罗源湾重金属环境和沿岸产业布局相关性分析及对策研究
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摘要
罗源湾位于福建省沿海东北部,是我国少有的天然深水港湾,可全天候靠泊30万吨级船舶。近年来,《福州市“十一五”建设海洋经济强市专项规划》、《罗源县国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划(2011—2015年)》等相关规划进入实施阶段,罗源湾区域海洋经济得以飞跃式发展,构建起以能源、治金、船舶修造为主导的临港工业体系,形成以港口工业带动经济发展的新格局。罗源湾主要包括狮岐、碧里、牛坑湾、将军帽、濂澳、可门等六大港区,临港工业主要包括正在建设或已建成投产的鲁能、华能两大火电厂,亿鑫钢铁、德盛镍业、三金钢铁等三大冶金企业,以及福建省最大的船舶修造企业华东船厂。以二、三产业为主的临港工业发展,给海湾内原有的养殖、旅游等轻污染、强环境依赖性行业带来了发展威胁。随着相关规划的继续实施,冶金、电力企业新建、扩建,产能继续扩大,同时沿岸临港工业将更大规模发展,会对罗源湾造成更大的海洋环境压力。
在上述背景下,本研究通过AHP-SWOT(?)层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process简称AHP; SWOT分别代表：strengths (优势)、weaknesses (劣势)、opportunities(机遇)、threats (挑战))和生态系统服务功能价值评估法的综合运用,通过对罗源湾海洋经济发展规划量化分析,罗源湾区域的生态系统服务功能价值高达29.48亿元,且其中的主要价值体现于湾内大规模发展的养殖业,由此表明罗源湾海洋经济发展具有显著区位优势,但新的沿岸产业布局资源损耗相对较大,对湾内现有以养殖业为主的产业结构产生环境威胁,尤其重金属污染源广泛存在于环罗源湾区域开发布置的冶金、火电等行业中,湾内重金属环境应作为海洋环境保护和管理工作关注的重点问题。
临港产业集群发展将引发罗源湾内水环境质量变化,2011年5月通过现场采样监测,对罗源湾内重金属环境进行调查、评价,并与更早的调查结果进行纵向比较分析,在众多监测重金属元素中选取地球化学表现活跃的Ni以及水体浓度增加明显的Pb元素作为后续研究对象,同时选取Ni、Pb作为研究代表元素也与罗源湾沿岸的产业布局具有相关性。
利用FVCOM,对罗源湾内水动力环境进行模拟作为重金属输运模型研究的基础。建立重金属输运模型,结合沿岸规划中重点发展区排污状况,模拟海水中Pb、Ni的空间分布,与监测结果相对照,验证了数值模型的可靠性。以Pb元素为代表,通过重金属多介质迁移转化模通过重金属多介质迁移转化模型建立,综合物理、化学、生物自净容量,得出罗源湾重金属Pb环境容量约为0.545t/d,且重金属环境容量主要体现于水交换驱动的物理自净过程。根据收集的罗源湾入海废水量估算出Pb元素入海量,其值小于计算所得的Pb元素环境容量值,表明在沿岸严格达标排污的情况下,罗源湾整体具有充足的重金属Pb环境容量。
根据罗源湾内已经划定的排污区域水深、岸线特点,利用重金属输运模型和局部简化的高精度数值模拟格式对罗源湾内排放口排污情况进行模拟。通过方案比较,排放口应布设于水深较大,水动力条件较好,且水深变换平缓的区域。根据排放口布设原则,在湾内布设岗屿、可门、白水三个排放口,引入最大混合区概念,对其进行纳污能力模拟,岗屿、可门、白水排放口的纳污能力分别为0.147、0.134、0.016t/d。
为了进一步掌握罗源湾内重金属环境变化的情况,为罗源湾的海洋环境管理工作提供技术支撑,以现状为本底值,主要排放口以Ⅲ类水质标准达标排放,对罗源湾水体重金属Pb、Ni环境状况进行预测模拟,模拟3个月后,湾内有大面积Pb、Ni元素浓度超过一类水质标准的状况,且5个月后超标范围明显扩大。综合针对罗源湾重金属水环境进行的分析、调查、模拟、预测,提出针对环罗源湾区域的产业布局,划分为五个区域,分区进行海洋环境保护和管理。
Luoyuan Bay, located in northeast part of Fujian Province. Because of the ability berthing300,000-ton ship at all weather it is rare natural deep-water harbor of China. It is also an important potential region of marine economy development on the west side of Taiwan Straits. Recent years as a series of plans enter stage of implementation, such as Fuzhou Marine economy strong city construction plan (2006-2011), the twelfth five-year plan for region economic and social development plan (2011-2015) of Luoyuan, the marine economic of Luoyuan Bay leaps and bounds. It builds the port industrial system led with energy, metallurgy and shipbuilding. The new pattern of port industrial promoting economic development has conformed. The port region of Luoyuan Bay includes six parts, such as Shiqi, Bili, Niukeng Bay, Jiangjun Hat, Lian ao and Kemen, etc. The plant surround Luoyuan Bay has already put into operation or under construction, that include thermal power plant of Luneng and Huaneng, steel plant of Yixin, Desheng, and Sanjin, and the largest ship repair plant of Fujian, East China shipyard. The development of these industries brings threat to the light pollution, strong environment-dependent industry, such as aquaculture, tourism. The growing threat to the marine environment will be brought by the metallurgy, energy plant's production capacity expansion, and port logistics, ship building industry developing.
Against the above background, this study quantitatively analyzes the coastal Industrial Layout by using AHP-SWOT Strategy analysis and ecosystem services value assessment method. The ecosystem services value of Luoyuan Bay up to￥2.948billion, and most of that reflected in aquaculture which vigorously developed in the bay. Luoyuan Bay has significant geographical advantages for marine economic development, but the new industrial layout round the bay consumes more resource, and poses threats to the aquaculture industry. Especially heavy metal pollution widely exists in the industries such as metallurgy, thermal power. So heavy metal should become key issue in the environment protection and management of Luoyuan Bay.
The development of port-surrounding industry cluster will lead to environmental quality changes in Luoyuan Bay. In May2011, investigate and evaluate the heavy metal environment by field monitoring. By comparing with the earlier survey data, Because element Ni shows activate geochemistry performance, and element Pb concentration increases significantly, so select them to be the subsequent research objects. The selection also correlates with the industry layout of Luoyuan Bay.
By using FVCOM numerically simulates the hydrodynamic environment in Luoyuan Bay, and the flow field is the foundation of heavy metal transport model research. Then establishes the heavy metal distribution model and simulates the distribution of Pb、Ni concentration field. The simulation is verified to be reliable by compared with the survey data. By using the heavy metal multiphase migration model and total considering the physical, chemical, biological self-purification, the environmental capacity of Luoyuan Bay is0.545t/d (Pb as representative). Physical self-purification which drove by water exchange is the major part of the self-purification process. By calculating the quantity of element Pb into Luoyuan Bay, it shows the bay has sufficient heavy metal (Pb) environment capacity when discharge strictly according to the standard.
Based on the characteristics such as depth, coast line of the drainage area simulates the sewage outfall emission. Heavy metal transport model and high order numerical scheme are used in the simulation process. The sewage outfall should arrange in the area which with sufficient depth, hydrodynamic condition and also the depth changes smoothly. According to the sewage outfall layout principle, there are three main outfalls arranged in Gangyu, Kemen, and Baishui of Luoyuan Bay, the pollution holding capacity of each outfall is0.147,0.134, and0.016t/d.
In order to further understand the changes of heavy metal environment and provide reference to the environmental management, based on the current background value numerically predicts the elements (Pb, Ni) concentration distribution in Luoyuan Bay. In the predication, the outfall sewage quality complies with third category of the water standard. After three months, large area of the elements (Pb, Ni) concentration beyond first category of the water standard, and the case becomes worse after five months simulation. Integrated with the analysis, simulation, and prediction of the heavy metal environment in Luoyuan Bay, and also refer to the industrial layout, the Bay should be divided into five parts, and each part carries out environmental protection and management separately.
在上述背景下,本研究通过AHP-SWOT(?)层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process简称AHP; SWOT分别代表：strengths (优势)、weaknesses (劣势)、opportunities(机遇)、threats (挑战))和生态系统服务功能价值评估法的综合运用,通过对罗源湾海洋经济发展规划量化分析,罗源湾区域的生态系统服务功能价值高达29.48亿元,且其中的主要价值体现于湾内大规模发展的养殖业,由此表明罗源湾海洋经济发展具有显著区位优势,但新的沿岸产业布局资源损耗相对较大,对湾内现有以养殖业为主的产业结构产生环境威胁,尤其重金属污染源广泛存在于环罗源湾区域开发布置的冶金、火电等行业中,湾内重金属环境应作为海洋环境保护和管理工作关注的重点问题。
临港产业集群发展将引发罗源湾内水环境质量变化,2011年5月通过现场采样监测,对罗源湾内重金属环境进行调查、评价,并与更早的调查结果进行纵向比较分析,在众多监测重金属元素中选取地球化学表现活跃的Ni以及水体浓度增加明显的Pb元素作为后续研究对象,同时选取Ni、Pb作为研究代表元素也与罗源湾沿岸的产业布局具有相关性。
利用FVCOM,对罗源湾内水动力环境进行模拟作为重金属输运模型研究的基础。建立重金属输运模型,结合沿岸规划中重点发展区排污状况,模拟海水中Pb、Ni的空间分布,与监测结果相对照,验证了数值模型的可靠性。以Pb元素为代表,通过重金属多介质迁移转化模通过重金属多介质迁移转化模型建立,综合物理、化学、生物自净容量,得出罗源湾重金属Pb环境容量约为0.545t/d,且重金属环境容量主要体现于水交换驱动的物理自净过程。根据收集的罗源湾入海废水量估算出Pb元素入海量,其值小于计算所得的Pb元素环境容量值,表明在沿岸严格达标排污的情况下,罗源湾整体具有充足的重金属Pb环境容量。
根据罗源湾内已经划定的排污区域水深、岸线特点,利用重金属输运模型和局部简化的高精度数值模拟格式对罗源湾内排放口排污情况进行模拟。通过方案比较,排放口应布设于水深较大,水动力条件较好,且水深变换平缓的区域。根据排放口布设原则,在湾内布设岗屿、可门、白水三个排放口,引入最大混合区概念,对其进行纳污能力模拟,岗屿、可门、白水排放口的纳污能力分别为0.147、0.134、0.016t/d。
为了进一步掌握罗源湾内重金属环境变化的情况,为罗源湾的海洋环境管理工作提供技术支撑,以现状为本底值,主要排放口以Ⅲ类水质标准达标排放,对罗源湾水体重金属Pb、Ni环境状况进行预测模拟,模拟3个月后,湾内有大面积Pb、Ni元素浓度超过一类水质标准的状况,且5个月后超标范围明显扩大。综合针对罗源湾重金属水环境进行的分析、调查、模拟、预测,提出针对环罗源湾区域的产业布局,划分为五个区域,分区进行海洋环境保护和管理。
Luoyuan Bay, located in northeast part of Fujian Province. Because of the ability berthing300,000-ton ship at all weather it is rare natural deep-water harbor of China. It is also an important potential region of marine economy development on the west side of Taiwan Straits. Recent years as a series of plans enter stage of implementation, such as Fuzhou Marine economy strong city construction plan (2006-2011), the twelfth five-year plan for region economic and social development plan (2011-2015) of Luoyuan, the marine economic of Luoyuan Bay leaps and bounds. It builds the port industrial system led with energy, metallurgy and shipbuilding. The new pattern of port industrial promoting economic development has conformed. The port region of Luoyuan Bay includes six parts, such as Shiqi, Bili, Niukeng Bay, Jiangjun Hat, Lian ao and Kemen, etc. The plant surround Luoyuan Bay has already put into operation or under construction, that include thermal power plant of Luneng and Huaneng, steel plant of Yixin, Desheng, and Sanjin, and the largest ship repair plant of Fujian, East China shipyard. The development of these industries brings threat to the light pollution, strong environment-dependent industry, such as aquaculture, tourism. The growing threat to the marine environment will be brought by the metallurgy, energy plant's production capacity expansion, and port logistics, ship building industry developing.
Against the above background, this study quantitatively analyzes the coastal Industrial Layout by using AHP-SWOT Strategy analysis and ecosystem services value assessment method. The ecosystem services value of Luoyuan Bay up to￥2.948billion, and most of that reflected in aquaculture which vigorously developed in the bay. Luoyuan Bay has significant geographical advantages for marine economic development, but the new industrial layout round the bay consumes more resource, and poses threats to the aquaculture industry. Especially heavy metal pollution widely exists in the industries such as metallurgy, thermal power. So heavy metal should become key issue in the environment protection and management of Luoyuan Bay.
The development of port-surrounding industry cluster will lead to environmental quality changes in Luoyuan Bay. In May2011, investigate and evaluate the heavy metal environment by field monitoring. By comparing with the earlier survey data, Because element Ni shows activate geochemistry performance, and element Pb concentration increases significantly, so select them to be the subsequent research objects. The selection also correlates with the industry layout of Luoyuan Bay.
By using FVCOM numerically simulates the hydrodynamic environment in Luoyuan Bay, and the flow field is the foundation of heavy metal transport model research. Then establishes the heavy metal distribution model and simulates the distribution of Pb、Ni concentration field. The simulation is verified to be reliable by compared with the survey data. By using the heavy metal multiphase migration model and total considering the physical, chemical, biological self-purification, the environmental capacity of Luoyuan Bay is0.545t/d (Pb as representative). Physical self-purification which drove by water exchange is the major part of the self-purification process. By calculating the quantity of element Pb into Luoyuan Bay, it shows the bay has sufficient heavy metal (Pb) environment capacity when discharge strictly according to the standard.
Based on the characteristics such as depth, coast line of the drainage area simulates the sewage outfall emission. Heavy metal transport model and high order numerical scheme are used in the simulation process. The sewage outfall should arrange in the area which with sufficient depth, hydrodynamic condition and also the depth changes smoothly. According to the sewage outfall layout principle, there are three main outfalls arranged in Gangyu, Kemen, and Baishui of Luoyuan Bay, the pollution holding capacity of each outfall is0.147,0.134, and0.016t/d.
In order to further understand the changes of heavy metal environment and provide reference to the environmental management, based on the current background value numerically predicts the elements (Pb, Ni) concentration distribution in Luoyuan Bay. In the predication, the outfall sewage quality complies with third category of the water standard. After three months, large area of the elements (Pb, Ni) concentration beyond first category of the water standard, and the case becomes worse after five months simulation. Integrated with the analysis, simulation, and prediction of the heavy metal environment in Luoyuan Bay, and also refer to the industrial layout, the Bay should be divided into five parts, and each part carries out environmental protection and management separately.
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