不同外部边界及气压条件下建筑外立面开口火溢流行为特征研究
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摘要
建筑外立面开口火溢流是在通风控制燃烧下室内火灾中的火焰伴随着烟气从窗户,破碎的玻璃幕墙等侧向开口溢出,并在建筑外立面发生持续燃烧的特殊火灾现象,在多层和高层建筑火灾中时有发生,加上近年来广泛使用的易燃外墙保温材料,极易向上形成立体蔓延,造成几(多)层同时燃烧,酿成重大灾害性后果。现实中,建筑外立面开口火溢流行为将受到不同外部边界及气压条件的影响,例如(1)在我国部分城市存在大量密集建筑群(如密集城中村建筑群),由于楼间距狭窄,某建筑内发生火灾,通过建筑外立面开口溢出的火焰将对相邻建筑及上层建筑造成很大危险；(2)在我国的部分城市,受自然地形的影响,大量(高层)建筑被迫修建在坡地上,例如,重庆市的高层建筑就有大多数建设在坡地上。受坡地地形的影响,这类建筑外立面开口火溢出火焰及烟羽流卷吸新鲜空气的行为将受到限制,使其火灾发展特征有别于常规建筑,而目前国内外对此还缺乏研究。(3)在高原地区,高原特殊的低压低氧环境对建筑外立面开口火溢流行为特征会产生很多不同方面的影响。因此,需要研究不同外部边界及气压条件下建筑外立面开口火溢流的行为特征。
本文围绕不同外部边界及气压条件下建筑外立面开口火溢流行为特征,采用试验研究,理论分析,数值模拟相结合的方法开展研究。为了开展本文的相关研究,建立了1：4和1：8相似模拟尺度的建筑外立面开口火溢流模拟实验装置,分别在合肥和拉萨高原地区开展建筑外立面开口火溢流实验。通过对建筑外立面开口火溢流行为特征参数(火焰高度、溢出火羽流径向、竖向温度等)的实验测量,结合火灾动力学知识,揭示了不同外部边界及气压条件下建筑外立面开口火溢流行为特征的演化机制,并建立了相应的无量纲特征参数理论预测模型。具体的工作包括：
研究了自由边界条件下建筑外立面开口火溢流火焰高度和竖向温度分布特征。在1：4相似模拟尺度的建筑外立面开口火溢流模拟实验装置开展了系列实验,基于能量守恒定量分析了燃烧室内部温升,揭示了燃烧室内部温升与开口因子的关系；并首次在建筑外立面开口火溢流结构特征中引入虚点源概念,建立了自由边界条件下建筑外立面开口外部竖向最高温升与开口大小、火源功率和特征长度的耦合关系模型。
揭示了自由边界条件下建筑外立面开口火溢流径向温度分布规律。基于高斯分布函数,建立了建筑外立面开口火溢流径向温度分布的理论模型,并在1：4相似模拟尺度的建筑外立面开口火溢流模拟实验装置进行了实验验证,结果表明,提出的羽流有效厚度的特征长度尺度可以很好的对不同火源功率下不同开口大小的实验数据进行拟合逼近；所建立的建筑外立面开口火溢流径向温度模型可以很好的预测外立面开口溢出火羽流径向温度的测量值。
研究揭示了竖直挡墙(vertical facing wall)和倾斜挡墙(sloping facing wall)限制下建筑外立面开口火溢流行为特征差异。通过模拟尺度实验,验证分析了竖直挡墙与建筑外立面间距对开口火焰溢出高度的影响,揭示了开口溢出火焰高度与无量纲特征距离有着较好的耦合关系,拟合规律呈现出2个分段函数特征。同时分析了倾斜挡墙角度对受限空间开口火焰溢出行为的影响,建立了无量纲角度与溢出火焰高度的耦合关系；进而从卷吸限制角度分析了两种情况限制下产生差异的物理特征并进行了表征。
研究揭示了西藏拉萨高原环境下建筑外立面开口火溢流行为特征与平原常压地区的差别并进行了表征。在西藏拉萨火灾实验基地开展了1：8相似模拟尺度的建筑外立面开口火溢流模拟实验,量化分析了合肥和拉萨地区建筑外立面开口火溢流火焰高度,开口外部羽流竖向温升和径向分布等参数差异,并对开口外部温度竖向衰减特性理论推导分析,通过与实验结果的对比,得出拉萨地区火溢流卷吸强度约为合肥地区的0.8倍的规律,修正了开口火焰高度和开口外部羽流温升模型。
Flame ejecting behavior from a building facade opening (e.g., window, broken glass curtain wall), is a special phenomenon, with smoke, and sustained combustion outside the enclosure, it happens a lot in multi-storey and high-rise building fires. And exterior wall thermal insulation materials has been widely used in recent years, it is easy to form three-dimensional fire spread upward, cause a number of (many) layer burning at the same time, smoke and hot gases do harm to people's life, and cause injury serious consequences. In real environment, building facade ejecting fire behavior characteristics will be subjected to the influence of different external boundary and pressure. For instance,(1) In some cities of China, there are many densely populated buildings (e.g., dense urban village buildings), due to the narrow floor spacing, when a building fire, overflow of flame through the building facade openings to the adjacent buildings and super structure caused great danger.(2) In some cities in China, due to the effect of natural terrain, lots of buildings were built on hillsides. For example, lot of tall buildings in Chongqing city were built on hillsides. As an impact of the hillsides, building facade flame ejecting behavior, flame and plume entrainment is different from normal buildings. However, very few researches on it have been done so far.(3) In plateau area, plateau with low pressure and relatively low oxygen concentration can make many different effects on flame ejecting behavior from a building facade opening. Therefore, we need to study the building facade ejecting behavior characteristics under different external boundary and pressure conditions.
Experimental research, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation method were carried out to investigate the building facade ejecting fire behavior characteristics under different external boundary and pressure conditions. In order to carry out related research, a1:4and1:8scale model were established for fire simulation test device, respectively in Hefei and Lhasa plateau. Experimental measurement carried out to obtain parameters (flame height, radial and vertical temperature of ejecting fire plume, etc.) of flame ejecting behavior from a building facade opening, combined with knowledge of fire dynamics, evolution mechanism of building facade ejecting flame behavior characteristics were revealed under different external boundary and pressure conditions, and the corresponding dimensionless characteristic parameter theoretical prediction model was established. Specific work includes:
Facade flame behavior and plume characteristics ejected from opening of a building compartment was carried out to study flame height and vertical temperature distribution under free boundary conditions, Based on the1/4scale building external facade flame test model, internal temperature rise of combustion chamber was analyzed through quantitative calculation of energy conservation, the relationship between internal temperature rise of combustion chamber and opening factor was revealed; And virtual point source concept in building facade fire was introduced firstly, coupling relationship model of highest temperature with opening size, HRR and characteristic length were established for building facade ejecting fire under the free boundary condition.
Radial plume temperature profile of building facade ejecting fire under free boundary condition was revealed, based on the gaussian distribution function, theoretical model analysis was carried out to study radial plume temperature of the building facade ejecting fire and the1/4scale building facade fire model test, was used for validation, the results show that the proposed characteristic length scales of the effective plume thickness under different HRR can be very good correlation with different opening size. At the same time, radial plume temperature model of building facade ejecting fire behavior can well predict measured radial plume temperature of building facade ejecting fire.
The differences of building facade ejecting fire behavior characteristics under vertical facing wall and sloping facing wall restrict was revealed. Through the experiment, validation analysis of building facade spacing between two vertical facing walls for ejecting flame height, it found the flame height and the dimensionless characteristic distance have better coupling relationship, shows the characteristics of two segmented function. And analyzed the impact of the angle of sloping facing wall on building facade ejecting fire behavior, the coupling relationship of the angle of sloping facing wall and the flame height are obtained. From the perspective of entrainment limit, the thesis analyses the differences between vertical facing wall and sloping facing wall restrict and have been characterized.
Research reveals the difference of facade flame behavior and plume characteristics ejected from opening of a building compartment between the plain atmospheric region and plateau region. A1:8scale model of building facade ejecting fire test device was set up in Lhasa, building facade ejecting fire behavior characteristics was the quantitative analyzed in Hefei and Lhasa data (flame height, ejecting the plume parameters such as the vertical and the radial temperature distribution difference), and theory analysis was carried out to study external vertical temperature dacay characteristic, by the comparison with the experimental results, it concluded that entrainment intensity of building facade ejecting fire in Lhasa was about0.8times than that in Hefei. Flame height and ejected plume temperature model were fixed.
本文围绕不同外部边界及气压条件下建筑外立面开口火溢流行为特征,采用试验研究,理论分析,数值模拟相结合的方法开展研究。为了开展本文的相关研究,建立了1：4和1：8相似模拟尺度的建筑外立面开口火溢流模拟实验装置,分别在合肥和拉萨高原地区开展建筑外立面开口火溢流实验。通过对建筑外立面开口火溢流行为特征参数(火焰高度、溢出火羽流径向、竖向温度等)的实验测量,结合火灾动力学知识,揭示了不同外部边界及气压条件下建筑外立面开口火溢流行为特征的演化机制,并建立了相应的无量纲特征参数理论预测模型。具体的工作包括：
研究了自由边界条件下建筑外立面开口火溢流火焰高度和竖向温度分布特征。在1：4相似模拟尺度的建筑外立面开口火溢流模拟实验装置开展了系列实验,基于能量守恒定量分析了燃烧室内部温升,揭示了燃烧室内部温升与开口因子的关系；并首次在建筑外立面开口火溢流结构特征中引入虚点源概念,建立了自由边界条件下建筑外立面开口外部竖向最高温升与开口大小、火源功率和特征长度的耦合关系模型。
揭示了自由边界条件下建筑外立面开口火溢流径向温度分布规律。基于高斯分布函数,建立了建筑外立面开口火溢流径向温度分布的理论模型,并在1：4相似模拟尺度的建筑外立面开口火溢流模拟实验装置进行了实验验证,结果表明,提出的羽流有效厚度的特征长度尺度可以很好的对不同火源功率下不同开口大小的实验数据进行拟合逼近；所建立的建筑外立面开口火溢流径向温度模型可以很好的预测外立面开口溢出火羽流径向温度的测量值。
研究揭示了竖直挡墙(vertical facing wall)和倾斜挡墙(sloping facing wall)限制下建筑外立面开口火溢流行为特征差异。通过模拟尺度实验,验证分析了竖直挡墙与建筑外立面间距对开口火焰溢出高度的影响,揭示了开口溢出火焰高度与无量纲特征距离有着较好的耦合关系,拟合规律呈现出2个分段函数特征。同时分析了倾斜挡墙角度对受限空间开口火焰溢出行为的影响,建立了无量纲角度与溢出火焰高度的耦合关系；进而从卷吸限制角度分析了两种情况限制下产生差异的物理特征并进行了表征。
研究揭示了西藏拉萨高原环境下建筑外立面开口火溢流行为特征与平原常压地区的差别并进行了表征。在西藏拉萨火灾实验基地开展了1：8相似模拟尺度的建筑外立面开口火溢流模拟实验,量化分析了合肥和拉萨地区建筑外立面开口火溢流火焰高度,开口外部羽流竖向温升和径向分布等参数差异,并对开口外部温度竖向衰减特性理论推导分析,通过与实验结果的对比,得出拉萨地区火溢流卷吸强度约为合肥地区的0.8倍的规律,修正了开口火焰高度和开口外部羽流温升模型。
Flame ejecting behavior from a building facade opening (e.g., window, broken glass curtain wall), is a special phenomenon, with smoke, and sustained combustion outside the enclosure, it happens a lot in multi-storey and high-rise building fires. And exterior wall thermal insulation materials has been widely used in recent years, it is easy to form three-dimensional fire spread upward, cause a number of (many) layer burning at the same time, smoke and hot gases do harm to people's life, and cause injury serious consequences. In real environment, building facade ejecting fire behavior characteristics will be subjected to the influence of different external boundary and pressure. For instance,(1) In some cities of China, there are many densely populated buildings (e.g., dense urban village buildings), due to the narrow floor spacing, when a building fire, overflow of flame through the building facade openings to the adjacent buildings and super structure caused great danger.(2) In some cities in China, due to the effect of natural terrain, lots of buildings were built on hillsides. For example, lot of tall buildings in Chongqing city were built on hillsides. As an impact of the hillsides, building facade flame ejecting behavior, flame and plume entrainment is different from normal buildings. However, very few researches on it have been done so far.(3) In plateau area, plateau with low pressure and relatively low oxygen concentration can make many different effects on flame ejecting behavior from a building facade opening. Therefore, we need to study the building facade ejecting behavior characteristics under different external boundary and pressure conditions.
Experimental research, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation method were carried out to investigate the building facade ejecting fire behavior characteristics under different external boundary and pressure conditions. In order to carry out related research, a1:4and1:8scale model were established for fire simulation test device, respectively in Hefei and Lhasa plateau. Experimental measurement carried out to obtain parameters (flame height, radial and vertical temperature of ejecting fire plume, etc.) of flame ejecting behavior from a building facade opening, combined with knowledge of fire dynamics, evolution mechanism of building facade ejecting flame behavior characteristics were revealed under different external boundary and pressure conditions, and the corresponding dimensionless characteristic parameter theoretical prediction model was established. Specific work includes:
Facade flame behavior and plume characteristics ejected from opening of a building compartment was carried out to study flame height and vertical temperature distribution under free boundary conditions, Based on the1/4scale building external facade flame test model, internal temperature rise of combustion chamber was analyzed through quantitative calculation of energy conservation, the relationship between internal temperature rise of combustion chamber and opening factor was revealed; And virtual point source concept in building facade fire was introduced firstly, coupling relationship model of highest temperature with opening size, HRR and characteristic length were established for building facade ejecting fire under the free boundary condition.
Radial plume temperature profile of building facade ejecting fire under free boundary condition was revealed, based on the gaussian distribution function, theoretical model analysis was carried out to study radial plume temperature of the building facade ejecting fire and the1/4scale building facade fire model test, was used for validation, the results show that the proposed characteristic length scales of the effective plume thickness under different HRR can be very good correlation with different opening size. At the same time, radial plume temperature model of building facade ejecting fire behavior can well predict measured radial plume temperature of building facade ejecting fire.
The differences of building facade ejecting fire behavior characteristics under vertical facing wall and sloping facing wall restrict was revealed. Through the experiment, validation analysis of building facade spacing between two vertical facing walls for ejecting flame height, it found the flame height and the dimensionless characteristic distance have better coupling relationship, shows the characteristics of two segmented function. And analyzed the impact of the angle of sloping facing wall on building facade ejecting fire behavior, the coupling relationship of the angle of sloping facing wall and the flame height are obtained. From the perspective of entrainment limit, the thesis analyses the differences between vertical facing wall and sloping facing wall restrict and have been characterized.
Research reveals the difference of facade flame behavior and plume characteristics ejected from opening of a building compartment between the plain atmospheric region and plateau region. A1:8scale model of building facade ejecting fire test device was set up in Lhasa, building facade ejecting fire behavior characteristics was the quantitative analyzed in Hefei and Lhasa data (flame height, ejecting the plume parameters such as the vertical and the radial temperature distribution difference), and theory analysis was carried out to study external vertical temperature dacay characteristic, by the comparison with the experimental results, it concluded that entrainment intensity of building facade ejecting fire in Lhasa was about0.8times than that in Hefei. Flame height and ejected plume temperature model were fixed.
引文
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