitted into Wuliangsuhai Lake,lead to eutrophication and heavy metal pollution is increasingly serious, comprehensivetreatment of Wuliangsuhai Lake is imminent, especially in the process of sedimentdredging, cause a large number of sediment deposition in waste, existing the risk ofsecondary pollution. How to reasonable use of sediment and resource utilization is aquestion of this article. This paper according recent years to Wuliangsuhai Lake sedimentsampling analysis, Wuliangsuhai Lake sediment texture, siltation degree, stand volume,and the geochemical characteristics of the sediment are analyzed. On the basis of findingout sediment characteristics, make full use of field experiment, reveals the influence of thelake sediment on crop growth and soil environment, as well as the lake sediment offertilization on soil ecological risk assessment. The research results mainly have severalaspects:
First, Wuliangsuhai Lake belongs to a typical of the shallow lakes, sediments isalkaline and sedimentation is obvious, grain composition mainly is sand and particle.Sediment volume is196.416million ton,4.19million ton per year on average. Thecontent of nitrogen、phosphorus、organic carbon and calcium are higher in WuliangsuhaiLake much higher than HeTao irrigation district. Compared with 《Control standards forpollutants in sludge from agricultural use》and parts of the European Union,the heavymetal content is below the threshold, conform to the national agricultural control standard, it has the very good farmland utilization value.
Second,lake sediment is used in farmland two years，the results show that itincrease soil fertility and benefit to the crops growth. Sediment promote the growth ofthe sunflower,especially in plant height，the dispose of S4and S5has significant effects.Lake sediment promotes the production of the sonflower, the production of S5is equal tofertilization. Sediments promote the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus, it promotesthe protein and total amino acids in kernel, but fat content is no significant change.
Thirdly, sediment cause excessive nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, it cannotpromote the content of absorbable nutrition effectively, on the contrary, it has caused therisk of environmental pollution. After the lake sediment is used, the residual heavy metalis not exceed environmental quality secondary standard for soils. The sunflower seeds’sBCF＜0.3,the trace element: Hg>Cd>Cr>Pb>As. On condition that differentapplication amount, S4(2360t/hm2·a) can used ten years in a row, S5can used five yearsin a row.
Final, after the sediment of Wuliangsuhai Lake is used, on the basis of differentevaluation methods to evaluate soil ecological risk. Hg is mainly soil ecological risk’sindex, itsEi
rvalue is160.72, and how to resource utilization for lake sedimentscientific and safe, excess accumulation of Hg becomes the centre of attention in thefuture.
乌梁素海作为巴盟河套地区重要的工业、农业、生活退水场，随着经济社会和农业的发展，大量富含营养物质和重金属的退水被排放到湖泊内，使得乌梁素海富营养化和重金属污染日益严重，乌梁素海的综合治理迫在眉睫，尤其在底泥疏浚过程中，造成大量底泥淤积荒废，存在二次污染的风险。如何合理使用淤泥，进行资源化利用是本文重点研究的问题。本文结合最近几年对乌梁素海湖泊沉积物的采样分析，对乌梁素海沉积物的质地、淤积程度、蓄积量，以及沉积物的地球化学特征进行了分析。在摸清沉积物特性的基础上，利用田间试验，揭示了湖泊底泥对作物生长，土壤环境的影响，以及进行了湖泊底泥施用对农田土壤的生态风险评价。本研究获得的结果主要是一下几个方面：
首先，乌梁素海属于典型的浅水湖泊，沉积物偏碱性，受沉积作用明显，颗粒组成以砂粒和粉粒为主。淤泥蓄积量是19641.60万t，平均年蓄积量419万t。乌梁素海底泥中N、P、有机碳和Ca含量较高，远远高于河套灌区土壤中的含量。各项重金属含量与中国《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》（GB4284－1984）和欧盟部分国家限制相比，均低于限值，符合国家农业控制标准，具有很好的农田利用价值。
其次，湖泊底泥施用连续2年的大田试验结果显示：湖泊底泥提高了土壤肥力，有益于作物的生长。底泥施用促进了向日葵的生长，在株高方面表现明显，其中S4和S5处理对葵花株高的影响显著。底泥施用提高了葵花产量，S5处理的产量与施肥水平相同。底泥施用提高了葵花籽粒氮、磷吸收。施用底泥提高了籽粒中蛋白质和总氨基酸，但是脂肪含量没有显著的影响。
第三，底泥施用造成过量氮、磷在土壤中累积剩余，直接施用不能有效地提高作物可吸收的营养物质含量，反而造成了环境污染的风险。湖泊底泥施用后，土壤中残留的各重金属均未超过土壤环境质量二级标准。向日葵籽粒对重金属元素的BCF小于0.3，籽粒对痕量元素的BCF大小顺序为:Hg>Cd>Cr>Pb>As。每年以不同施用量条件下，S4（2360t/hm2a）最多可连续施用10年；S5（4720t/hm2a）最多可施用5年。
最后，乌梁素海湖泊底泥施用农田后，根据不同的评价方法对土壤生态风险进行了评价。对土壤生态风险构成威胁的指标以Hg为主，Hg的E i
r值为160.72，对于如何科学、安全的进行湖泊底泥资源化利用，Hg的过量累积是以后值得注意的焦点。
Lake sediment is an important part of the lakes environment,mainly includes clayminerals,organic matter and with active metal oxide. Due to the influence of element,sediment particles have large specific surface area, so it has huge effects on nutrientsubstance and migration of heavy metals. With the rapid pace of economic development,more and more persistent organic pollutants has drained off, including heavymetal,nutrient substance and nutrient substance, a considerable part of contaminantdeposit in sediment, thus the lake has polluted, water environment ecological system isunder threat. Compared comprehensively all ways of resource utilization, farmland use isthe most economical and a common way at present.
Wuliangsuhai Lake as an important industry, agriculture, life recession flow site ofHeTao region, Bayannur. With the development of economy social and agricultural, a lotof return water with rich in nutrients and heavy metal is emitted into Wuliangsuhai Lake,lead to eutrophication and heavy metal pollution is increasingly serious, comprehensivetreatment of Wuliangsuhai Lake is imminent, especially in the process of sedimentdredging, cause a large number of sediment deposition in waste, existing the risk ofsecondary pollution. How to reasonable use of sediment and resource utilization is aquestion of this article. This paper according recent years to Wuliangsuhai Lake sedimentsampling analysis, Wuliangsuhai Lake sediment texture, siltation degree, stand volume,and the geochemical characteristics of the sediment are analyzed. On the basis of findingout sediment characteristics, make full use of field experiment, reveals the influence of thelake sediment on crop growth and soil environment, as well as the lake sediment offertilization on soil ecological risk assessment. The research results mainly have severalaspects:
First, Wuliangsuhai Lake belongs to a typical of the shallow lakes, sediments isalkaline and sedimentation is obvious, grain composition mainly is sand and particle.Sediment volume is196.416million ton,4.19million ton per year on average. Thecontent of nitrogen、phosphorus、organic carbon and calcium are higher in WuliangsuhaiLake much higher than HeTao irrigation district. Compared with 《Control standards forpollutants in sludge from agricultural use》and parts of the European Union,the heavymetal content is below the threshold, conform to the national agricultural control standard, it has the very good farmland utilization value.
Second,lake sediment is used in farmland two years，the results show that itincrease soil fertility and benefit to the crops growth. Sediment promote the growth ofthe sunflower,especially in plant height，the dispose of S4and S5has significant effects.Lake sediment promotes the production of the sonflower, the production of S5is equal tofertilization. Sediments promote the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus, it promotesthe protein and total amino acids in kernel, but fat content is no significant change.
Thirdly, sediment cause excessive nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, it cannotpromote the content of absorbable nutrition effectively, on the contrary, it has caused therisk of environmental pollution. After the lake sediment is used, the residual heavy metalis not exceed environmental quality secondary standard for soils. The sunflower seeds’sBCF＜0.3,the trace element: Hg>Cd>Cr>Pb>As. On condition that differentapplication amount, S4(2360t/hm2·a) can used ten years in a row, S5can used five yearsin a row.
Final, after the sediment of Wuliangsuhai Lake is used, on the basis of differentevaluation methods to evaluate soil ecological risk. Hg is mainly soil ecological risk’sindex, itsEi
rvalue is160.72, and how to resource utilization for lake sedimentscientific and safe, excess accumulation of Hg becomes the centre of attention in thefuture.
引文
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