面理交切轴测量技术在美国阿肯色河地区构造研究中的应用
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摘要
本文通过对运用面理交切轴(变斑晶中面理弯曲或交切轴线)测量方法结合电子探针独居石铀钍铅原位定年技术测得的面理交切轴数据的分析，讨论了美国科罗拉多州阿肯色河地区前寒武纪时期经历的变质变形作用过程及如何运用面理交切轴测量方法确定造山运动过程中各地层形成的时间顺序。主要成果和认识如下：
1、由多期生长的变斑晶中包裹物迹线确定了阿肯色河地区五期面理交切轴形成的先后顺序。通过电子探针定年方法，确定各期面理交切轴的年龄如下：第一期FIA 1年龄为1506±15 Ma，第二期FIA 2年龄为l一467±23Ma，第三期FIA 3年龄为1425±18Ma，第四期FIA 4未测得，第五期FIA 5年龄为1366±20 Ma。该年龄数据与已发表的运用其他同位素测年方法得出的研究区周围岩浆侵入活动年龄接近，证明了该地区变形、变质作用与岩浆侵入活动在140 Ma时间内不连续的交叉进行。
2、尝试通过用来确定面理交切轴的变斑晶中包裹物迹线的几何形状，判定阿肯色河地区出露的北西一南东走向的复杂等斜褶皱的形态为背形，并确定了其形成的相对时间为第一期面理交切轴形成时期。该方法可为确定变质程度较高并且经历过多次变形事件的片麻岩或片岩地区褶皱中的地层结构关系，以及推断他们的形成过程提供新的有效途径。
3、阿肯色河地区高温低压的前寒武纪地层褶皱轴面和片理数据反映了该地区变斑晶中包含的五期面理交切轴。在佛蒙特州Chester dome地区高温中压地层中类似褶皱轴面数据却只反映了该地区五期面理交切轴中较晚的两期，其余三期面理交切轴则没有褶皱轴面与之对应。通过对两地测得的面理交切轴、褶皱轴面和片理的对比分析，研究了在不同地壳深度压力下的变形与褶皱作用，对存在差异的原因进行了分析。
4、美国科罗拉多州中部阿肯色河地区和新墨西哥州北部Picuris Range地区测得的数据，揭示了两地均受到1506 Ma到1370 Ma期间变形和变质作用的影响。将两地测得的数据进行综合分析，研究认为该区域共存在六期面理交切轴(FIA 1-FIA 6)。根据这些数据讨论了Yavapai地层和Mazatzal地层的形成时间，结论与Karlstrom等人提出的Mazatzal地层是独立形成的认识截然不同。在北美大陆测得的面理交切轴年龄与澳大利亚Mt Isa和Georgetown等地测得的面理交切轴年龄数据并不吻合，因此根据目前获得的面理交切轴数据尚不足以检验AUSWUS模型。
Five lengthy periods involving multiple phases of cordierite and andalusite growth wererevealed by detailed studies of foliation inflection/intersection axes (FIA) preserved inporphyroblasts in schists from the Arkansas River region in Colorado, USA. The regionallyconsistent character of the succession of five different FIA trends enabled the relative timingof each FIA with respect to the next to be determined. The F1A succession from first to last is:FIA 1 trending W-E, FIA 2 trending SW-NE, FIA 3 trending NNW-SSE, FIA 4 trendingNW-SE and FIA 5 trending SW-NE. For four of the FIA sets, samples were found containingmonazite grains preserved as inclusions. These were dated on an electron microprobe. Theages obtained concur exactly with the FIA succession, with FIA 1 at 1506±15 Ma, FIA 2 at1467±23Ma, FIA3 at 1425±18 Ma, FIA4 not dated and FIA5 at 1366±20 Ma. These agesare directly reflected in a succession of plutons in the surrounding region dated by otherisotopic approaches, suggesting that deformation, metamorphism and pluton emplacementoccurred together episodically, but effectively continuously, for some 140 million years.
Whether isoclinal folds originate as antiforms or synforms in steeply-dippingmultiply-deformed high metamorphic grade gneisses and schists is commonly difficult toascertain because sub-vertical stretching and high strain rotates fold axes towards the vertical.A succession of five FIAs (foliation intersection/inflection axes preserved withinporphyroblasts) trending SSW-NNE, SW-NE, W-E, NW-SE and NNW-SSE in cordieriteschist units interlayered with gneisses in Arkansas River region of South Central Coloradoreveal the timing and origin this fold. The asymmetry of curvature of the extremities offoliations preserved as inclusion trails within porphyroblasts, from gentle to steep pitches insections near orthogonal to the associated FIA, reveal that a steeply plunging isoclinal fold,which was originally interpreted to be a synform, formed as an antiform. It developed duringthe first stages of porpbyroblast growth. This approach can be applied to all similar rocks andcan be used to resolve stratigraphic successions in rocks containing no younging criteria.
Fold axial plane traces and schistosity in the high temperature-low pressure regimePreCambrian rocks in Arkansas River region preserve the effects of a succession of 5 FIAtrends (foliation intersection or inflection axes in porphyroblasts). Similar fold axial planetrace measurements in high temperature-medium pressure regime Palaeozoic rocks in Vermont preserve the effects of only the youngest two NNW-SSE and NNE-SSW trending FIAs of the5 sets that developed in this region. The other three have no equivalent fold axial planes. Thisdifference from shallow to deeper orogenic regimes reflects decreasing competency at greaterpressure with collapse and unfolding of earlier formed folds. The greater overlying load ofrocks tends to flatten folds preserving only those most recently developed or the folds
A similar succession of foliation inflection/intersection axis trends preserved withinporphyroblasts (FIAs) is present in two areas separated by 200 km along the Rocky Mountains.PreCambrian rocks in Central Colorado and Northern New Mexico were affected bydeformation and metamorphism from approximately 1506 to 1370 Ma. A succession of fiveFIAs trending W-E, SSW-NNE, NNW-SSE, NW-SE and WSW-ENE has been distinguished inCentral Colorado that have been dated at 1506±15Ma, 1467±23Ma, 1425±18 Ma, not datedand 1366±20 Ma, respectively. To the south in Northern New Mexico, a succession of fiveFIAs trending SSW-NNE, WNW-ESE, NNW-SSE, NW-SE and WSW-ENE have beendistinguished dated at 1482±48Ma, 1448±12Ma, 1422±35Ma, not dated and 1394±22Ma.Correlation of these FIA succession, trends and ages reveals a six fold FIA succession acrossthe region with the first developed FIA not being present in Northern New Mexico and thethird not being present in Central Colorado. Preferential partitioning of W-E trendingdeformation into the Central Colorado region around 1506±15Ma was followed by SSW-NNEtrending deformation that affected both regions at 1470±20 Ma. However, preferentialpartitioning of WNW-ESE trending deformation into Northern New Mexico at 1449±12 Maleft Central Colorado unaffected. Both regions were then affected by the three remainingperiods of orogenesis, the first trending NNW-SSE at 1436±11 Ma followed by one trendingNW-SE that has not yet been dated, and then one trending WSW-ENE at 1390±19 Ma. Thissuggests that the Yavapai terrain was tectonized at approximately 1506 Ma, prior toamalgamation with the Mazatzal terrain around 1470 Ma. Subsequent orogenesis was initiallypartitioned preferentially into the Mazatzal terrain, but the following three periods oftectonism affected both terrains in a similar manner.
1、由多期生长的变斑晶中包裹物迹线确定了阿肯色河地区五期面理交切轴形成的先后顺序。通过电子探针定年方法，确定各期面理交切轴的年龄如下：第一期FIA 1年龄为1506±15 Ma，第二期FIA 2年龄为l一467±23Ma，第三期FIA 3年龄为1425±18Ma，第四期FIA 4未测得，第五期FIA 5年龄为1366±20 Ma。该年龄数据与已发表的运用其他同位素测年方法得出的研究区周围岩浆侵入活动年龄接近，证明了该地区变形、变质作用与岩浆侵入活动在140 Ma时间内不连续的交叉进行。
2、尝试通过用来确定面理交切轴的变斑晶中包裹物迹线的几何形状，判定阿肯色河地区出露的北西一南东走向的复杂等斜褶皱的形态为背形，并确定了其形成的相对时间为第一期面理交切轴形成时期。该方法可为确定变质程度较高并且经历过多次变形事件的片麻岩或片岩地区褶皱中的地层结构关系，以及推断他们的形成过程提供新的有效途径。
3、阿肯色河地区高温低压的前寒武纪地层褶皱轴面和片理数据反映了该地区变斑晶中包含的五期面理交切轴。在佛蒙特州Chester dome地区高温中压地层中类似褶皱轴面数据却只反映了该地区五期面理交切轴中较晚的两期，其余三期面理交切轴则没有褶皱轴面与之对应。通过对两地测得的面理交切轴、褶皱轴面和片理的对比分析，研究了在不同地壳深度压力下的变形与褶皱作用，对存在差异的原因进行了分析。
4、美国科罗拉多州中部阿肯色河地区和新墨西哥州北部Picuris Range地区测得的数据，揭示了两地均受到1506 Ma到1370 Ma期间变形和变质作用的影响。将两地测得的数据进行综合分析，研究认为该区域共存在六期面理交切轴(FIA 1-FIA 6)。根据这些数据讨论了Yavapai地层和Mazatzal地层的形成时间，结论与Karlstrom等人提出的Mazatzal地层是独立形成的认识截然不同。在北美大陆测得的面理交切轴年龄与澳大利亚Mt Isa和Georgetown等地测得的面理交切轴年龄数据并不吻合，因此根据目前获得的面理交切轴数据尚不足以检验AUSWUS模型。
Five lengthy periods involving multiple phases of cordierite and andalusite growth wererevealed by detailed studies of foliation inflection/intersection axes (FIA) preserved inporphyroblasts in schists from the Arkansas River region in Colorado, USA. The regionallyconsistent character of the succession of five different FIA trends enabled the relative timingof each FIA with respect to the next to be determined. The F1A succession from first to last is:FIA 1 trending W-E, FIA 2 trending SW-NE, FIA 3 trending NNW-SSE, FIA 4 trendingNW-SE and FIA 5 trending SW-NE. For four of the FIA sets, samples were found containingmonazite grains preserved as inclusions. These were dated on an electron microprobe. Theages obtained concur exactly with the FIA succession, with FIA 1 at 1506±15 Ma, FIA 2 at1467±23Ma, FIA3 at 1425±18 Ma, FIA4 not dated and FIA5 at 1366±20 Ma. These agesare directly reflected in a succession of plutons in the surrounding region dated by otherisotopic approaches, suggesting that deformation, metamorphism and pluton emplacementoccurred together episodically, but effectively continuously, for some 140 million years.
Whether isoclinal folds originate as antiforms or synforms in steeply-dippingmultiply-deformed high metamorphic grade gneisses and schists is commonly difficult toascertain because sub-vertical stretching and high strain rotates fold axes towards the vertical.A succession of five FIAs (foliation intersection/inflection axes preserved withinporphyroblasts) trending SSW-NNE, SW-NE, W-E, NW-SE and NNW-SSE in cordieriteschist units interlayered with gneisses in Arkansas River region of South Central Coloradoreveal the timing and origin this fold. The asymmetry of curvature of the extremities offoliations preserved as inclusion trails within porphyroblasts, from gentle to steep pitches insections near orthogonal to the associated FIA, reveal that a steeply plunging isoclinal fold,which was originally interpreted to be a synform, formed as an antiform. It developed duringthe first stages of porpbyroblast growth. This approach can be applied to all similar rocks andcan be used to resolve stratigraphic successions in rocks containing no younging criteria.
Fold axial plane traces and schistosity in the high temperature-low pressure regimePreCambrian rocks in Arkansas River region preserve the effects of a succession of 5 FIAtrends (foliation intersection or inflection axes in porphyroblasts). Similar fold axial planetrace measurements in high temperature-medium pressure regime Palaeozoic rocks in Vermont preserve the effects of only the youngest two NNW-SSE and NNE-SSW trending FIAs of the5 sets that developed in this region. The other three have no equivalent fold axial planes. Thisdifference from shallow to deeper orogenic regimes reflects decreasing competency at greaterpressure with collapse and unfolding of earlier formed folds. The greater overlying load ofrocks tends to flatten folds preserving only those most recently developed or the folds
A similar succession of foliation inflection/intersection axis trends preserved withinporphyroblasts (FIAs) is present in two areas separated by 200 km along the Rocky Mountains.PreCambrian rocks in Central Colorado and Northern New Mexico were affected bydeformation and metamorphism from approximately 1506 to 1370 Ma. A succession of fiveFIAs trending W-E, SSW-NNE, NNW-SSE, NW-SE and WSW-ENE has been distinguished inCentral Colorado that have been dated at 1506±15Ma, 1467±23Ma, 1425±18 Ma, not datedand 1366±20 Ma, respectively. To the south in Northern New Mexico, a succession of fiveFIAs trending SSW-NNE, WNW-ESE, NNW-SSE, NW-SE and WSW-ENE have beendistinguished dated at 1482±48Ma, 1448±12Ma, 1422±35Ma, not dated and 1394±22Ma.Correlation of these FIA succession, trends and ages reveals a six fold FIA succession acrossthe region with the first developed FIA not being present in Northern New Mexico and thethird not being present in Central Colorado. Preferential partitioning of W-E trendingdeformation into the Central Colorado region around 1506±15Ma was followed by SSW-NNEtrending deformation that affected both regions at 1470±20 Ma. However, preferentialpartitioning of WNW-ESE trending deformation into Northern New Mexico at 1449±12 Maleft Central Colorado unaffected. Both regions were then affected by the three remainingperiods of orogenesis, the first trending NNW-SSE at 1436±11 Ma followed by one trendingNW-SE that has not yet been dated, and then one trending WSW-ENE at 1390±19 Ma. Thissuggests that the Yavapai terrain was tectonized at approximately 1506 Ma, prior toamalgamation with the Mazatzal terrain around 1470 Ma. Subsequent orogenesis was initiallypartitioned preferentially into the Mazatzal terrain, but the following three periods oftectonism affected both terrains in a similar manner.
引文
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Williams, M.L., Jercinovic, M.J. and Terry, M.P., 1999. Age mapping and dating of monazite on the electron microprobe: Deconvoluting multistage tectonic histories. Geology, 27(11): 1023–1026.
Wobus, R.A., Folley, M.J., Wearn, K.M. and Noblett, J.B., 2001. Geochemistry and tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic metavolcanic rocks of the southern Front Range, lower Arkansas River Canyon and northern Wet Mountains, central Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 36(2): 99–118.
Yeh, M.W.,Bell, T.H., 2004. Significance of dextral reactivation of an E-W transfer fault in the formation of the Pennsylvania orocline, central Appalachians. Tectonics 23, TC5009.
Zhang Jinjiang, Zhao Lan and Liu Shuwen, 2006. Structures of Syn-deformational Granites in the Longquanguan Shear Zone and Their Monazite Electronic Microprobe Dating. ACTA Geologica Sinica (English edition), 80(6): 864–874.
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