基于生境压力的发展对秦岭生物多样性保护影响研究
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摘要
中国现在建立的自然保护区占国土面积超过15%,随着中国社会经济的快速发展,基于社会整体及社区的发展对栖息地与生物多样性保护的压力不断增强,综合来看,中国及世界生物多样性保护的主要威胁来源于栖息地丧失、外来物种、气候变化、污染和其他的威胁,其关键因素是在社会经济发展当中对资源的过度利用和对环境的破坏。秦岭是我国生物多样性最为富集的地区之一,在保护中具有重要地位。但近些年来随着经济的高速发展、资源的过度开发,秦岭的生态环境面临着严峻的形势。
为了全面和客观地认识社会经济发展对秦岭生物多样性保护的威胁,变化趋势,重点领域和问题,政策绩效等,本文主要运用描述统计,比较分析方法分别分析了主要经济发展特征、土地资源特征、人口特征及其影响、水资源利用特征及其影响、旅游资源利用特征及其影响、矿产资源利用特征及其影响；构建了“敏感(本底)-压力(干扰)-弹性(反馈)”的评价思路,结合陕西秦岭山区的区域具体特点情况,建立选取了18项评价指标构成秦岭地区生态脆弱性评价研究的指标体系,在评价方法的选择上,分别采用主观分析和客观分析的两种方法计算了陕西秦岭山区24县(区、市)的生态脆弱度,即用层次分析法(AHP)确定各指标权重,综合指数法定量评价该区域生态环境的脆弱程度,分析生态脆弱性区域差异的主要原因,同时利用主成分分析法(PCA)计算区域环境的生态脆弱度,借助于ArcGIS将两种评价结果的空间差异展示出来将两种定性综合,较为客观地得出2010年陕西秦岭山区生态环境的脆弱状况并与2006年结果进行了对照分析；运用世界自然保护区委员会(WCPA)和世界自然基金会(WWF)推荐的自然保护区管理快速评估和优先性确定方法(RAPPAM),对秦岭地区部分自然保护区面临的压力和威胁及其发展趋势与对管理有效性影响进行了调查分析；在秦岭生物多样性保护管理政策现状研究成果的基础上,以可持续发展理论为指导,并结合了区域可持续发展理论、公共管理理论,秦岭生物多样性保护政策的执行、效果,运用绩效评价指数方法对秦岭生物多样性保护政策进行绩效评价研究。
结果表明：①与秦岭地区丰富生物多样性特征相对应的是较为落后的经济发展水平和土地资源依赖型的产业结构。该地区经济发展对自然资源的依赖程度较高,生态保护和农村经济发展矛盾突出；耕地资源的稀缺性、森林资源利用方式的粗放性为生物多样性保护带来了挑战；旅游资源的无序和过度开发成为野生动物栖息地的重要威胁：水资源不合理利用、矿产资源大规模开发的负面影响也不容忽视；另外该地区还存在人口增长的潜在压力。②陕西秦岭山区以中度脆弱为主,脆弱性中度的县区包括镇安县、山阳县、商南县、眉县、略阳县和西乡县,中度脆弱区面积为16272平方公里,6县区生态脆弱性空间分布占陕西秦岭山区的28.43%；生态脆弱性空间分异明显,总体而言,陕西秦岭山区生态脆弱性北部比南部低,中西部比东部低；生态压力度指数是形成该区域生态环境空间分异的重要因素,生态系统也存在一定的稳定调节机制；人类不合理经济行为的影响造成陕西秦岭山区生态脆弱性有加大的趋势。③在保护区所面临的14种威胁因子中,森林资源利用、生活观念、对资源保护的认识、旅游资源开发和利用、道路、生活性薪柴利用6个因子的影响范围较广、影响程度较高、影响时间较长,是保护区应重点控制的威胁因子；目前压力威胁因素在影响管理有效性方面的差异很明显,压力威胁因素的影响范围、影响程度和影响时间的程度越高,管理有效性受到影响的可能性也就越高。④由于社会经济发展对生物多样性保护投入和相关政策实施强度的变化,绩效评价的结果呈现一个逐渐衰减又增加的过程；虽然现行的政策在生物多样性的保护和管理上取得了一定的成果和绩效,但是秦岭的生物多样性保护管理工作正处于初始阶段,仍然存在一些弊端。论文最后,基于区域社会经济发展对秦岭生物多样性保护影响分析及评价优化了生物多样性保护政策。
The established natural reserves in China take up over15%of the national territorial area. With China's rapid socio-economic growth, there has been increasing pressure on the protection of the habitats and biodiversity in light of the development of the entire society and communities. All things considered, the major threats for the protection of biodiversity derive from the loss of habitats, alien species, climate change, pollution and so on. The crucial factor lies in the over-use of resources and the damage to the environment in the course of socio-economic development. Qinling Mountains are an area in China which boasts the most considerable biodiversity, thus the protection of which is of great importance. Over the recent years, with the booming economic growth and over-exploitation of resources, the ecological environment of Qinling Mountains has been faced with severe challenges.
In order to make a comprehensive and objective understanding of the threat to the protection of the biodiversity in Qinling caused by the socio-economic development, and the variation tendency, major fields and issues and policy performance, in this paper, descriptive statistics, comparative analysis and prediction of the dynamic tendency of leading indicators are the three major methods adopted to analyze the major features of economic development, features of the land resources, population characteristics and their influence, utilization of water resources and its influence, utilization of tourism resources and its influence, utilization of mineral resources and its influence; it builds an assessment thinking of "sensitivity (background)-pressure (interference)-elasticity (feedback); according to some practice features and conditions of Shaanxi Qinling Mountain area, the author selected18assessment indicators to build up the assessment system for the assessment of the ecological vulnerability in Qinling Mountain area; in terms of the assessment methods, this paper calculates the ecological vulnerability in24counties (districts, cities) in Shaanxi Qinling Mountain area by using subjective analysis and objective analysis respectively, that is, to determine the weight of the indicators by the method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and make a quantitative assessment of the ecological vulnerability in this area, and analyze the major causes for the regional difference of the ecological vulnerability, meanwhile, to calculate the ecological vulnerability of the regional environment by the method of principal component analysis (PCA), display and qualitatively synthesize the spatial difference in the two assessment results by employing ArcGIS, then make a relatively objective analysis of the ecological vulnerability of the environment in Shaanxi Qinling Mountain area in2010and compare it with the data of the situation in2006; by adopting the rapid assessment and prioritization of protected areas management (RAPPAM) which is recommended by World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) and World Nature Fund (WWF), this paper makes survey and analysis on the pressure and the threat to some protected areas in Qinling area and the development trends and the implications for the management effectiveness; it carries out the performance assessment research on Qinling biodiversity protection policy by adopting performance evaluation index method on the basis of the research results of the status quo of Qinling biodiversity protection management policy and in conjunction with the regional sustainable development theory, public administration theory, and the implementation and effectiveness of Qinling biodiversity protection policy.
Results show that:①In spite of the great biodiversity in Qinling area, the economic development is lagging behind and the industrial structure is featured by excessive dependence on land resources. The economic development in this area heavily relies on natural resources, thus there are striking conflicts between ecological conservation and rural economic development. The scarcity of arable lands and the extensive utilization of forest resources pose significant challenges to the protection of biodiversity. The disorder state and excessive exploitation of travel resources form a major threat for the habitats of wildlife. The negative impact of irrational use of water resources and large-scale exploitation of mineral resources should also not be ignored. Besides, the population growth is potential pressure for this area.②Shaanxi Qinling Mountain area is primarily exposed in the moderate vulnerability, and the affected counties include Anxian County, Shanyang County, Shangnan County, Meixian County, Lueyang County and Xixiang County, covering an area of16,272square kilometers, and the spatial distribution of the ecological vulnerability of6counties makes up28.43%of Shaanxi Qinling Mountain area; the spatial distribution of the ecological vulnerability varies significantly:generally speaking, the ecological vulnerability of Shaanxi Qinling Mountain area is lower in the northern and the midwest than the southern and the eastern; the ecological pressure index is an important factor forming the spatial differentiation of the ecological environment in this area; there is a certain mechanism for regulating the stability in the ecosystems; the impact of human's irrational economic behaviors is fueling the ecological vulnerability of Shaanxi Qinling Mountain area.③In the14threat factors facing the protected areas, the5ones including the forest resource utilization, life perception, awareness of resource protection, the development and use of tourism resources, roads and fuelwood use, with a impact which is broader in magnitude, greater in extent and longer in time, are the key threat factors that the protected areas should focus on; the present pressure threat factors are of obvious difference in the impact on the management effectiveness; the broader, greater and longer the pressure threat factors are, the more likely the impact on the management effectiveness will be.④Due to the change of investment in biodiversity protection and related policy implementation as a result of socio-economic development, the performance evaluation witnesses a gradual decline, followed by a rise; Although current policy has made certain achievement and effect on biodiversity conservation and management, biodiversity conservation management in Qinling Mountains is still at the initial stage and some drawbacks still remain. Finally, based on the analysis and assessment of the impact of the regional socio-economic development on Qinling biodiversity protection, this paper optimizes the biodiversity protection policy.
为了全面和客观地认识社会经济发展对秦岭生物多样性保护的威胁,变化趋势,重点领域和问题,政策绩效等,本文主要运用描述统计,比较分析方法分别分析了主要经济发展特征、土地资源特征、人口特征及其影响、水资源利用特征及其影响、旅游资源利用特征及其影响、矿产资源利用特征及其影响；构建了“敏感(本底)-压力(干扰)-弹性(反馈)”的评价思路,结合陕西秦岭山区的区域具体特点情况,建立选取了18项评价指标构成秦岭地区生态脆弱性评价研究的指标体系,在评价方法的选择上,分别采用主观分析和客观分析的两种方法计算了陕西秦岭山区24县(区、市)的生态脆弱度,即用层次分析法(AHP)确定各指标权重,综合指数法定量评价该区域生态环境的脆弱程度,分析生态脆弱性区域差异的主要原因,同时利用主成分分析法(PCA)计算区域环境的生态脆弱度,借助于ArcGIS将两种评价结果的空间差异展示出来将两种定性综合,较为客观地得出2010年陕西秦岭山区生态环境的脆弱状况并与2006年结果进行了对照分析；运用世界自然保护区委员会(WCPA)和世界自然基金会(WWF)推荐的自然保护区管理快速评估和优先性确定方法(RAPPAM),对秦岭地区部分自然保护区面临的压力和威胁及其发展趋势与对管理有效性影响进行了调查分析；在秦岭生物多样性保护管理政策现状研究成果的基础上,以可持续发展理论为指导,并结合了区域可持续发展理论、公共管理理论,秦岭生物多样性保护政策的执行、效果,运用绩效评价指数方法对秦岭生物多样性保护政策进行绩效评价研究。
结果表明：①与秦岭地区丰富生物多样性特征相对应的是较为落后的经济发展水平和土地资源依赖型的产业结构。该地区经济发展对自然资源的依赖程度较高,生态保护和农村经济发展矛盾突出；耕地资源的稀缺性、森林资源利用方式的粗放性为生物多样性保护带来了挑战；旅游资源的无序和过度开发成为野生动物栖息地的重要威胁：水资源不合理利用、矿产资源大规模开发的负面影响也不容忽视；另外该地区还存在人口增长的潜在压力。②陕西秦岭山区以中度脆弱为主,脆弱性中度的县区包括镇安县、山阳县、商南县、眉县、略阳县和西乡县,中度脆弱区面积为16272平方公里,6县区生态脆弱性空间分布占陕西秦岭山区的28.43%；生态脆弱性空间分异明显,总体而言,陕西秦岭山区生态脆弱性北部比南部低,中西部比东部低；生态压力度指数是形成该区域生态环境空间分异的重要因素,生态系统也存在一定的稳定调节机制；人类不合理经济行为的影响造成陕西秦岭山区生态脆弱性有加大的趋势。③在保护区所面临的14种威胁因子中,森林资源利用、生活观念、对资源保护的认识、旅游资源开发和利用、道路、生活性薪柴利用6个因子的影响范围较广、影响程度较高、影响时间较长,是保护区应重点控制的威胁因子；目前压力威胁因素在影响管理有效性方面的差异很明显,压力威胁因素的影响范围、影响程度和影响时间的程度越高,管理有效性受到影响的可能性也就越高。④由于社会经济发展对生物多样性保护投入和相关政策实施强度的变化,绩效评价的结果呈现一个逐渐衰减又增加的过程；虽然现行的政策在生物多样性的保护和管理上取得了一定的成果和绩效,但是秦岭的生物多样性保护管理工作正处于初始阶段,仍然存在一些弊端。论文最后,基于区域社会经济发展对秦岭生物多样性保护影响分析及评价优化了生物多样性保护政策。
The established natural reserves in China take up over15%of the national territorial area. With China's rapid socio-economic growth, there has been increasing pressure on the protection of the habitats and biodiversity in light of the development of the entire society and communities. All things considered, the major threats for the protection of biodiversity derive from the loss of habitats, alien species, climate change, pollution and so on. The crucial factor lies in the over-use of resources and the damage to the environment in the course of socio-economic development. Qinling Mountains are an area in China which boasts the most considerable biodiversity, thus the protection of which is of great importance. Over the recent years, with the booming economic growth and over-exploitation of resources, the ecological environment of Qinling Mountains has been faced with severe challenges.
In order to make a comprehensive and objective understanding of the threat to the protection of the biodiversity in Qinling caused by the socio-economic development, and the variation tendency, major fields and issues and policy performance, in this paper, descriptive statistics, comparative analysis and prediction of the dynamic tendency of leading indicators are the three major methods adopted to analyze the major features of economic development, features of the land resources, population characteristics and their influence, utilization of water resources and its influence, utilization of tourism resources and its influence, utilization of mineral resources and its influence; it builds an assessment thinking of "sensitivity (background)-pressure (interference)-elasticity (feedback); according to some practice features and conditions of Shaanxi Qinling Mountain area, the author selected18assessment indicators to build up the assessment system for the assessment of the ecological vulnerability in Qinling Mountain area; in terms of the assessment methods, this paper calculates the ecological vulnerability in24counties (districts, cities) in Shaanxi Qinling Mountain area by using subjective analysis and objective analysis respectively, that is, to determine the weight of the indicators by the method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and make a quantitative assessment of the ecological vulnerability in this area, and analyze the major causes for the regional difference of the ecological vulnerability, meanwhile, to calculate the ecological vulnerability of the regional environment by the method of principal component analysis (PCA), display and qualitatively synthesize the spatial difference in the two assessment results by employing ArcGIS, then make a relatively objective analysis of the ecological vulnerability of the environment in Shaanxi Qinling Mountain area in2010and compare it with the data of the situation in2006; by adopting the rapid assessment and prioritization of protected areas management (RAPPAM) which is recommended by World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) and World Nature Fund (WWF), this paper makes survey and analysis on the pressure and the threat to some protected areas in Qinling area and the development trends and the implications for the management effectiveness; it carries out the performance assessment research on Qinling biodiversity protection policy by adopting performance evaluation index method on the basis of the research results of the status quo of Qinling biodiversity protection management policy and in conjunction with the regional sustainable development theory, public administration theory, and the implementation and effectiveness of Qinling biodiversity protection policy.
Results show that:①In spite of the great biodiversity in Qinling area, the economic development is lagging behind and the industrial structure is featured by excessive dependence on land resources. The economic development in this area heavily relies on natural resources, thus there are striking conflicts between ecological conservation and rural economic development. The scarcity of arable lands and the extensive utilization of forest resources pose significant challenges to the protection of biodiversity. The disorder state and excessive exploitation of travel resources form a major threat for the habitats of wildlife. The negative impact of irrational use of water resources and large-scale exploitation of mineral resources should also not be ignored. Besides, the population growth is potential pressure for this area.②Shaanxi Qinling Mountain area is primarily exposed in the moderate vulnerability, and the affected counties include Anxian County, Shanyang County, Shangnan County, Meixian County, Lueyang County and Xixiang County, covering an area of16,272square kilometers, and the spatial distribution of the ecological vulnerability of6counties makes up28.43%of Shaanxi Qinling Mountain area; the spatial distribution of the ecological vulnerability varies significantly:generally speaking, the ecological vulnerability of Shaanxi Qinling Mountain area is lower in the northern and the midwest than the southern and the eastern; the ecological pressure index is an important factor forming the spatial differentiation of the ecological environment in this area; there is a certain mechanism for regulating the stability in the ecosystems; the impact of human's irrational economic behaviors is fueling the ecological vulnerability of Shaanxi Qinling Mountain area.③In the14threat factors facing the protected areas, the5ones including the forest resource utilization, life perception, awareness of resource protection, the development and use of tourism resources, roads and fuelwood use, with a impact which is broader in magnitude, greater in extent and longer in time, are the key threat factors that the protected areas should focus on; the present pressure threat factors are of obvious difference in the impact on the management effectiveness; the broader, greater and longer the pressure threat factors are, the more likely the impact on the management effectiveness will be.④Due to the change of investment in biodiversity protection and related policy implementation as a result of socio-economic development, the performance evaluation witnesses a gradual decline, followed by a rise; Although current policy has made certain achievement and effect on biodiversity conservation and management, biodiversity conservation management in Qinling Mountains is still at the initial stage and some drawbacks still remain. Finally, based on the analysis and assessment of the impact of the regional socio-economic development on Qinling biodiversity protection, this paper optimizes the biodiversity protection policy.
引文
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