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论人民币资本项目可兑换渐进性
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摘要
人民币资本项目是逐步实现兑换、还是加快实现自由兑换、还是立即实现完全自由兑换,是我国金融理论界热烈讨论、激烈争论的重要问题,也是国内外政界、经济界尤为关注的问题。国内某些专家学者通过把我国与已经实现资本项目自由兑换国家的条件或主要经济指标相对比,提出我国应该加快资本项目可兑换进程或实行完全可兑换的政策见解。
     本文运用马克思和其他经典著作家关于资本流动的基本原理分析了资本及资本项目的特点。以我国党和政府的有关资本项目的政策为指导,从资本项目的地位和作用出发,从我国的特殊国情及我国与美国及其他发达国家的关系出发,并结合我国资本项目可兑换的历程,论述了逐渐实现人民币资本项目可兑换必然性,并对“加快论者”的观点进行了评析。指出我国对资本项目交易进行有限的管制,是保证我国经济稳定发展、预防金融危机在我国发生的有效手段。
     本文根据我国目前的宏观经济环境、金融体系状况、利率市场化改革、汇率形成机制及微观主体发展等客观情况,论证了过快的推进资本项目可兑换,短期内必然造成资本大量流动,通过影响基础货币量,进而对我国的物价、利率和汇率水平产生巨大冲击,货币政策的独立性和有效性也将受到影响。只有逐渐实现人民币资本项目可兑换才能维护我国货币政策的稳定性,进而稳定物价、利率和汇率。
     本文认为,尽管根据新古典增长模型分析框架,资本项目完全自由兑换会带来一国经济的持续增长,但这仅仅是适用于经济发达的大国及与美国有紧密关系的国家的理论而已,对我国就未必适用。我国经济对外开放的30多年的实践已经证明,对资本项目所采取的管理政策优化了我国的经济结构,加速我国的资本形成,改变了我国的贸易结构,促进了我国的出口,保证了我国国际收支持续顺差、外汇储备不断增加,为我国经济在世界和平崛起做出了应有的贡献。
     本文认为,逐步实现人民币资本项目可兑换与人民币国际化是相辅相成的,并非是相互独立的。资本项目渐进可兑换进程能够保证人民币平稳走向国际化,而推进人民币的国际化也可为资本项目可兑换创造条件。只有我国进出口贸易额持续增加,外汇储备持续增加,资本流入和流出持续增加,外国对人民币的需求才会持续增加,人民币才能逐步实现国际化。
     整篇论文共分为七章。第1章为绪论,主要阐述文章选题的背景和意义、理论发展、研究方法等。尽管资本项目可兑换并非一个新的领域,伴随其发展历程也形成了诸多理论,但频繁爆发的金融危机及其形成的经验教训告诉我们,资本项目可兑换必须是一个渐进的过程,盲目地和不切实际地推进可兑换进程必然使自己暴露于国际资本冲击的面前,一旦经济出现问题,必然导致危机的发生。
     第2章是本文的核心部分,运用马克思主义政治经济学的基本原理对资本的获利性、流动性、敏感性、投机性和获利性进行了分析,资本的这些特点决定了一国在推进资本项目可兑换的过程中,必须保持主动性,使资本能够为我所用,尽可能的发挥资本流动的正面作用,避免其不利影响。资本项目可兑换不仅要保持主动性,更要坚持渐进性,因为从历史看,我国资本项目可兑换的历史经验就是渐进式的经验;从现实看,我国外汇储备的形成是我国人民辛勤劳动的凝结物,是我们价值的国际表现,过快的可兑换进程必然导致投机活动猖獗,进而牺牲外汇储备。通过与已经实现资本项目可兑换国家在宣布实行可兑换政策时的条件相比,我国在经济发展水平、金融系统状况、外汇储备水平、利率和汇率形成机制等方面的条件都比较成熟,因此有专家提出要加快推进资本项目可兑换或实现完全自由兑换。但与这些国家相比,我们国家的经济体制、人民的法制观念、社会的发展水平都有着很大的差别,盲目加快资本项目自由化步伐或者完全自由兑换,必然导致资本大量外逃,为国外金融炒家卷走我银行资产和外汇储备创造条件。因此,我们不能照搬其他国家的资本项目可兑换经验,更不能盲目乐观,而必须走自己的渐进式资本项目可兑换之路。
     第3章分别从直接投资项目、证券投资项目和对外借放款等其他投资项目的角度分析了我国资本项目可兑换的现状,并对人民币可兑换程度进行了量化分析。在直接投资项下,我国已经连续多年成为吸收外商直接投资最多的国家,对外直接投资规模也逐年快速攀升,货币可兑换程度已经达到甚至超过了部分经合组织成员国的水平。证券投资项下,伴随着QFII、QDII以及RQFII的推出和不断发展,可兑换程度明显提高,跨境证券投资趋于活跃。对外借放款、个人资本交易项目等其他投资项目的可兑换程度虽然明显提高,但总体而言相对谨慎。运用调整后的金融开放度指标,本文对我国人民币资本项目可兑换程度进行了量化分析,并与发达国家、发展中国家和转轨经济国家进行了对比,得出结论:人民币资本项目可兑换水平还不是很高,尽管我国在直接投资领域可兑换程度已达到相当的水平,但在证券等其他投资领域的可兑换水平还相当有限。
     第4章分析了资本项目渐进可兑换对货币政策目标的影响。资本项目可兑换引起的资本流动对宏观经济最直接的影响表现在对流通货币量的影响,无论流通货币量如何变化,都将打破原有内部价格体系(包括物价、利率和汇率)的均衡水平,而这些指标恰恰是货币政策的重要调控目标。尽管开放经济三元悖论的现实组合可能演变为“部分资本流动+部分汇率稳定+部分货币政策独立”的组合,因此,货币政策不会完全失去其独立性和有效性,但伴随着资本项目可兑换程度的不断提高,如果汇率调整空间不能扩大,货币政策独立性和有效性必然逐步降低。国际资本流动,无论是长期资本流动还是短期资本流动,都必将通过影响流通货币量进而影响物价水平。作为信贷市场资金的价格,利率水平也必将受到资本项目可兑换的影响,由于资本具有获利性,一旦本国与外国存在利差,必然引起资本跨国流动以套利,体现在本国的资金供求状况的变化引起的利率政策失效。作为三元悖论的组成元素之一,汇率的稳定也将直接受到资本流动的影响,一旦实现资本项目可兑换,如果要保持固定汇率,则必须以牺牲货币政策独立性为代价,而且如果没有足够的外汇储备为基础,将会引发货币危机;浮动汇率制度虽然在一定程度上保证了货币政策的有效性和独立性,减缓了投机性资本的流动,但是汇率的频繁调整也给一国经济运行带来了众多不确定性风险。因此,以利率市场化和汇率形成机制改革必须提前于资本项目可兑换的进程。
     第5章分析资本项目可兑换对经济增长的作用。尽管根据新古典增长模型分析框架,资本项目可兑换会对一国资本积累、资源配置、技术引进、创新能力等方面带来巨大的收益,从而维持经济的持续增长,但实践中却难以找到有力的支持证据。这促使人们开始从另外的角度思考资本项目可兑换与经济增长的关系:即具备何种条件、采取何种方式推进资本项目可兑换才能促进经济增长,同时最大程度的避免资本项目可兑换可能导致的风险,即所谓的门槛效应。以此分析我国资本项目渐进可兑换的条件,为了促进经济增长,避免危机出现,我国应继续选择实行长期资本可兑换,对证券投资等项目则应采取更为谨慎的态度。这恰恰是结构效应假说理论的验证:从长期看,外国直接投资对资本流入国的经济增长具有稳定的正效应;而外国证券投资和外国借款等非直接投资类资本流动则在总体上被认为是弊大于利,其资本流向更易发生逆转,从而危及资本流入国的金融稳定。通过实证分析可以看出,我国外商直接投资有力的促进了我国资本的形成和经济结构的调整,推动了出口规模的扩大和技术的进步。
     第6章论述了资本项目渐进可兑换与人民币国际化的关系。人民币国际化不仅有助于国际货币体系的改革,更会给我国带来铸币税收入、改善贸易条件等直接利益,也有利于提高我国的国际地位和影响力。资本项目可兑换是人民币国际化所必然要求的技术性前提。尽管我国目前还不具备资本项目完全可兑换的条件,但人民币国际化的过程也不必等到资本项目实现完全可兑换之后方可进行。资本项目渐进可兑换进程能过保证人民币平稳走向国际化,而推进人民币的国际化也可为资本项目可兑换创造条件。
     论文的最后一部分按照先流入后流出、先直接投资后证券投资、先长期投资后短期投资、先机构后个人、先债权类工具后股权类工具和金融衍生产品、先发行市场后交易市场、先放开有真实背景的交易,后放开无真实背景的交易的原则,分别从直接投资、证券投资和对外借放款角度对我国资本项目渐进可兑换未来政策走向进行了分析。
The issue about the choice that is made among the gradualliberalization of capital account, an accelerated realization of freeliberalization and an immediate full liberalization has been intensifiedamong Chinese financial theorists and has aroused a wide concern in thepolitical and economic community both at home and abroad. SomeChinese experts and scholars, by comparing the conditions or majoreconomic indicators of China and the countries which have achieved thefree liberalization of capital account, proposed that China shouldaccelerate the process of the liberalization of capital account or therealization of full liberalization.
     The thesis analyzes the characteristics of capital and capital account according to the basic principles about capital flows of Marx and someother classic writers. Guided by the policy of our Party and thegovernment regarding capital account, from the status and the role ofcapital account, from the special national conditions in China and itsrelations with the United States and other developed countries, combinedwith the course of the liberalization of capital account in China, the paperdiscusses the inevitability of the progressive realization of theliberalization of capital account and comments on the views aboutaccelerating this process. Then it points out that limited control on capitalaccount transactions in China is an effective means to ensure the stabledevelopment of the economy and prevent the financial crisis in ourcountry.
     According to the actual macroeconomic environment, the situationof the financial system, the market-oriented reform of interest rates, theexchange rate formation mechanism and the microscopic main body ofeconomic operation in China, the thesis demonstrates that promoting the liberalization of capital account in such a fast manner will inevitably leadto large flows of capital in a short term, then will have a tremendousimpact, by affecting the amount of basic currency, on Chinesecommodity price, interest rate and exchange rate, even the independenceand effectiveness of its monetary policy. Therefore, only a progressiverealization of the liberalization of capital account can maintain thestability of monetary policy in China, and then stabilize commodity price,interest rates and exchange rates
     This paper argues that although the full liberalization of capitalaccount can bring the sustained economic growth according to theanalytic framework of new classic growth model, it’s only applicable tothe theory in economically developed countries and the countries whichmaintain close relations with the United States, and it may not beapplicable in China. The practice of China’s30years of reform andopening-up has proved that the management policies adopted on capitalaccount optimized China’s economic structure, accelerated its capital formation, changed its trade structure, promoted its export, thus ensuredthe continuing surplus of balance of payments in China, continuallyincreased its foreign exchange reserves and contributed to the peacefulrise of Chinese economy in the world.
     This thesis argues that the gradual liberalization of capital accountand the internationalization of RMB are complementary, rather thanindependent of each other. The process of gradual liberalization of capitalaccount can ensure the stability of the internationalization of RMB whichwill create conditions for the former. It’s only with the steady increase ofimport and export trade volume, foreign exchange reserves and capitalinflows and outflows that foreign demand for RMB can continue toincrease and RMB can be gradually internationalized.
     The paper is composed by seven chapters. The first chapter isintroduction: this part introduces the background and significance of thearticle, theory development, research methods and so on. Althoughcapital account liberalization is not a new research field and lots of theories are created with research development, the lessons fromfinancial crises tell us that capital account liberalization must be agradual process, however, advance the liberalization process blindly andimpractically expose countries to face international capital-flow shocksdirectly; once economic has problems, crises will not be inevitable.
     Chapter2is the core of this article. This chapter analyzed the capitalprofitability, liquidity, sensitivity and speculative; and these features ofcapital determines the process of improving capital account liberalization;the state should use capital initiatively and exploit positive effects ofcapital flows to avoid its adverse effects. Capital account liberalizationnot only maintains the initiative, but also adheres to gradualness; from ahistorical point of view, the experience of China's capital accountliberalization is progressive; in reality, the formation of China's foreignexchange reserves is a condensation of the hard work of Chinese people,the international performance of our value; too fast liberalization processwill lead to rampant speculation inevitably, and then sacrifices foreign exchange reserves. Conditions of Chins in terms of the level of economicdevelopment, the financial system, the level of foreign reserves, interestrate and exchange rate formation mechanism are relatively maturethrough comparing with the situations of other countries who haveachieved capital account liberalization. Compared with these countries,achieving capital account liberalization, there are many differences onour country's economic system, the legal concept of the people, and thelevel of society development; accelerate the pace of liberalization of thecapital account blindly will inevitably lead to massive capital flight,swept away banks assets and foreign exchange reserves. Therefore, wecannot copy the experience of other countries about capital accountliberalization and cannot be optimistic blindly; our country must explorethe Chinese-style process of gradualness of RMB’s capital accountliberalization.
     Chapter3analyzes the current situation of China's capital accountliberalization from the targets of investment projects that include direct investment projects, the securities investment projects and loan projectsand researches the degree of RMB liberalization quantitatively. To directinvestment, China attracts foreign direct investment mostly during theseyears, and foreign direct investment is also rapidly rising year after year;the degree of currency liberalization has reached or exceeded the level ofsome OECD countries. To securities investment, with the launch anddevelopment of QFII, QDII and RQFII, the degree of liberalization ispromoted and cross-border securities investment become more active.Convertible foreign loan, personal loan of capital transactions and otherinvestment projects are improved significantly, but the overall level isrelatively cautious. In this paper, the writer uses the adjusted financialopening index to analyze the degree of liberalization of RMB capitalproject quantitatively and compared the degrees with developed countries,developing countries and countries in transition. Through quantitativeanalysis, conclusion is as follow: the level of capital accountliberalization of RMB is not very high, although the degree of direct investment in our country has reached a considerable level, however, thedegree of the securities and other investment liberalization is still quitelimited.
     Chapter4analyzes that how the gradualness of capital projectsliberalization influences the objective of monetary policy. Tomacroeconomic performance, the most direct impact from capital flowthat influenced by capital account liberalization is amount of currency incirculation. Now matter, how the currency in circulation change, capitalflow influenced by capital account liberalization will break the originalinternal price system (including the price, interest rate and exchange rate),these indicators are important regulatory targets of monetary policy.Despite the combination of the Impossible Trinity in open economywould evolve as “the capital flows+exchange rate+some independentmonetary policy ", monetary policy will not completely lose itsindependence and effectiveness. While, accompanied with theimprovement of the degree of capital account liberalization, if the adjustment space of exchange rate cannot be expanded, the independenceand effectiveness of monetary policy must reduce gradually andconveniently. As the price of the credit markets, interest rates will also beimpacted by capital account liberalization; because capital has the featureof profitability, once the domestic and foreign interest rates are different,capital arbitrage will exist with international transnational flow, then thechange of fund supply and demand will cause interest rate policy fails.Exchange rate stability as one of the elements of the Impossible Trinitywill also be affected directly by capital flows; once the capital accountliberalization is achieved, if country wants to maintain a fixed exchangerate, country must sacrifice the independence of monetary policy, and ifthere is no sufficient foreign exchange reserves, currency crisis will notbe avoided. To some extent, although the floating exchange rate systemensure the effectiveness and independence of monetary policy and slowdown the flow of speculative capital, frequent adjustment of exchangerate will bring uncertain risks to one country's economy. Therefore, the mercerization of interest rate and exchange rate formation mechanismreform must be brought forward the process of capital accountliberalization.
     Chapter5makes an analysis of the role of liberalization of capitalaccount in economic growth. Although the liberalization of capitalaccount can bring such great benefits in aspects of capital accumulation,resource allocation, technology import and innovation capability thatmaintain the sustained economic growth according to the analyticframework of new classic growth model, the strong supportive evidenceis difficult to find in practice. The above-mentioned makes peopleconsider about the relations between liberalization of capital account andeconomic growth from other perspectives, which is with what kind ofconditions and methods can liberalization of capital account promoteeconomic growth and avoid the risks caused by liberalization of capitalaccount to the maximum extent (threshold effect). Therefore, inanalyzing the conditions of liberalization of capital account, China should choose to implement the long-term liberalization of capital account, andadopt a more cautious attitude towards items such as securitiesinvestment in order to promote economic growth and avoid the crisis. Itis also the verification of structural effects hypothesis, in the long-termperspective, foreign direct investment is positive to the economic growthof capital inflow country in a stable manner, however, the capital flow ofnon-direct investment such as foreign securities investment and foreignborrowing is considered as doing more harm than good in general, due tothe easy reversing of capital flow that imperils financial stability incapital inflow country. It is seen through empirical analysis that foreigndirect investment in China vigorously promotes the capital formation andadjustment of economic structure, and enhances the expansion of exportscale and technological progress.
     Chapter6discusses the relations between the gradual liberalizationof capital account and the internationalization of RMB. Theinternationalization of RMB is not only beneficial for the reform of international monetary system, but also brings China the immediateinterest such as seigniorage revenues and the improvement of terms oftrade. In addition, it is beneficial for enhancing the international standingand influence of China. The liberalization of capital account is anecessary technical prerequisite of RMB internationalization. Although atpresent the full liberalization of capital account has not been realized inChina, yet the internationalization of RMB does not start until the fullliberalization of capital account can be realized. The gradualliberalization of capital account can guarantee the smoothinternationalization process of RMB, while the internationalization ofRMB can create conditions for the liberalization of capital account.
     According to the principles including inflow first and outflowfollowing, direct investment first and securities investment following,long-term investment first and short-term investment following,institutions first and individual following, financial claim instrumentsfirst and equity instruments and financial derivatives following, issuing market first and trading market following, and trade with real backgroundopens first and trade without real background opens following, the finalpart of the thesis makes the analysis of the future policy regarding thegradual liberalization of capital account in China from the perspectives ofdirect investment, securities investment and foreign lending andborrowing.
引文
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