基于空间认知的三维地图设计若干问题的研究
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摘要
空间认知是认知科学的重大前沿课题之一,空间认知理论是当前对地图学与GIS发展具有重大理论指导价值的理论,地图空间认知是当代地图学的理论核心。目前,空间认知方面的研究还非常有限(高俊,2008),大多数文献的研究对象仍然是二维地图,三维地图的迅猛发展迫切需要三维环境下空间认知理论的指导,因此,本文选择以三维地图为研究对象,对其空间认知规律进行了研究,在此基础上,探讨了三维地图设计的若干问题,主要研究工作如下：
(1)回顾并总结了国内外有关空间认知的研究历程。分别对国内外每一段时期内的空间认知研究热点和研究进展进行了归纳与分析,强调了空间认知研究的重要性和必要性。相对国外空间认知的研究情况而言,国内对空间认知的研究起步晚,进展快,紧随国际空间认知研究的步伐,并已经取得了一些理论成果,本文对此进行了统计与分类,指出作为一个前沿性的研究课题,空间认知的相关理论还不够完善,相关体系还不够健全,还有待各学科尤其是地理学和心理学领域的专家和学者对此进行进一步的研究。
(2)概括并分析了国内外三维地图的研究现状。对国内外三维地图的研究内容进行了统计与分类,并对三维地图的应用现状进行了简要介绍,指出三维地图还存在表达手段单一、地图功能不够完善等问题,有待于地图学者的进一步研究,由此说明了本文选题的意义。
(3)阐述了地图空间认知的相关理论。简要介绍了认知科学及其研究方向、发展趋势,从认知、空间认知、地理空间认知的角度介绍了空间认知的相关理论,分别对它们的概念、研究内容进行了说明,重点对地图空间认知理论的研究目的、研究内容和地图空间认知的基本过程进行了研究。
(4)研究了三维地图的若干空间认知规律。从传统地图定义的角度解释了三维地图被称之为地图的原因,并从概念、表达内容、设计制作过程、现有表现形式等四个方面对三维地图进行了全面的综述；以网络调查与实地实验相结合的方式,通过对五个调查、实验结果进行分析,对三维地图使用的若干空间认知规律进行了研究；通过对六个方面的调查与实验,对三维地图图面设置影响空间认知的若干规律进行了研究；通过两个实验,着重研究了基于三维地图生成的心象地图特征；提出了三维地图的空间认知模型。
(5)建立了三维地图的光影模型。阐述了三维地图中光影模型的研究意义,分析了三维地图中光影模型有关的空间认知因素,提出了8条光照与阴影在三维地图中的空间认知功能,在对光照与阴影视觉变量进行详细研究的基础上,提出了光影模型的建立原则；将三维地图中光源类型分为晨昏散射光、日升日落光、正常斜射光、午间顶光4种,在研究其特征的基础上,对光影的色彩随太阳高度肓变化的规律进行了深入地探讨；利用6个公式构建了三维地图的光影模型。
(6)研究了三维陡崖符号的自动建模问题。从三维地图符号的分类、特点、与二维地图符号的区别、设计原则等四个方面出发,阐述了三维地图符号设计的班论基础,针对三维地形图中某些地貌符号难以建模的问题,以陡崖符号为例,提出了一种基于不规则三角网自动提取陡崖边缘线的方法,根据不同光照条件下的视觉感受规律,建立了陡崖符号的光照模型,并对其数学表达进行了研究；介绍了陡崖符号的自动建模流程,有助于其它类似地貌符号模型的自动建立。
(7)初步探讨了三维地图注记的配置规则及实现策略。对三维地图注记及其分类进行了说明,统计了几种常见的三维地图注记表现形式；在研究三维地图中注记认知规律的基础上,重点分析了三维注记的视觉变量和影响因素；对三维地图上注记配置的空间认知环境进行了解析；研究了三维地图注记配置遵循的格式塔原则；全面探讨了构成三维地图的点、线、面、体状要素注记的自动配置规则及实现策略；研究了一种基于约束性Delaunay三角网的三维面状要素注记的自动配置方法,并基于ArcEngine和VB.net开发了相应的三维注记自动配置模块,已成功应用于三维地图的自动绘制系统。
Spatial cognition is one of the major topics at the forefront of cognitive science. Spatial cognition theory has the significant theoretical guidance value for the development of Cartography and GIS in current. Map spatial cognition is the core of the modern cartography theory. At present, spatial cognition research is still very limited (Gao Jun,2008), and the research objects of majority literatures about it are 2D map. There have an urgent need of the guidance of spatial cognition theory under 3D environment with the rapid development of 3D map. As a consequence, this paper selects 3D map as the research object, and the spatial cognition rules of it are investigated in here. Based on this, several issues of 3D map design are discussed. The main research works of this paper are as follows:
(1) This paper reviews and summarizes the research course of spatial cognition at home and abroad. The author induce and analyze the research focus and the research progress on spatial cognition at home and abroad within each period of time respectively, emphasize the importance and necessity of studying on spatial cognition. Compare with the foreign research situation about spatial cognition, it starts relatively late in our country, but it develops swiftly and follows the steps of the international spatial cognition research closely. Now, it has made some theoretical achievements, which are got together and classified in this paper. As a frontier research topic, the correlation theories of spatial cognition are still not perfect and the related systems are also inadequate, they remain to be further investigated by the experts and scholars of various disciplines especially in the field of geography and psychology.
(2) This paper summarizes and analyzes the current research of 3D map at home and abroad. The author elaborates and classifies the research contents of 3D map, introduces the current application situation of 3D map briefly. This paper points out that it has some problems in 3D map, such as the expression means is unitary and the map function is not perfect and so on. They remain to be further investigated by the cartographer. There shows that the topics of this paper are meaningful.
(3) The correlation theories of the map spatial cognition are described in this paper. The author introduces the cognitive science and its research direction and development trend briefly, elaborates the correlation theories of the spatial cognition from the following aspects:cognition, spatial cognition and geographic spatial cognition, and explains their concept and the research contents separately. The research purposes and the research contents of the map spatial cognition theory and the basic processes of the map spatial cognition are mainly studied in this paper.
(4) Several spatial cognition rules of 3D map are studied in this paper. The author explains why 3D map is considered as a kind of map from the perspective of the definition of the traditional map, introduces 3D map in detail from four aspects:the concept, the expression contents, the designing and producing process, the expression forms in existence. Based on combing network questionnaire survey with experiment on the spot, several spatial cognition rules when the user uses 3D map are investigated by analyzing five investigation and experimental results, several rules which the 3D map layout influence the spatial cognition are investigated by the investigations and experiments of six aspects. The characteristics of mental map which is produced based on 3d map are mainly studied by two experiments and a spatial cognition model is represented in this paper.
(5) The models of light and shadow are established in this paper. The author illustrates the research significance of the light model and the shadow model in 3D map, analyzes their spatial cognition factors. Eight spatial cognition functions of the light and shadow in 3D map are presented. On the basis of studying the visual variables of light and shadow in detail, the author puts forward the principles of building the models of light and shadow. The light sources in 3D map are divided into four types:the dawn-dusk scattered light, the sunrise and sunset light, the normal oblique light and the top light at noon. Based on analyzing their characteristics, the change rules of the color of light and shadow along with the solar altitude are discussed deeply. And the models of light and shadow in 3D map are constructed by six formulas.
(6) In this paper, the automatic modeling of 3D cliff symbol is explored. The author explains the theoretical basis of 3D symbol design from the following aspects: the classification and the characteristics of 3D map symbol, the differences between 3D map symbol and 2D map symbol, and the design rules of 3D map symbol. In view of some relief symbols are difficult to build the modeling in 3D topographic map, this paper takes cliff symbol as the example, proposes a method to exact the edge lines of cliff based on TIN, sets up an illumination model of cliff symbol according to the visual sensation rules under the different illumination conditions and researches the mathematical expression of it, and introduces the automatic modeling flows of cliff symbol. The study will be helpful to build the modeling of other similar relief symbols automatically.
(7) The principles of the placement of 3D map label and its implementation strategies are discussed preliminarily in this paper. The author explains the 3D map label and its classification, summarizes some common expression forms of 3D map label. Based on studying the cognition rules of 3D map label, the author mainly analyzes the visual variables and the influencing factors of 3D label. The spatial cognition environment of the label placement of 3D map is parsed. The Gestalt principles which the placement of the 3D map label observes are studied. The automatic placement principles and its implementation strategies of the label of the various features are discussed comprehensively. These features constitute the 3D map, such as the point features, the linear features, the area features and the stereoscopic features. An automatic placement method of the label of the 3D area features based on the constraint Delaunay triangulated network is presented. The related module of the automatic placement of 3D label is developed based on ArcEngine and VB.net. It is applied successfully in the automatic drawing system of 3D map.
(1)回顾并总结了国内外有关空间认知的研究历程。分别对国内外每一段时期内的空间认知研究热点和研究进展进行了归纳与分析,强调了空间认知研究的重要性和必要性。相对国外空间认知的研究情况而言,国内对空间认知的研究起步晚,进展快,紧随国际空间认知研究的步伐,并已经取得了一些理论成果,本文对此进行了统计与分类,指出作为一个前沿性的研究课题,空间认知的相关理论还不够完善,相关体系还不够健全,还有待各学科尤其是地理学和心理学领域的专家和学者对此进行进一步的研究。
(2)概括并分析了国内外三维地图的研究现状。对国内外三维地图的研究内容进行了统计与分类,并对三维地图的应用现状进行了简要介绍,指出三维地图还存在表达手段单一、地图功能不够完善等问题,有待于地图学者的进一步研究,由此说明了本文选题的意义。
(3)阐述了地图空间认知的相关理论。简要介绍了认知科学及其研究方向、发展趋势,从认知、空间认知、地理空间认知的角度介绍了空间认知的相关理论,分别对它们的概念、研究内容进行了说明,重点对地图空间认知理论的研究目的、研究内容和地图空间认知的基本过程进行了研究。
(4)研究了三维地图的若干空间认知规律。从传统地图定义的角度解释了三维地图被称之为地图的原因,并从概念、表达内容、设计制作过程、现有表现形式等四个方面对三维地图进行了全面的综述；以网络调查与实地实验相结合的方式,通过对五个调查、实验结果进行分析,对三维地图使用的若干空间认知规律进行了研究；通过对六个方面的调查与实验,对三维地图图面设置影响空间认知的若干规律进行了研究；通过两个实验,着重研究了基于三维地图生成的心象地图特征；提出了三维地图的空间认知模型。
(5)建立了三维地图的光影模型。阐述了三维地图中光影模型的研究意义,分析了三维地图中光影模型有关的空间认知因素,提出了8条光照与阴影在三维地图中的空间认知功能,在对光照与阴影视觉变量进行详细研究的基础上,提出了光影模型的建立原则；将三维地图中光源类型分为晨昏散射光、日升日落光、正常斜射光、午间顶光4种,在研究其特征的基础上,对光影的色彩随太阳高度肓变化的规律进行了深入地探讨；利用6个公式构建了三维地图的光影模型。
(6)研究了三维陡崖符号的自动建模问题。从三维地图符号的分类、特点、与二维地图符号的区别、设计原则等四个方面出发,阐述了三维地图符号设计的班论基础,针对三维地形图中某些地貌符号难以建模的问题,以陡崖符号为例,提出了一种基于不规则三角网自动提取陡崖边缘线的方法,根据不同光照条件下的视觉感受规律,建立了陡崖符号的光照模型,并对其数学表达进行了研究；介绍了陡崖符号的自动建模流程,有助于其它类似地貌符号模型的自动建立。
(7)初步探讨了三维地图注记的配置规则及实现策略。对三维地图注记及其分类进行了说明,统计了几种常见的三维地图注记表现形式；在研究三维地图中注记认知规律的基础上,重点分析了三维注记的视觉变量和影响因素；对三维地图上注记配置的空间认知环境进行了解析；研究了三维地图注记配置遵循的格式塔原则；全面探讨了构成三维地图的点、线、面、体状要素注记的自动配置规则及实现策略；研究了一种基于约束性Delaunay三角网的三维面状要素注记的自动配置方法,并基于ArcEngine和VB.net开发了相应的三维注记自动配置模块,已成功应用于三维地图的自动绘制系统。
Spatial cognition is one of the major topics at the forefront of cognitive science. Spatial cognition theory has the significant theoretical guidance value for the development of Cartography and GIS in current. Map spatial cognition is the core of the modern cartography theory. At present, spatial cognition research is still very limited (Gao Jun,2008), and the research objects of majority literatures about it are 2D map. There have an urgent need of the guidance of spatial cognition theory under 3D environment with the rapid development of 3D map. As a consequence, this paper selects 3D map as the research object, and the spatial cognition rules of it are investigated in here. Based on this, several issues of 3D map design are discussed. The main research works of this paper are as follows:
(1) This paper reviews and summarizes the research course of spatial cognition at home and abroad. The author induce and analyze the research focus and the research progress on spatial cognition at home and abroad within each period of time respectively, emphasize the importance and necessity of studying on spatial cognition. Compare with the foreign research situation about spatial cognition, it starts relatively late in our country, but it develops swiftly and follows the steps of the international spatial cognition research closely. Now, it has made some theoretical achievements, which are got together and classified in this paper. As a frontier research topic, the correlation theories of spatial cognition are still not perfect and the related systems are also inadequate, they remain to be further investigated by the experts and scholars of various disciplines especially in the field of geography and psychology.
(2) This paper summarizes and analyzes the current research of 3D map at home and abroad. The author elaborates and classifies the research contents of 3D map, introduces the current application situation of 3D map briefly. This paper points out that it has some problems in 3D map, such as the expression means is unitary and the map function is not perfect and so on. They remain to be further investigated by the cartographer. There shows that the topics of this paper are meaningful.
(3) The correlation theories of the map spatial cognition are described in this paper. The author introduces the cognitive science and its research direction and development trend briefly, elaborates the correlation theories of the spatial cognition from the following aspects:cognition, spatial cognition and geographic spatial cognition, and explains their concept and the research contents separately. The research purposes and the research contents of the map spatial cognition theory and the basic processes of the map spatial cognition are mainly studied in this paper.
(4) Several spatial cognition rules of 3D map are studied in this paper. The author explains why 3D map is considered as a kind of map from the perspective of the definition of the traditional map, introduces 3D map in detail from four aspects:the concept, the expression contents, the designing and producing process, the expression forms in existence. Based on combing network questionnaire survey with experiment on the spot, several spatial cognition rules when the user uses 3D map are investigated by analyzing five investigation and experimental results, several rules which the 3D map layout influence the spatial cognition are investigated by the investigations and experiments of six aspects. The characteristics of mental map which is produced based on 3d map are mainly studied by two experiments and a spatial cognition model is represented in this paper.
(5) The models of light and shadow are established in this paper. The author illustrates the research significance of the light model and the shadow model in 3D map, analyzes their spatial cognition factors. Eight spatial cognition functions of the light and shadow in 3D map are presented. On the basis of studying the visual variables of light and shadow in detail, the author puts forward the principles of building the models of light and shadow. The light sources in 3D map are divided into four types:the dawn-dusk scattered light, the sunrise and sunset light, the normal oblique light and the top light at noon. Based on analyzing their characteristics, the change rules of the color of light and shadow along with the solar altitude are discussed deeply. And the models of light and shadow in 3D map are constructed by six formulas.
(6) In this paper, the automatic modeling of 3D cliff symbol is explored. The author explains the theoretical basis of 3D symbol design from the following aspects: the classification and the characteristics of 3D map symbol, the differences between 3D map symbol and 2D map symbol, and the design rules of 3D map symbol. In view of some relief symbols are difficult to build the modeling in 3D topographic map, this paper takes cliff symbol as the example, proposes a method to exact the edge lines of cliff based on TIN, sets up an illumination model of cliff symbol according to the visual sensation rules under the different illumination conditions and researches the mathematical expression of it, and introduces the automatic modeling flows of cliff symbol. The study will be helpful to build the modeling of other similar relief symbols automatically.
(7) The principles of the placement of 3D map label and its implementation strategies are discussed preliminarily in this paper. The author explains the 3D map label and its classification, summarizes some common expression forms of 3D map label. Based on studying the cognition rules of 3D map label, the author mainly analyzes the visual variables and the influencing factors of 3D label. The spatial cognition environment of the label placement of 3D map is parsed. The Gestalt principles which the placement of the 3D map label observes are studied. The automatic placement principles and its implementation strategies of the label of the various features are discussed comprehensively. These features constitute the 3D map, such as the point features, the linear features, the area features and the stereoscopic features. An automatic placement method of the label of the 3D area features based on the constraint Delaunay triangulated network is presented. The related module of the automatic placement of 3D label is developed based on ArcEngine and VB.net. It is applied successfully in the automatic drawing system of 3D map.
引文
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