Anammox菌超声强化及其与短程硝化污泥共包埋脱氮性能研究
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摘要
基于短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应的单级自养脱氮工艺是指由氨氧化细菌和厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)细菌在单个反应器内、相同的操作条件下,实现将氨氮转化成氮气的工艺,在处理高氨氮、低碳氮比废水方面极具潜力。目前,26家污水处理厂建立了单级自养脱氮反应设备。但目前运行的单级自养脱氮反应器普遍存在功能菌生长慢,污泥易流失、稳定性能差等问题。这些客观因素导致单级自养脱氮工艺启动时间长,限制着工艺的应用。
针对目前单级自养脱氮工艺存在的问题,本论文首先富集了厌氧氨氧化细菌,并采用低强度超声波技术强化了厌氧氨氧化菌胶团的活性。其次,通过碳酸氢钠或海藻酸钠的添加改善了聚乙烯醇凝胶载体的传质性能。最后,共包埋厌氧氨氧化和短程硝化污泥启动了单级反应器。研究了单级自养脱氮系统的适合条件,考察了单级自养脱氮性能和运行条件对单级自养脱氮工艺的影响。通过荧光原位杂交(FISH)实验和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)实验考察了单级自养脱氮系统内的细菌形态、分布和增殖状况。论文取得了一些创新性的研究成果,主要包括：
(1)采用升流式复合床反应器对传统活性污泥进行了厌氧氨氧化细菌的有效富集。经过362天的培养,进水氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度提高到270mg N/L,总氮去除负荷达1.85kg N/m3/d。在反应器稳定运行阶段,总氮平均去除率在85%以上。
(2)低强度超声波能够有效地提高厌氧氨氧化细菌的活性。经超声场强0.1-0.4W/cm2作用后,厌氧氨氧化细菌的活性显著提高。经0.3W/cm2超声作用4分钟,厌氧氨氧化细菌的活性提高了25.5%,促进作用持续6天。
(3)通过碳酸氢钠(SB)或海藻酸钠(SA)的添加促进了聚乙烯醇(PVA)凝胶载体的传质性能及包埋微生物对污染物的处理能力。聚乙烯醇-碳酸氢钠(PVA_SB)(?)阳聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(PVA_SA)凝胶载体的氨氮传质系数比传统的PVA载体分别提高38%和29%,且两类载体包埋短程硝化污泥的氨氧化活性比传统的PVA载体分别提高了44%和30%。
(4)采用气升式反应装置启动单级自养脱氮反应器,成功运行了175天,氨氮去除性能稳定。总氮去除负荷最高达到1.66kg N/m3/d。在反应器稳定运行阶段,总氮平均去除率为77%。从反应器的氨氮去除效果可以看出,共包埋技术适于单级自养脱氮工艺,实现了单级自养脱氮反应器长期、高效、稳定运行。
通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)技术和荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术考察了微生物的分布、增殖和丰度。SEM照片显示,与反应器启动第一天时的载体内微生物数量相比,反应器启动第81天后的载体内微生物的数量明显增多。FISH照片显示,氨氧化细菌形成厚厚的菌层包绕着厌氧氨氧化菌胶团。图像分析软件分析,厌氧氨氧化细菌和氨氧化细菌分别占总菌的45%和40%。这表明,氨氧化细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌已经在载体内生长、增殖。
Single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process with partial nitrification-anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is that ammonium is transformed into dinitrogen gas completed by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anammox bacteria in a single reactor. The process has great potential to treat low C/N ratio, ammonia-rich wastewater. According to reports,26sewage treatment plants have established the single stage equipments based on nitritation and anammox reaction. But, the currently running single-stage reactors face some questions, for example, bacteria grow slowly, and the sludge is easy to wash out, and reactor stability is poor. These factors have induced that the single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process has a long startup time, which limit the application of the technology.
We firstly cultivated anammox bacteria and strengthened its activity by ultrasound. Second, the mass transfer performance of the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) entrapment carrier was improved by adding sodium bicarbonate (SB) or sodium alginate (SA). Third, the partial nitrifying and anammox biomass was co-immobilized with PVA_SA material and a single-stage autotropic nitrogen removal reactor was started up. We studied the suitable conditions of single stage autotrophic nitrogen removal system. We also investigated nitrogen removal performance in reactor and the effects of the operation conditions on the single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal. Lastly, we investigated bacterial morphology, distribution and proliferation by SEM experiment, and investigated bacterial abundance by FISH experiment. The dissertation has made some innovative research results:
(1) Anammox sludge was effectively enriched from conventional activated sludge using an up-flow composite-bed biofilm reactor. On day362, both of the influent ammonia and nitrite concentrations increased to270mg N/L, the total nitrogen (TN) removal rate reached1.85kg N/m3/d. During the stable running stage, the average TN removal efficiency was over85%.
(2) Anammox microbial consortium activity was improved by exerting ultrasound field. Anammox activity was significantly improved when the ultrasound field strength was in the scope of0.1～0.4W/cm2. Anammox activity was enhanced by25.5%at the optimal ultrasonic intensity of0.3W/cm2and irradiation time of4min.
(3) The mass transfer performance of the PVA carrier is relatively poor, which affect the transfer of nutrients, metabolites and oxygen. The mass transfer capabilities of PVA hydrogel carriers can be improved by adding SA or SB, and the carriers formed by adding SA, SB were called PVA_SA carrier, PVA_SB carrier, respectively. The mass transfer of PVA_SA and PVA_SB gel carriers increased by29%and38%than traditional PVA carriers. The ammonia oxidizing activities of partial nitrifying sludge entrapped by PVA_SA material and PVA_SB material improved by30%and44%than traditional PVA carriers, respectively.
(4) A single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process using co-immobilizing AOB and anammox biomass was started up with a gas-lifted reacor. It was running for175days, and the ammonia removal capacity was stable. The maximum TN removal rate reached1.66kg N/m3/d. During the stable running stage, the average TN removal efficiency was77%. From these results, it can be summed up that Co-immobilizing technology is suitable for single stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process.
SEM showed that bacteria had a greater increase observed on day81than that of day1. FISH showed AOB existed around the anammox bacteria, and anammox bacteria and AOB accounted for45%,40%of the total bacteria. This indicates that, the AOB and anammox bacteria have colonized, grew and proliferated in the carriers.
针对目前单级自养脱氮工艺存在的问题,本论文首先富集了厌氧氨氧化细菌,并采用低强度超声波技术强化了厌氧氨氧化菌胶团的活性。其次,通过碳酸氢钠或海藻酸钠的添加改善了聚乙烯醇凝胶载体的传质性能。最后,共包埋厌氧氨氧化和短程硝化污泥启动了单级反应器。研究了单级自养脱氮系统的适合条件,考察了单级自养脱氮性能和运行条件对单级自养脱氮工艺的影响。通过荧光原位杂交(FISH)实验和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)实验考察了单级自养脱氮系统内的细菌形态、分布和增殖状况。论文取得了一些创新性的研究成果,主要包括：
(1)采用升流式复合床反应器对传统活性污泥进行了厌氧氨氧化细菌的有效富集。经过362天的培养,进水氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度提高到270mg N/L,总氮去除负荷达1.85kg N/m3/d。在反应器稳定运行阶段,总氮平均去除率在85%以上。
(2)低强度超声波能够有效地提高厌氧氨氧化细菌的活性。经超声场强0.1-0.4W/cm2作用后,厌氧氨氧化细菌的活性显著提高。经0.3W/cm2超声作用4分钟,厌氧氨氧化细菌的活性提高了25.5%,促进作用持续6天。
(3)通过碳酸氢钠(SB)或海藻酸钠(SA)的添加促进了聚乙烯醇(PVA)凝胶载体的传质性能及包埋微生物对污染物的处理能力。聚乙烯醇-碳酸氢钠(PVA_SB)(?)阳聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(PVA_SA)凝胶载体的氨氮传质系数比传统的PVA载体分别提高38%和29%,且两类载体包埋短程硝化污泥的氨氧化活性比传统的PVA载体分别提高了44%和30%。
(4)采用气升式反应装置启动单级自养脱氮反应器,成功运行了175天,氨氮去除性能稳定。总氮去除负荷最高达到1.66kg N/m3/d。在反应器稳定运行阶段,总氮平均去除率为77%。从反应器的氨氮去除效果可以看出,共包埋技术适于单级自养脱氮工艺,实现了单级自养脱氮反应器长期、高效、稳定运行。
通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)技术和荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术考察了微生物的分布、增殖和丰度。SEM照片显示,与反应器启动第一天时的载体内微生物数量相比,反应器启动第81天后的载体内微生物的数量明显增多。FISH照片显示,氨氧化细菌形成厚厚的菌层包绕着厌氧氨氧化菌胶团。图像分析软件分析,厌氧氨氧化细菌和氨氧化细菌分别占总菌的45%和40%。这表明,氨氧化细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌已经在载体内生长、增殖。
Single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process with partial nitrification-anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is that ammonium is transformed into dinitrogen gas completed by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anammox bacteria in a single reactor. The process has great potential to treat low C/N ratio, ammonia-rich wastewater. According to reports,26sewage treatment plants have established the single stage equipments based on nitritation and anammox reaction. But, the currently running single-stage reactors face some questions, for example, bacteria grow slowly, and the sludge is easy to wash out, and reactor stability is poor. These factors have induced that the single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process has a long startup time, which limit the application of the technology.
We firstly cultivated anammox bacteria and strengthened its activity by ultrasound. Second, the mass transfer performance of the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) entrapment carrier was improved by adding sodium bicarbonate (SB) or sodium alginate (SA). Third, the partial nitrifying and anammox biomass was co-immobilized with PVA_SA material and a single-stage autotropic nitrogen removal reactor was started up. We studied the suitable conditions of single stage autotrophic nitrogen removal system. We also investigated nitrogen removal performance in reactor and the effects of the operation conditions on the single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal. Lastly, we investigated bacterial morphology, distribution and proliferation by SEM experiment, and investigated bacterial abundance by FISH experiment. The dissertation has made some innovative research results:
(1) Anammox sludge was effectively enriched from conventional activated sludge using an up-flow composite-bed biofilm reactor. On day362, both of the influent ammonia and nitrite concentrations increased to270mg N/L, the total nitrogen (TN) removal rate reached1.85kg N/m3/d. During the stable running stage, the average TN removal efficiency was over85%.
(2) Anammox microbial consortium activity was improved by exerting ultrasound field. Anammox activity was significantly improved when the ultrasound field strength was in the scope of0.1～0.4W/cm2. Anammox activity was enhanced by25.5%at the optimal ultrasonic intensity of0.3W/cm2and irradiation time of4min.
(3) The mass transfer performance of the PVA carrier is relatively poor, which affect the transfer of nutrients, metabolites and oxygen. The mass transfer capabilities of PVA hydrogel carriers can be improved by adding SA or SB, and the carriers formed by adding SA, SB were called PVA_SA carrier, PVA_SB carrier, respectively. The mass transfer of PVA_SA and PVA_SB gel carriers increased by29%and38%than traditional PVA carriers. The ammonia oxidizing activities of partial nitrifying sludge entrapped by PVA_SA material and PVA_SB material improved by30%and44%than traditional PVA carriers, respectively.
(4) A single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process using co-immobilizing AOB and anammox biomass was started up with a gas-lifted reacor. It was running for175days, and the ammonia removal capacity was stable. The maximum TN removal rate reached1.66kg N/m3/d. During the stable running stage, the average TN removal efficiency was77%. From these results, it can be summed up that Co-immobilizing technology is suitable for single stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process.
SEM showed that bacteria had a greater increase observed on day81than that of day1. FISH showed AOB existed around the anammox bacteria, and anammox bacteria and AOB accounted for45%,40%of the total bacteria. This indicates that, the AOB and anammox bacteria have colonized, grew and proliferated in the carriers.
引文
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