走滑断裂带变形局部化和地震成核过程探讨
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摘要
现代板块边界是现代构造运动最强烈的地带,也是地震强度最大、频度最高的地带。板块间的相互作用,加之欧亚板块内部构造和深部动力的联合作用造就了中国大陆不同类型的活动构造,控制着中国大陆强震的空间分布格局,其最显著的特征就是巨大的晚第四纪活动断裂发育,将中国大陆切割成不同级别的活动断块。活动断块边界构造带是板内大地震集中发生的场所,这是因为在整个构造形变场中断块边界构造带是一个不连续构造变形带,应力在此释放,应变在此局部化,位移在此发生。所以,无论是区域性活动断块区,还是地区性活动断块的边界构造带都是大地震发生带。在这些边界构造带中,走滑断裂活动和走滑型地震尤其显著。
地震前的变形是如何集中在断层上及断层的某一段落,即变形局部化,是目前和未来地学领域的重要问题之一。同样,由于地震成核、孕育和发生过程在地震预测上非常重要,它也是现代地震研究中的热点。变形局部化和地震成核问题实质上反映了震源在断层的某个位置上形成、发展和破裂的过程,是一个极为复杂且尚未被认识的过程。本文对走滑断裂枢纽运动的研究就是其中一个方面。
本文以前人对走滑断裂枢纽运动模型及其控制的构造地貌、形变、孕震特征和初步的力学分析为基础,以则木河断裂大箐断层和富蕴断裂两个枢纽运动十分典型的断裂为研究对象,结合构造地貌测量、探槽剖面分析、计算机数值模拟等方法,深入地定量分析走滑断裂枢纽运动模型,进一步分析和阐述了走滑断裂变形和孕震特点。这一研究丰富了活动断裂的研究内容,有助于更深入的理解地震孕震和发生过程。
通过总结走滑断裂枢纽运动实例、理论模型、野外观测和数值模拟结果,对走滑断裂的运动特征和过程,应力演化及其局部化过程,可以得到如下认识：
1.走滑断层运动分成两个阶段,分别是枢纽运动阶段和大滑移阶段。枢纽运动阶段积累应力,应变局部化和集中,时间漫长,以垂直运动为主,孕育地震；大滑移阶段释放应力,时间短暂,以水平运动为主,发生地震。
2.枢纽运动是断层在垂直方向上的运动。枢纽运动有两种模式：(1)存在与主断面相交的横向构造,称为横断型；(2)没有与主断面相交的横向构造,只沿主断面滑动,称为主滑型。主滑型也有两种表现形式：一种是简单的掀斜,例如富蕴断裂；另一种更加复杂,在掀斜的基础上还发生旋转,例如则木河断裂大箐断层。枢纽运动形成构造和地貌的四象限分布,是走滑断层枢纽作用形成局部应力场和应变场的结果,不是区域变形。枢纽轴部是断层两盘发生升降的支撑点,是枢纽型地震的发震部位,是走滑断裂的闭锁区。它在枢纽运动过程中处于最强烈挤压的状态,应力将在这里集中与释放。
3.有三个因素可以影响枢纽运动：(1)断层面倾角,随着断层面倾角的减小,隆起和下陷的垂直位移量一直在增大,掀斜运动持续进行；(2)闭锁区面积,随着断层面闭锁区面积的增大,隆起和下陷的垂直位移量显著减小,掀斜运动明显受阻；(3)闭锁方式,富蕴型和大箐型实际上包含了两种闭锁方式,运动闭锁(局部摩擦增大阻碍运动)和结构闭锁(断层面倾向变化),尤其是大箐型受两种闭锁方式控制。模拟结果表明：(1)在运动闭锁的基础上增加结构闭锁作用后,大箐型断层北段东盘抬升量移和南段东盘下降量明显减小；(2)运动闭锁(局部摩擦增大阻碍运动)起主要的作用,只有结构闭锁(断层面倾向变化)作用似乎不能使断层产生枢纽运动。
4.枢纽运动阶段,断层面上应力从四周向闭锁区集中。在闭锁区及其附近存在一个相对稳定的区域(应力集中区)使得应力由外向内一直处于积累状态,面积不断增大。其内部核心具有最大的应力。应力集中区可能比闭锁区面积大,但是核心的面积肯定比闭锁区面积小很多。这个核心的形成过程,就是应力局部化和集中的过程,也是地震成核的过程。这种成核作用是长期存在的,贯穿枢纽运动始终,与地球物理概念中的短期震源成核有很大区别。
5.大滑移阶段,应力积累突破核心区的极限,使得应力迅速释放,一方面使得水平剪切作用显著增强,出现巨大的水平位移,走滑运动取代了垂直运动成为主要的运动方式；另一方面,在近地表震中附近应力释放过程比闭锁区长,水平位移量最大。
Modern plate boundaries are the zones with the most intense tectonic activities, as well as the largest earthquake intensity and the highest earthquake frequency. Interaction between plates, combined with Eura-Asia plate internal deep dynamic action result in different types of active tectonics and control large earthquake distribution in space in mainland China. The most obvious characteristic is large faults in late Quaternary which cut mainland into fault-blocks in different levels.Active fault-block boundary tectonic zones produce large intraplate earthquakes, bcause boundaries of active fault-blocks act as discontinuous zones with the most intense differential movements during the processes of active tectonic deformation, stress releases, strain localizations, and displacement occurrence. Boundary tectonic zones of regional fault-block zones and fault-blocks can generate large earthquakes. Strike-slip fault activity and earthquakes of strike-slip type are obvious in these tectonic zones.
One of the important issues in geology is how deformation concentrates on a fault or some part of the segment (deformation localization). Because earthquake nucleation is valuable in earthquake forecast, it is one of the focused issues in earthquake research as well. In fact, both of them reflect the process of seismic source forming, developing and rupturing in some place. This process is complicated and has not realized yet. This work studies the pivotal movement pattern as one part of the process.
This thesis is on the basis of the pivotal movement model and characteristics of tectonic geomorphology, deformation, seismogenic process and mechanical analysis. The research objects are the Zemuhe fault Daqing segment and Fuyun fault, whose pivotal movements are typical. Combined with tectonic geomorphology measurements, trench analysis and numerical simulation, pivotal movement is analyzed quantitatively. Then this work further analysed and described the characteristics of deformation and seismogenics of strike-slip faults, to enrich the research content and try to understand the process of seismogenics and occurrence of earthquakes, which support the further understanding generation and occurrence process of earthquakes.
According to summarized examples of pivotal movement, theory models, field observations and numerical simulation, the results on kinematic characteristics and process, stress, strain evolution and deformation localization of strike-slip faults are as follows:
1.There are two different stages in strike-slip process:pivotal movement stage and big stick-slip stage. In pivotal movement stage, stress accumulates, strain localizes and centralizes to generate earthquakes, and vertical displacement is notable. The stage will be a very long time. In big stick-slip stage, stress is released, earthquakes occurred, and horizontal displacement is dominant. This stage is very short.
2.Pivotal movement is an important form of structure and geomorphology deformation of strike-slip faults. There are two types ofthis motion:(1)transverse type, there is transverse structure intersect to fault plane;(2)slip type, there is no transverse structure. There are two types of slip as well, one is simple titling, just like the Fuyun fault, for example. The other is more complex, not only titling but also rotating. The Zemuhe fault Daqing segment is this type.Tectonics and geomorphology are distributed as four quadrants resulted from local stress field caused by pivotal movement, which is not regional deformation. Pivotal axis is the point of support of two walls's movement,which is the aera where earthquakes occur, and strike-slip is blocked.In the whole stage of pivotal movement, the axis is the place where compression is the most intense,stress is localized and released.
3.There are three factors which can influence the pivotal movement:(1) Dip angle of fault plane.When the angle increases, vertical displacement increases as well and titling is going on;(2) The area of theblock region. When the area increases, vertical displacement decreases and titling is blocked.(3) Block type. Fuyun and Daqing have two block types, movement block (friction block) and structure block(inclination of fault plane changes). Fuyun is controlled by the movement block, and Daqing is controlled by both. Movement block and structure block make vertical displacement decrease. Movement block is the major block factor, and structure block can not generate pivotal movement alone.
4.In pivotal movement stage, stress on fault plane centralizes from all directions to the block region. There will be one stress centralization area to keep accumulating stress, and stress centralizes from outside to the core, like a concentric circle,growing large all the time. The largest stress in the whole stage always occurs in the core, and the core is much smaller than the block region. This process exists in a long period, in the whole stage of pivotal movement, different from earthquake nucleation in short-term in geophysics.
5.In big stick-slip stage, stress values exceed the limit of the core, and the stress will release in a very short time. On the one hand shear stress increases obviously, large horizontal displacement appears and replaces vertical displacement. On the other hand, the stress in initial rupture releases slower than the hypocenter, and the largest horizontal displacement occurs.
地震前的变形是如何集中在断层上及断层的某一段落,即变形局部化,是目前和未来地学领域的重要问题之一。同样,由于地震成核、孕育和发生过程在地震预测上非常重要,它也是现代地震研究中的热点。变形局部化和地震成核问题实质上反映了震源在断层的某个位置上形成、发展和破裂的过程,是一个极为复杂且尚未被认识的过程。本文对走滑断裂枢纽运动的研究就是其中一个方面。
本文以前人对走滑断裂枢纽运动模型及其控制的构造地貌、形变、孕震特征和初步的力学分析为基础,以则木河断裂大箐断层和富蕴断裂两个枢纽运动十分典型的断裂为研究对象,结合构造地貌测量、探槽剖面分析、计算机数值模拟等方法,深入地定量分析走滑断裂枢纽运动模型,进一步分析和阐述了走滑断裂变形和孕震特点。这一研究丰富了活动断裂的研究内容,有助于更深入的理解地震孕震和发生过程。
通过总结走滑断裂枢纽运动实例、理论模型、野外观测和数值模拟结果,对走滑断裂的运动特征和过程,应力演化及其局部化过程,可以得到如下认识：
1.走滑断层运动分成两个阶段,分别是枢纽运动阶段和大滑移阶段。枢纽运动阶段积累应力,应变局部化和集中,时间漫长,以垂直运动为主,孕育地震；大滑移阶段释放应力,时间短暂,以水平运动为主,发生地震。
2.枢纽运动是断层在垂直方向上的运动。枢纽运动有两种模式：(1)存在与主断面相交的横向构造,称为横断型；(2)没有与主断面相交的横向构造,只沿主断面滑动,称为主滑型。主滑型也有两种表现形式：一种是简单的掀斜,例如富蕴断裂；另一种更加复杂,在掀斜的基础上还发生旋转,例如则木河断裂大箐断层。枢纽运动形成构造和地貌的四象限分布,是走滑断层枢纽作用形成局部应力场和应变场的结果,不是区域变形。枢纽轴部是断层两盘发生升降的支撑点,是枢纽型地震的发震部位,是走滑断裂的闭锁区。它在枢纽运动过程中处于最强烈挤压的状态,应力将在这里集中与释放。
3.有三个因素可以影响枢纽运动：(1)断层面倾角,随着断层面倾角的减小,隆起和下陷的垂直位移量一直在增大,掀斜运动持续进行；(2)闭锁区面积,随着断层面闭锁区面积的增大,隆起和下陷的垂直位移量显著减小,掀斜运动明显受阻；(3)闭锁方式,富蕴型和大箐型实际上包含了两种闭锁方式,运动闭锁(局部摩擦增大阻碍运动)和结构闭锁(断层面倾向变化),尤其是大箐型受两种闭锁方式控制。模拟结果表明：(1)在运动闭锁的基础上增加结构闭锁作用后,大箐型断层北段东盘抬升量移和南段东盘下降量明显减小；(2)运动闭锁(局部摩擦增大阻碍运动)起主要的作用,只有结构闭锁(断层面倾向变化)作用似乎不能使断层产生枢纽运动。
4.枢纽运动阶段,断层面上应力从四周向闭锁区集中。在闭锁区及其附近存在一个相对稳定的区域(应力集中区)使得应力由外向内一直处于积累状态,面积不断增大。其内部核心具有最大的应力。应力集中区可能比闭锁区面积大,但是核心的面积肯定比闭锁区面积小很多。这个核心的形成过程,就是应力局部化和集中的过程,也是地震成核的过程。这种成核作用是长期存在的,贯穿枢纽运动始终,与地球物理概念中的短期震源成核有很大区别。
5.大滑移阶段,应力积累突破核心区的极限,使得应力迅速释放,一方面使得水平剪切作用显著增强,出现巨大的水平位移,走滑运动取代了垂直运动成为主要的运动方式；另一方面,在近地表震中附近应力释放过程比闭锁区长,水平位移量最大。
Modern plate boundaries are the zones with the most intense tectonic activities, as well as the largest earthquake intensity and the highest earthquake frequency. Interaction between plates, combined with Eura-Asia plate internal deep dynamic action result in different types of active tectonics and control large earthquake distribution in space in mainland China. The most obvious characteristic is large faults in late Quaternary which cut mainland into fault-blocks in different levels.Active fault-block boundary tectonic zones produce large intraplate earthquakes, bcause boundaries of active fault-blocks act as discontinuous zones with the most intense differential movements during the processes of active tectonic deformation, stress releases, strain localizations, and displacement occurrence. Boundary tectonic zones of regional fault-block zones and fault-blocks can generate large earthquakes. Strike-slip fault activity and earthquakes of strike-slip type are obvious in these tectonic zones.
One of the important issues in geology is how deformation concentrates on a fault or some part of the segment (deformation localization). Because earthquake nucleation is valuable in earthquake forecast, it is one of the focused issues in earthquake research as well. In fact, both of them reflect the process of seismic source forming, developing and rupturing in some place. This process is complicated and has not realized yet. This work studies the pivotal movement pattern as one part of the process.
This thesis is on the basis of the pivotal movement model and characteristics of tectonic geomorphology, deformation, seismogenic process and mechanical analysis. The research objects are the Zemuhe fault Daqing segment and Fuyun fault, whose pivotal movements are typical. Combined with tectonic geomorphology measurements, trench analysis and numerical simulation, pivotal movement is analyzed quantitatively. Then this work further analysed and described the characteristics of deformation and seismogenics of strike-slip faults, to enrich the research content and try to understand the process of seismogenics and occurrence of earthquakes, which support the further understanding generation and occurrence process of earthquakes.
According to summarized examples of pivotal movement, theory models, field observations and numerical simulation, the results on kinematic characteristics and process, stress, strain evolution and deformation localization of strike-slip faults are as follows:
1.There are two different stages in strike-slip process:pivotal movement stage and big stick-slip stage. In pivotal movement stage, stress accumulates, strain localizes and centralizes to generate earthquakes, and vertical displacement is notable. The stage will be a very long time. In big stick-slip stage, stress is released, earthquakes occurred, and horizontal displacement is dominant. This stage is very short.
2.Pivotal movement is an important form of structure and geomorphology deformation of strike-slip faults. There are two types ofthis motion:(1)transverse type, there is transverse structure intersect to fault plane;(2)slip type, there is no transverse structure. There are two types of slip as well, one is simple titling, just like the Fuyun fault, for example. The other is more complex, not only titling but also rotating. The Zemuhe fault Daqing segment is this type.Tectonics and geomorphology are distributed as four quadrants resulted from local stress field caused by pivotal movement, which is not regional deformation. Pivotal axis is the point of support of two walls's movement,which is the aera where earthquakes occur, and strike-slip is blocked.In the whole stage of pivotal movement, the axis is the place where compression is the most intense,stress is localized and released.
3.There are three factors which can influence the pivotal movement:(1) Dip angle of fault plane.When the angle increases, vertical displacement increases as well and titling is going on;(2) The area of theblock region. When the area increases, vertical displacement decreases and titling is blocked.(3) Block type. Fuyun and Daqing have two block types, movement block (friction block) and structure block(inclination of fault plane changes). Fuyun is controlled by the movement block, and Daqing is controlled by both. Movement block and structure block make vertical displacement decrease. Movement block is the major block factor, and structure block can not generate pivotal movement alone.
4.In pivotal movement stage, stress on fault plane centralizes from all directions to the block region. There will be one stress centralization area to keep accumulating stress, and stress centralizes from outside to the core, like a concentric circle,growing large all the time. The largest stress in the whole stage always occurs in the core, and the core is much smaller than the block region. This process exists in a long period, in the whole stage of pivotal movement, different from earthquake nucleation in short-term in geophysics.
5.In big stick-slip stage, stress values exceed the limit of the core, and the stress will release in a very short time. On the one hand shear stress increases obviously, large horizontal displacement appears and replaces vertical displacement. On the other hand, the stress in initial rupture releases slower than the hypocenter, and the largest horizontal displacement occurs.
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