精细控压钻井井筒压力控制技术研究
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摘要
川西地区天然气资源丰富，是中国石化天然气增储上产的主要阵地，但近期在该地区所钻的一批深井中出现了较多的井下复杂和工程事故，严重影响了该地区油气勘探开发进程。主要原因是须家河地层不仅地层坚硬、研磨性强，机械钻速低，而且存在多套压力系统，泥浆安全密度窗口窄，钻井中常出现上喷下漏、卡钻和其它复杂情况，大大增加了非生产作业时间。为此，开展了川西地区控压钻井技术研究，以期解决上述问题，为四川盆地深层致密气藏的有效开发提供支撑。
单相流水力学模型研究。对牛顿模式、宾汉模式、幂律模式、卡森模式以及赫谢尔—巴尔克莱模式模式进行了评价，根据理论分析及现场实际数据对比得出赫谢尔—巴尔克莱模式是最适合钻井液流体的流变模式，能准确的表征各种无时间依赖性的钻井流体。并给出了赫巴模式全流态下的压降计算模型。实例计算结果表明，压降公式计算精度满足工程应用需求。
环空压力影响因素研究。根据实际情况对现有井筒温度场计算模型进行了修正，实例表明测量点计算的平均温度与测量的平均温度相差不到1℃，最大误差不超过3℃。分析了温度和压力对钻井液参数的影响，给出了钻井液视粘度和密度随温度和压力变化的计算公式。建立了突扩、突缩流动的理论分析模型，并分析了不同雷诺数下各因素的影响作用。通过引入Gibson中的实验公式，建立了渐扩管和渐缩管的局部阻力损失计算公式。按当量直径法给出了接头部分的摩擦阻力损失，结合局部阻力损失计算公式建立了较为准确的钻杆接头损失计算模型。考虑了影响井筒压力计算的其他影响因素，包括钻柱旋转、环空偏心、井下设备和环空岩屑等。给出了计算这些影响因素下的实用计算公式，并根据实例分析了这些影响因素的相互作用。
两相流水力学模型研究。以井筒多相流流型判别公式及流型判别图为基础，结合四川地区的井筒数据进行综合分析，建立了四川区块的多相流流型判别图，并给出了井口套压变化对井筒流型判别的影响。结合储层渗流流动模型，从考虑气液两相流的流动特点出发，建立了两相流动数学模型。根据泰勒级数展开法，采用有限差分方法对两相流的数学模型进行了离散推导，建立了数值计算模型。以一口井进行了示例验证，验证了井筒气侵后的多相流计算模型，计算结果能够较好地符合实际钻井数据，压力计算误差一般小于5%。进行了多相流条件下的井底压力敏感性分析，分析了回压、排量、密度、井斜角等参数的井底压力波动的影响情况，为精确控制井底压力提供了理论依据。
井筒压力控制技术研究。依据井底压力控制的基本原理，分析了不同钻井参数、井口设备等限制条件下的井筒压力控制范围，并给出了相应的控压钻井关键参数的设计方法。为了提高系统控制精度，在分析常规控制方法的基础上，将先进的模型预测控制方法引入到控压钻井的井底压力实时控制系统中，建立了先进的井底压力实时控制模型。实例分析表明，当井筒气体侵入时常规控制方法难以维持井底压力平衡，而模型预测控制方法可以快速、准确的通过对井口压力的控制建立起对井底压力的控制。
在理论分析基础上，结合川西地区地质情况，进行了控压钻井设备的配套与计算、控制软件系统的开发，并在马蓬23-6HF井进行了现场试验。结果说明，随钻压力监测系统准确、可靠，压力控制速度快精度高，设备能在30s以内把压力控制到设定套压，趋于稳定后，压力误差在0.1MPa以内。没有出现钻井复杂情况，控压钻井作业井段较常规钻井相同井段缩短钻井周期7.2%，实现了安全钻井，达到了试验目的。
通过本项目研究及现场试验，形成了一套适合川西地区的控压钻井配套技术，并实现了设备和工艺技术的国产化，解决了川西地区钻井过程中的诸多井下复杂问题，为川西地区天然气的高效开发提供了技术支撑。
Western Sichuan region is rich in natural gas resources, but recently a number of deepwells drilled in the area appear more underground complex and engineering accidents, bringserious impact on the region's oil and gas exploration and development process. The mainreason is the Xujiahe Formation is not only hard, grinding, drilling speed is low, and there areseveral sets of pressure systems, the mud safety density window is narrow, mud loss, stickingand other complex, greatly increasing the non-productive working time. The MPD technologyresearch has been carried out in western Sichuan, in order to solve the above problems, andprovide support for the effective development of gas reservoirs in Sichuan Basin.
Single-phase flow hydraulic model. The Newton, Bingham, Power-law, Casson and H-BModels have been evaluated based on theoretical analysis and actual data,and concluded thatH-B model is the most suitable for drilling fluid, which can accurately characterize thedrilling fluid. And pressure drop calculation models were listed. The example shows that thepressure drop formula calculation accuracy can meet the demand for engineering applications.
Influencing Factors on the annulus pressure. Modified according to the actual situationon the existing wellbore temperature field calculation model examples show that the averagecalculated temperature value and measuring values on certain points are quite close, theaverage offset is less than1°C, the maximum error does not exceed3°C. Analysis of theinfluence of the temperature and pressure on the drilling fluid parameters, the formula givesthe viscosity and density of the drilling fluid, as with the temperature and pressure changes.Established sudden expansion, sudden contraction flow analytical model and its influencewere analyzed under different Reynolds numbers. The other factors were considered whichaffect the wellbore pressure, including drill string rotation, eccentric annulus, downholeequipment and annular cuttings.
Two-phase flow hydraulic model. Based on Wellbore Multiphase Flow decision formulasand and flow pattern identification chart, combined with the wellbore data of Sichuan region,established the Sichuan area multiphase flow diagrams. Combined with the reservoir seepageflow model, considering the gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics, we made a mathematical model of two-phase flow. According to the Taylor method, discrete derivationwere carried out to the mathematical model of the two-phase flow, using the finite differencemethod. An example were taken to authenticate the calculation model of the multiphase flowin the wellbore after gas invasion, the calculation result is better able to meet the actualdrilling data, generally the error is less than5%. Bottomhole pressure sensitivity underdifferent back pressure, flow rate, mud weight, and the inclination of multiphase flow wereanalysed.
Wellbore pressure control technology. Based on the basic principles of the bottomholepressure control, gives the corresponding MPD key parameters design method. In order toimprove control precision, on the basis of the analysis of the conventional control method, thestate-of-the-art model predictive control method was introduced to MPD bottomhole pressurecontrol system in real time, an advanced bottom hole pressure real-time control model wasestablished. The case study shows that when the conventional control method is difficult tomaintain the balance of bottom-hole pressure as gas invades into the wellbore, the predictivemodel control method can quickly and accurately establish the balance by controlling thewellhead pressure.
On the basis of theoretical analysis, combined with the geological conditions of thewestern Sichuan region, the MPD equipment was equipped and the computation and controlsoftware system was developed, and field test was carried out in Mapeng23-6HF well. Theresults show that, the drilling pressure monitoring system is accurate, reliable, and thepressure control is quick with high precision. The system can control the casing pressure todesignated value within30s, and the pressure error is less than0.1MPa.
Through research and field test, a set of MPD equipment and technology for theformation of western Sichuan region was formed, which can solve many drilling problems,and provided technical support for the effective development of the western Sichuan regiongas reservoirs.
单相流水力学模型研究。对牛顿模式、宾汉模式、幂律模式、卡森模式以及赫谢尔—巴尔克莱模式模式进行了评价，根据理论分析及现场实际数据对比得出赫谢尔—巴尔克莱模式是最适合钻井液流体的流变模式，能准确的表征各种无时间依赖性的钻井流体。并给出了赫巴模式全流态下的压降计算模型。实例计算结果表明，压降公式计算精度满足工程应用需求。
环空压力影响因素研究。根据实际情况对现有井筒温度场计算模型进行了修正，实例表明测量点计算的平均温度与测量的平均温度相差不到1℃，最大误差不超过3℃。分析了温度和压力对钻井液参数的影响，给出了钻井液视粘度和密度随温度和压力变化的计算公式。建立了突扩、突缩流动的理论分析模型，并分析了不同雷诺数下各因素的影响作用。通过引入Gibson中的实验公式，建立了渐扩管和渐缩管的局部阻力损失计算公式。按当量直径法给出了接头部分的摩擦阻力损失，结合局部阻力损失计算公式建立了较为准确的钻杆接头损失计算模型。考虑了影响井筒压力计算的其他影响因素，包括钻柱旋转、环空偏心、井下设备和环空岩屑等。给出了计算这些影响因素下的实用计算公式，并根据实例分析了这些影响因素的相互作用。
两相流水力学模型研究。以井筒多相流流型判别公式及流型判别图为基础，结合四川地区的井筒数据进行综合分析，建立了四川区块的多相流流型判别图，并给出了井口套压变化对井筒流型判别的影响。结合储层渗流流动模型，从考虑气液两相流的流动特点出发，建立了两相流动数学模型。根据泰勒级数展开法，采用有限差分方法对两相流的数学模型进行了离散推导，建立了数值计算模型。以一口井进行了示例验证，验证了井筒气侵后的多相流计算模型，计算结果能够较好地符合实际钻井数据，压力计算误差一般小于5%。进行了多相流条件下的井底压力敏感性分析，分析了回压、排量、密度、井斜角等参数的井底压力波动的影响情况，为精确控制井底压力提供了理论依据。
井筒压力控制技术研究。依据井底压力控制的基本原理，分析了不同钻井参数、井口设备等限制条件下的井筒压力控制范围，并给出了相应的控压钻井关键参数的设计方法。为了提高系统控制精度，在分析常规控制方法的基础上，将先进的模型预测控制方法引入到控压钻井的井底压力实时控制系统中，建立了先进的井底压力实时控制模型。实例分析表明，当井筒气体侵入时常规控制方法难以维持井底压力平衡，而模型预测控制方法可以快速、准确的通过对井口压力的控制建立起对井底压力的控制。
在理论分析基础上，结合川西地区地质情况，进行了控压钻井设备的配套与计算、控制软件系统的开发，并在马蓬23-6HF井进行了现场试验。结果说明，随钻压力监测系统准确、可靠，压力控制速度快精度高，设备能在30s以内把压力控制到设定套压，趋于稳定后，压力误差在0.1MPa以内。没有出现钻井复杂情况，控压钻井作业井段较常规钻井相同井段缩短钻井周期7.2%，实现了安全钻井，达到了试验目的。
通过本项目研究及现场试验，形成了一套适合川西地区的控压钻井配套技术，并实现了设备和工艺技术的国产化，解决了川西地区钻井过程中的诸多井下复杂问题，为川西地区天然气的高效开发提供了技术支撑。
Western Sichuan region is rich in natural gas resources, but recently a number of deepwells drilled in the area appear more underground complex and engineering accidents, bringserious impact on the region's oil and gas exploration and development process. The mainreason is the Xujiahe Formation is not only hard, grinding, drilling speed is low, and there areseveral sets of pressure systems, the mud safety density window is narrow, mud loss, stickingand other complex, greatly increasing the non-productive working time. The MPD technologyresearch has been carried out in western Sichuan, in order to solve the above problems, andprovide support for the effective development of gas reservoirs in Sichuan Basin.
Single-phase flow hydraulic model. The Newton, Bingham, Power-law, Casson and H-BModels have been evaluated based on theoretical analysis and actual data,and concluded thatH-B model is the most suitable for drilling fluid, which can accurately characterize thedrilling fluid. And pressure drop calculation models were listed. The example shows that thepressure drop formula calculation accuracy can meet the demand for engineering applications.
Influencing Factors on the annulus pressure. Modified according to the actual situationon the existing wellbore temperature field calculation model examples show that the averagecalculated temperature value and measuring values on certain points are quite close, theaverage offset is less than1°C, the maximum error does not exceed3°C. Analysis of theinfluence of the temperature and pressure on the drilling fluid parameters, the formula givesthe viscosity and density of the drilling fluid, as with the temperature and pressure changes.Established sudden expansion, sudden contraction flow analytical model and its influencewere analyzed under different Reynolds numbers. The other factors were considered whichaffect the wellbore pressure, including drill string rotation, eccentric annulus, downholeequipment and annular cuttings.
Two-phase flow hydraulic model. Based on Wellbore Multiphase Flow decision formulasand and flow pattern identification chart, combined with the wellbore data of Sichuan region,established the Sichuan area multiphase flow diagrams. Combined with the reservoir seepageflow model, considering the gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics, we made a mathematical model of two-phase flow. According to the Taylor method, discrete derivationwere carried out to the mathematical model of the two-phase flow, using the finite differencemethod. An example were taken to authenticate the calculation model of the multiphase flowin the wellbore after gas invasion, the calculation result is better able to meet the actualdrilling data, generally the error is less than5%. Bottomhole pressure sensitivity underdifferent back pressure, flow rate, mud weight, and the inclination of multiphase flow wereanalysed.
Wellbore pressure control technology. Based on the basic principles of the bottomholepressure control, gives the corresponding MPD key parameters design method. In order toimprove control precision, on the basis of the analysis of the conventional control method, thestate-of-the-art model predictive control method was introduced to MPD bottomhole pressurecontrol system in real time, an advanced bottom hole pressure real-time control model wasestablished. The case study shows that when the conventional control method is difficult tomaintain the balance of bottom-hole pressure as gas invades into the wellbore, the predictivemodel control method can quickly and accurately establish the balance by controlling thewellhead pressure.
On the basis of theoretical analysis, combined with the geological conditions of thewestern Sichuan region, the MPD equipment was equipped and the computation and controlsoftware system was developed, and field test was carried out in Mapeng23-6HF well. Theresults show that, the drilling pressure monitoring system is accurate, reliable, and thepressure control is quick with high precision. The system can control the casing pressure todesignated value within30s, and the pressure error is less than0.1MPa.
Through research and field test, a set of MPD equipment and technology for theformation of western Sichuan region was formed, which can solve many drilling problems,and provided technical support for the effective development of the western Sichuan regiongas reservoirs.
引文
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