伊敏露天煤矿废弃地植被恢复及其效果研究
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摘要
我国大型露天煤矿大多位于干旱、半干旱的生态脆弱区，在建设开采过程中，对环境造成了极大地破坏。伊敏露天煤矿地处内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔草原东部，是我国东北地区能源发展总体战略的重要组成部分。矿区通过人工恢复，极大地加快了废弃地的生态恢复速度，恢复效果明显。但植被恢复后具体恢复到何种程度，是否达到恢复目标，尚需要进行理论和数据支持。鉴于此，本研究在总结前人研究成果的基础上，于2009~2010年通过野外调查和室内分析，运用数量生态学方法，对伊敏露天煤矿废弃地恢复样地的植被群落进行了分类和排序，明确人工植被恢复后群落分布及其演替规律；对不同恢复样地土壤理化性质进行了研究，明确了不同样地土壤理化性质的差异；在此基础上，对不同植被群落及其土壤理化性质进行相关性分析和主成分分析，并运用综合评价模型评价了伊敏露天煤矿废弃地土壤肥力质量和植被恢复效果，为提高废弃地土壤肥力以及推进矿区生态恢复工作提供理论参考。结论如下：
1．伊敏露天矿废弃地共有植物24科55属79种。其中菊科（Compositae）17种，禾本科（Gramineae）16种，豆科（Leguminosae）11种和藜科（Chenopodiaceae）9种，4科共有42属53种，占总种数的67.1%。随着恢复时间的增加，废弃地植物的科、属、种数呈逐渐增加的趋势。植物生长型在人工恢复的影响下，由自然恢复5年的一、二年生草本植物向人工恢复25年的乔木、灌木和多年生草本演替，演替效果明显。
2．矿区废弃地经过植被恢复植物群落主要分为：Ⅰ猪毛菜+蒺藜+灰绿藜群落（Salsola collina+Tribulus terrestris+Chenopodium glaucum）；Ⅱ沙生冰草+碱地风毛菊+蒲公英群落（Agropyron desertorum+Saussurea japonica+TaraAacum mongolicum）；Ⅲ大针茅+差不嘎蒿+大籽蒿群落（Stipa grandis+Artemisia halodendron+Artemisiasieversiana）； Ⅳ羊草+披碱草+差不嘎蒿群落（Leymus chinensis+Elymusdahuricus+Artemisia halodendron）； Ⅴ中国沙棘+紫花苜蓿群落（Hippophczerhczmnoides+Medicago sativa）；Ⅵ小叶锦鸡儿+羊草+阿尔泰狗哇花群落（Caraganamicrophylla+Leymus chinensis+Heteropappus hipidus）；Ⅶ羊草+紫花苜蓿群落（Leymuschinensis+Medicago sativa）；Ⅷ中国沙棘+差不嘎蒿+大籽蒿群落（Hippophczerhczmnoides+Artemisia halodendron+Artemisia sieversiana）；Ⅸ樟子松+中国沙棘+紫花苜蓿+大针茅群落（Pinus sylvestris+Hippophcze rhczmnoides+Medicago sativa+Stipagrandis）。
3．随着恢复年限的增加，Alatalo均匀度指数呈下降趋势，其它α多样性指数均呈上升趋势。β多样性指数表明，相同恢复年限各废弃地内邻近群落具有较高的相似性，群落物种分布基本均匀。沿帮排土场废弃地内樟子松+中国沙棘+紫花苜蓿+大针茅群落的Jaccard多样性指数和Sorensen多样性指与对照样地之间的相似性系数最大，分别为0.428和0.302。废弃地人工恢复5年后出现原生植被的建群种，人工恢复25年后物种之间的更替速度减缓，与对照地植物群落的相似水平为中等相似。
4．人工恢复形成的樟子松+中国沙棘+紫花苜蓿+大针茅乔灌草复合林模式对废弃地土壤改良效果最好。恢复5年和15年废弃地，大针茅+差不嘎蒿+大籽蒿群落和小叶锦鸡儿+羊草+阿尔泰狗哇花群落对土壤改良效果较好。
5．伊敏露天煤矿废弃地9个评价对象中土壤肥力质量最差的是内排土场猪毛菜+蒺藜+灰绿藜群落样地，土壤肥力质量最好的是沿帮排土场樟子松+中国沙棘+紫花苜蓿+大针茅群落样地。伊敏露天煤矿废弃地土壤肥力质量以中等级为主，占总废弃地的77.8%，肥力质量较差的占总废弃地的11.1%，肥力质量较差的废弃地主要分布在内排土场自然恢复区域。
6．伊敏露天煤矿废弃地9个评价对象中植被恢复效果由优到良依次为：沿帮排土场樟子松+中国沙棘+紫花苜蓿+大针茅群落样地>沿帮排土场中国沙棘+差不嘎蒿+大籽蒿群落样地>沿帮排土场羊草+紫花苜蓿群落样地>西排土场小叶锦鸡儿+羊草+阿尔泰狗哇花群落样地>西排土场中国沙棘+紫花苜蓿群落样地>内排土场大针茅+差不嘎蒿+大籽蒿群落样地>西排土场羊草+披碱草+差不嘎蒿群落样地>内排土场沙生冰草+碱地风毛菊+蒲公英群落样地>内排土场猪毛菜+蒺藜+灰绿藜样地。
Large opencast coal mine in China mostly in the arid and semi-arid area, in theconstruction of the mining process, the environment is great destruction. Yimin opencastcoal mine is located in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,and is an important part ofthe overall energy development strategy of China's northeast region. Mine Spoils ofartificial restoration greatly accelerate the ecological restoration of abandoned land speedrecovery effect. However, the specific recovery through artificial recovery is to whateAtent, and whether the recovery goal is still the need for theory and data support. Thestudy on the basis of summing up the results of previous studies. From2009to2010investigation and laboratory analysis, clear differences in the different communities in soilphysical and chemical properties; different vegetation communities and soil physical andchemical properties of the principal component analysis comprehensive evaluation modeland correlation analysis, evaluation Yimin Opencast Mine ecological Restoration effect, tomake a different recovery stages of vegetation restoration practices. Conclusions are asfollows:
1. There are plants24families,55genera and79species in Yimin Opencast wasteland,including17Compositae plants,16Gramineae plants,11Leguminosae plants and9Chenopodiaceae plants4families, a total of42genera and53species,67.1%of the totalnumber of species. With recovery time increasing, the plant Branch, genus, speciesshowing a growing trend. Type of plant growth in artificial recovery plant consists ofbiennial herbs to trees, shrubs and perennial herbs succession.
2. In wasteland plant communities are mainly: ⅠSalsola collina+Tribulus terrestris+Chenopodium glaucum; ⅡAgropyrondesertorum+Saussureajaponica+TaraAacum mong-olicum; ⅢStipa grandis+Artemisia halodendron+Artemisia sieversiana; ⅣLeymus chine-nsis+Elymusdahuricus+Artemisiahalodendron; ⅤHippophczerhczmnoides+Medicago sa-tiva; ⅥCaragana microphylla+Leymus chinensis+Heteropappus hipidus; ⅦLeymus chin-ensis+Medicago sativa; ⅧHippophcze rhczmnoides+Artemisia halodendron+Artemisia si-eversiana; ⅨPinus sylvestris+Hippophcze rhczmnoides+Medicago sativa+Stipa grandis.
3. With recovery time increasing, the Alatalo index showed α downward trend. Othe αdiversity indexes showed an upward trend. Spoils of plant species diversity index, thegreater the greater richness index, but were lower than the control plots. The β diversityindex showed the same recovery period within the neighboring communities of abandonedland has a high similarity species distributed substantially uniformly. Pinus sylvestris+Hip- pophcze rhczmnoides+Medicago sativa+Stipa grandis community diversity of Jaccard andSorensen diversity refers to the control plots similarity between the largest coefficient of0.428and0.302respectively. Aartificial restoration5years later appear native vegetationconstructive species, artificial restoration25years, plant community similar to the controllevel was only moderate similarity.
4. Artificially introduced species formed Pinus sylvestris+Hippophcze rhczmnoides+Medicago sativa+Stipa grandis community pattern restoration works best on abandonedsoil. In5years and15years wasteland Stipa grandis+Artemisia halodendron+Artemisiasieversiana community and Caragana microphylla+Leymus chinensis+Heteropappus hip-idus community of the soil improvement effect are better.
5Within9evaluation objects of Yimin coal mine wasteland, the lowest fertilityquality is Salsola collina+Tribulus terrestris+Chenopodium glaucum of backfill dump, thebest soil fertility quality is Pinus sylvestris+Hippophcze rhczmnoides+Medicago sativa+Stipa grandis of Yanbang dump, in the same level of the original landscape. The soilfertility quality of Yimin coal mine waste land is middle level,77.8%of the total wasteland. The poor fertility quality waste land is11.1%of the total waste land, mainly in thenatural recovery area of backfill dump.
6The order of9evaluation objects of effect vegetation recovery in abandoned landsis: Pinus sylvestris+Hippophcze rhczmnoides+Medicago sativa+rhczmnoides+Artemisiahalodendron+Artemisia siever-siana>Leymus chinensis+Medicago sativa>Caragana mic-rophylla+Heteropappus hip-idus>Hippophcze rhczmnoides+Medicago sativa>Stipa gran-dis+Artemisia halodendron+Artemisia sieversiana>Leymus chinensis+Elymus dahuricus+Artemisia halodendron>Agropyron desertorum+Saussurea japonica+TaraAacum mong-olicum> Salsola collina+Tribulus terrestris+Chenopodium glaucum.
1．伊敏露天矿废弃地共有植物24科55属79种。其中菊科（Compositae）17种，禾本科（Gramineae）16种，豆科（Leguminosae）11种和藜科（Chenopodiaceae）9种，4科共有42属53种，占总种数的67.1%。随着恢复时间的增加，废弃地植物的科、属、种数呈逐渐增加的趋势。植物生长型在人工恢复的影响下，由自然恢复5年的一、二年生草本植物向人工恢复25年的乔木、灌木和多年生草本演替，演替效果明显。
2．矿区废弃地经过植被恢复植物群落主要分为：Ⅰ猪毛菜+蒺藜+灰绿藜群落（Salsola collina+Tribulus terrestris+Chenopodium glaucum）；Ⅱ沙生冰草+碱地风毛菊+蒲公英群落（Agropyron desertorum+Saussurea japonica+TaraAacum mongolicum）；Ⅲ大针茅+差不嘎蒿+大籽蒿群落（Stipa grandis+Artemisia halodendron+Artemisiasieversiana）； Ⅳ羊草+披碱草+差不嘎蒿群落（Leymus chinensis+Elymusdahuricus+Artemisia halodendron）； Ⅴ中国沙棘+紫花苜蓿群落（Hippophczerhczmnoides+Medicago sativa）；Ⅵ小叶锦鸡儿+羊草+阿尔泰狗哇花群落（Caraganamicrophylla+Leymus chinensis+Heteropappus hipidus）；Ⅶ羊草+紫花苜蓿群落（Leymuschinensis+Medicago sativa）；Ⅷ中国沙棘+差不嘎蒿+大籽蒿群落（Hippophczerhczmnoides+Artemisia halodendron+Artemisia sieversiana）；Ⅸ樟子松+中国沙棘+紫花苜蓿+大针茅群落（Pinus sylvestris+Hippophcze rhczmnoides+Medicago sativa+Stipagrandis）。
3．随着恢复年限的增加，Alatalo均匀度指数呈下降趋势，其它α多样性指数均呈上升趋势。β多样性指数表明，相同恢复年限各废弃地内邻近群落具有较高的相似性，群落物种分布基本均匀。沿帮排土场废弃地内樟子松+中国沙棘+紫花苜蓿+大针茅群落的Jaccard多样性指数和Sorensen多样性指与对照样地之间的相似性系数最大，分别为0.428和0.302。废弃地人工恢复5年后出现原生植被的建群种，人工恢复25年后物种之间的更替速度减缓，与对照地植物群落的相似水平为中等相似。
4．人工恢复形成的樟子松+中国沙棘+紫花苜蓿+大针茅乔灌草复合林模式对废弃地土壤改良效果最好。恢复5年和15年废弃地，大针茅+差不嘎蒿+大籽蒿群落和小叶锦鸡儿+羊草+阿尔泰狗哇花群落对土壤改良效果较好。
5．伊敏露天煤矿废弃地9个评价对象中土壤肥力质量最差的是内排土场猪毛菜+蒺藜+灰绿藜群落样地，土壤肥力质量最好的是沿帮排土场樟子松+中国沙棘+紫花苜蓿+大针茅群落样地。伊敏露天煤矿废弃地土壤肥力质量以中等级为主，占总废弃地的77.8%，肥力质量较差的占总废弃地的11.1%，肥力质量较差的废弃地主要分布在内排土场自然恢复区域。
6．伊敏露天煤矿废弃地9个评价对象中植被恢复效果由优到良依次为：沿帮排土场樟子松+中国沙棘+紫花苜蓿+大针茅群落样地>沿帮排土场中国沙棘+差不嘎蒿+大籽蒿群落样地>沿帮排土场羊草+紫花苜蓿群落样地>西排土场小叶锦鸡儿+羊草+阿尔泰狗哇花群落样地>西排土场中国沙棘+紫花苜蓿群落样地>内排土场大针茅+差不嘎蒿+大籽蒿群落样地>西排土场羊草+披碱草+差不嘎蒿群落样地>内排土场沙生冰草+碱地风毛菊+蒲公英群落样地>内排土场猪毛菜+蒺藜+灰绿藜样地。
Large opencast coal mine in China mostly in the arid and semi-arid area, in theconstruction of the mining process, the environment is great destruction. Yimin opencastcoal mine is located in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,and is an important part ofthe overall energy development strategy of China's northeast region. Mine Spoils ofartificial restoration greatly accelerate the ecological restoration of abandoned land speedrecovery effect. However, the specific recovery through artificial recovery is to whateAtent, and whether the recovery goal is still the need for theory and data support. Thestudy on the basis of summing up the results of previous studies. From2009to2010investigation and laboratory analysis, clear differences in the different communities in soilphysical and chemical properties; different vegetation communities and soil physical andchemical properties of the principal component analysis comprehensive evaluation modeland correlation analysis, evaluation Yimin Opencast Mine ecological Restoration effect, tomake a different recovery stages of vegetation restoration practices. Conclusions are asfollows:
1. There are plants24families,55genera and79species in Yimin Opencast wasteland,including17Compositae plants,16Gramineae plants,11Leguminosae plants and9Chenopodiaceae plants4families, a total of42genera and53species,67.1%of the totalnumber of species. With recovery time increasing, the plant Branch, genus, speciesshowing a growing trend. Type of plant growth in artificial recovery plant consists ofbiennial herbs to trees, shrubs and perennial herbs succession.
2. In wasteland plant communities are mainly: ⅠSalsola collina+Tribulus terrestris+Chenopodium glaucum; ⅡAgropyrondesertorum+Saussureajaponica+TaraAacum mong-olicum; ⅢStipa grandis+Artemisia halodendron+Artemisia sieversiana; ⅣLeymus chine-nsis+Elymusdahuricus+Artemisiahalodendron; ⅤHippophczerhczmnoides+Medicago sa-tiva; ⅥCaragana microphylla+Leymus chinensis+Heteropappus hipidus; ⅦLeymus chin-ensis+Medicago sativa; ⅧHippophcze rhczmnoides+Artemisia halodendron+Artemisia si-eversiana; ⅨPinus sylvestris+Hippophcze rhczmnoides+Medicago sativa+Stipa grandis.
3. With recovery time increasing, the Alatalo index showed α downward trend. Othe αdiversity indexes showed an upward trend. Spoils of plant species diversity index, thegreater the greater richness index, but were lower than the control plots. The β diversityindex showed the same recovery period within the neighboring communities of abandonedland has a high similarity species distributed substantially uniformly. Pinus sylvestris+Hip- pophcze rhczmnoides+Medicago sativa+Stipa grandis community diversity of Jaccard andSorensen diversity refers to the control plots similarity between the largest coefficient of0.428and0.302respectively. Aartificial restoration5years later appear native vegetationconstructive species, artificial restoration25years, plant community similar to the controllevel was only moderate similarity.
4. Artificially introduced species formed Pinus sylvestris+Hippophcze rhczmnoides+Medicago sativa+Stipa grandis community pattern restoration works best on abandonedsoil. In5years and15years wasteland Stipa grandis+Artemisia halodendron+Artemisiasieversiana community and Caragana microphylla+Leymus chinensis+Heteropappus hip-idus community of the soil improvement effect are better.
5Within9evaluation objects of Yimin coal mine wasteland, the lowest fertilityquality is Salsola collina+Tribulus terrestris+Chenopodium glaucum of backfill dump, thebest soil fertility quality is Pinus sylvestris+Hippophcze rhczmnoides+Medicago sativa+Stipa grandis of Yanbang dump, in the same level of the original landscape. The soilfertility quality of Yimin coal mine waste land is middle level,77.8%of the total wasteland. The poor fertility quality waste land is11.1%of the total waste land, mainly in thenatural recovery area of backfill dump.
6The order of9evaluation objects of effect vegetation recovery in abandoned landsis: Pinus sylvestris+Hippophcze rhczmnoides+Medicago sativa+rhczmnoides+Artemisiahalodendron+Artemisia siever-siana>Leymus chinensis+Medicago sativa>Caragana mic-rophylla+Heteropappus hip-idus>Hippophcze rhczmnoides+Medicago sativa>Stipa gran-dis+Artemisia halodendron+Artemisia sieversiana>Leymus chinensis+Elymus dahuricus+Artemisia halodendron>Agropyron desertorum+Saussurea japonica+TaraAacum mong-olicum> Salsola collina+Tribulus terrestris+Chenopodium glaucum.
引文
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