创业企业成长能力研究
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摘要
创业企业是各国经济成长的重要动力,是解决就业问题的重要手段。尤其是美国的创业企业,为美国经济的持续增长作出了重要贡献,创业企业已经成为美国经济增长的一个亮点。改革开放三十多年来,我国的创业企业,也为我国经济、社会发展起到了重要作用,但我国创业企业的整体发展水平,与美国以及一些发达国家水平相比,还存在较大差距,主要体现在以下几个方面。首先,我国创业企业整体寿命较短,在面对市场冲击时,容易以倒闭而告终；其次,我国创业企业成长为大型企业的比率很低,绝大多数创业企业,不具备持续成长的能力,保持在相对低的规模水平。总体而言,我国创业企业的整体成长能力不足,是制约我国创业企业成长的重要原因。本文以中国改革开放以来,尤其是现阶段背景下创业企业的成长能力为研究对象,以期望形成对我国创业企业发展有指导意义的研究结果。
关于创业的研究,已经有几十年的历史,但由于创业企业及创业行为的复杂性特征,对于创业企业的研究,呈现出多方向的特征,不同的学者,分别对创业类型、创业资源、创业动因、创业环境以及创业者特质等问题进行了研究,本文试图将各项因素纳入到创业企业成长能力这个角度,形成一个以创业企业成长能力为中心的研究框架。
本文首先回顾了企业成长理论、主要创业理论和动态能力理论,构建了本文的理论基础。在理论综述的基础上,对创业活动的概念特征进行研究,总结出创业企业成长的本质特征,提出了创业企业成长的概念,即创业企业的成长过程,是其内部结构、功能的完善过程与规模扩张过程的统一。在对创业企业成长概念讨论结束之后,文章结合我国当前创业企业发展的新动向,对创业企业成长中的矛盾进行探讨,包括资源依赖与能力依赖的矛盾,当前生存能力与未来发展能力的矛盾、企业家能力依赖与企业能力依赖的矛盾。通过矛盾分析,本文认为创业企业的可持续成长,很大程度上不是取决于创业者的素质或企业控制的资源要素,而是创业企业作为一个组织,所拥有的综合成长能力。之后,本文在企业成长过程理论,尤其是企业生命周期理论的基础上,结合现代创业企业的发展特征,提出了创业企业发展的三个阶段,即创建阶段、立足阶段和拓展阶段,并分析了各个阶段企业的运营特征。
本文在动态能力理论的基础上,提出了创业企业成长能力的概念,总结出本文创业企业成长能力的分析框架,即以生存能力、占位能力和突破能力为主要内容的创业企业成长能力体系。这个分析框架,从生存、占位和突破三个方面,描述一个创业企业不断成长的内在动力。之后,详细分析了创业企业成长能力的影响因素,对创业企业成长能力的内涵进行了深化。
在讨论完创业企业成长能力的维度构成之后,我们对创业企业成长能力的培育过程和创业企业成长能力的源泉进行了探讨。本文对创业企业成长各阶段的能力培育做了分析,体现出不同能力在不同阶段的作用的差异性。生存能力、占位能力和突破能力,作为创业企业成长能力的构成部分,在创业企业成长的过程中发挥着不同的作用,又具有不可分离性,三个方面既包含企业内部的素质特征,又包括企业与外部环境的关联性,概括了创业企业的成长,以生存为前提条件以占位优势为基础,以不断突破为成长方法的整体过程。在对各项能力进行详细研究的基础上,得到了创业企业成长能力源于企业家精神和组织学习这一结论。
本文通过内嵌于分析过程的五个典型案例的研究,更为具体的展示了各项成长能力在创业企业成长过程中的重要作用。本文选取的案例在企业类型、成长阶段、能力因素等方面均表现出明显的差异性和代表性,通过案例分析深刻解析了创业企业成长能力在不同类型企业、不同成长阶段的重要意义。
在理论分析的基础上,本文设计了调查问卷,通过统计软件分析,验证了本文创业企业成长能力分析框架的有效性和合理性。并利用因子分析,提取了对于创业企业成长能力最重要的七个因子,构建了创业企业成长能力的评价函数。并通过实证方法,对本文提出的几项理论假设,作出了检验。
Entrepreneurial ventures are one of the important driving factors behind economic growth, which function as significant means of employment. It is worth mentioning that American enterprises have played a significant role in American economic growth, which have become a sparkling spot of American economy and many of which have grown into renowned enterprises. Since the reform and opening-up of China, Chinese enterprises have also played a crucial part in Chinese economic growth and social development. However, there is still some gap between the comprehensive ability of Chinese enterprises and enterprises in United States and other developed countries. First of all, the life expectancy of the enterprises in China is comparatively short. The enterprises always close up in face of market shocks. Second, the rates of enterprises in China growing into corporate are relatively low. Most enterprises have lost the ability of continuous development after the survival phase and remained at a relatively low level of development. All in all, the enterprises in China are comparatively lack of the comprehensive growth ability, which has become one of the huge issues limiting the growth of enterprises in China. This study chooses the entrepreneurial ability of the ventures which have been founded since the reform and opening-up of China, especially those under the current background as the subject of research in an aim to provide instructive research results as the guidance to the development of our entrepreneurial ventures in China.
The researches of entrepreneurship have been conducted for over10years. However, due to the complicated features and behaviors of entrepreneurial ventures, the researches demonstrate the attribute of diversity. Different schools emerged have conducted different researches on types, resources, motive, environment of entrepreneurship and features of entrepreneurs. This dissertation attempts to study the enterprises from the perspective of entrepreneurial ability. By integrating different factors into this perspective, this thesis attempts to build a new research system of entrepreneurship with entrepreneurial ability as the core element.
Firstly, this dissertation reviews the enterprise development theory and the main theories of entrepreneurship, theory of dynamic capability, which compose the theoretical basis of the dissertation. On the basis of the literature review and profound study on entrepreneurial activities, the concept of development of entrepreneurial ventures has been summarized which indicates the essential attributes of development of entrepreneurial ventures. Namely, the process of development of entrepreneurial ventures is integration of improvement of inner structure and function with external scale expansion. Associated with the new orientation of current development of entrepreneurial ventures, a profound discussion is conducted on the contradictions in entrepreneurial ventures'development process, including the contradiction between energy dependence and capability dependence, the contradiction between the current survival ability and future development ability, the contradiction between the entrepreneur's capability and the comprehensive capacity of the enterprise. By approaching the analysis of contradictions, it has been pointed out that the continuous development of the entrepreneurial ventures depends on the comprehensive growth ability of the entrepreneurial ventures as an organization to a large degree instead of on the capability of the entrepreneur and the resources controlled by the enterprise. Last, based on the enterprise development theory, especially by engaging the life-cycle approach, taking into consideration of development characteristics of modern entrepreneurial ventures, the three phases of development have been proposed, namely establishment phase, survival phase and expansion phase. Meanwhile, further analysis of the operational features of each phase has been made.
Based on the dynamic capability theory, the concept of entrepreneurial ventures'growth ability has been proposed. The analytic model of enterprises'growth ability has been raised that the system of growth ability of enterprises are composed of survival ability, market-share seizing ability and innovation ability. This system is an integrated model of these above three factors, describing the inner force of continuous enterprise growth. Then a profound and detailed analysis has been made on the factors which influence the entrepreneurial ventures'growth ability, deepening the connotation of this concept.
After the discussion of component model of entrepreneurial ventures'growth ability, this dissertation explores the cultivation process and source of entrepreneurial ventures'growth ability. The distinctive features of the abilities in different phases have been shown after the detailed analysis of the cultivation of the growth ability in difference phases. The study on mechanism formation of different growth abilities has indicated that survival ability, market-share seizing ability and innovation ability are interrelated and function differently. These three aspects not only cover the inner quality of enterprises, but also cover the interrelationship of enterprises and environment. These three aspects generalize the whole process of enterprise growth, in which survival ability serves as prerequisite, market-share seizing functions as foundation with constant innovation as the crucial means of growth. On the basis of the detailed research on the different aspects of enterprise growth ability, a conclusion has been drawn that the entrepreneur's spirit, organization and continuous learning is the crucial source of entrepreneurial ventures'growth ability
Based on the typical case studies of Baidu, Wuxi Sun-tech power company limited, Shaoxing H corporate, Hangzhou S Company and VANCL, which incorporates with the analysis of development process of enterprises, this dissertation substantiates the functions of different growth abilities in enterprise growth. The case studies are chosen especially to represent the distinctive features in types, stages of development and growth abilities of different enterprises. Through the analysis of the typical case studies, it is shown that different abilities are of great significance at different stages of different types of enterprises.
In line with the theoretical logical analysis, questionnaire is designed for this study. Through data analysis of the case study with statistical software, the validity and reasonability of the analytic model of entrepreneurial ventures'growth ability have been verified. Through analysis of the factors, the seven factors have been extracted to build up the evaluation function. Through empirical method, several hypothesis proposed by the study have been verified.
关于创业的研究,已经有几十年的历史,但由于创业企业及创业行为的复杂性特征,对于创业企业的研究,呈现出多方向的特征,不同的学者,分别对创业类型、创业资源、创业动因、创业环境以及创业者特质等问题进行了研究,本文试图将各项因素纳入到创业企业成长能力这个角度,形成一个以创业企业成长能力为中心的研究框架。
本文首先回顾了企业成长理论、主要创业理论和动态能力理论,构建了本文的理论基础。在理论综述的基础上,对创业活动的概念特征进行研究,总结出创业企业成长的本质特征,提出了创业企业成长的概念,即创业企业的成长过程,是其内部结构、功能的完善过程与规模扩张过程的统一。在对创业企业成长概念讨论结束之后,文章结合我国当前创业企业发展的新动向,对创业企业成长中的矛盾进行探讨,包括资源依赖与能力依赖的矛盾,当前生存能力与未来发展能力的矛盾、企业家能力依赖与企业能力依赖的矛盾。通过矛盾分析,本文认为创业企业的可持续成长,很大程度上不是取决于创业者的素质或企业控制的资源要素,而是创业企业作为一个组织,所拥有的综合成长能力。之后,本文在企业成长过程理论,尤其是企业生命周期理论的基础上,结合现代创业企业的发展特征,提出了创业企业发展的三个阶段,即创建阶段、立足阶段和拓展阶段,并分析了各个阶段企业的运营特征。
本文在动态能力理论的基础上,提出了创业企业成长能力的概念,总结出本文创业企业成长能力的分析框架,即以生存能力、占位能力和突破能力为主要内容的创业企业成长能力体系。这个分析框架,从生存、占位和突破三个方面,描述一个创业企业不断成长的内在动力。之后,详细分析了创业企业成长能力的影响因素,对创业企业成长能力的内涵进行了深化。
在讨论完创业企业成长能力的维度构成之后,我们对创业企业成长能力的培育过程和创业企业成长能力的源泉进行了探讨。本文对创业企业成长各阶段的能力培育做了分析,体现出不同能力在不同阶段的作用的差异性。生存能力、占位能力和突破能力,作为创业企业成长能力的构成部分,在创业企业成长的过程中发挥着不同的作用,又具有不可分离性,三个方面既包含企业内部的素质特征,又包括企业与外部环境的关联性,概括了创业企业的成长,以生存为前提条件以占位优势为基础,以不断突破为成长方法的整体过程。在对各项能力进行详细研究的基础上,得到了创业企业成长能力源于企业家精神和组织学习这一结论。
本文通过内嵌于分析过程的五个典型案例的研究,更为具体的展示了各项成长能力在创业企业成长过程中的重要作用。本文选取的案例在企业类型、成长阶段、能力因素等方面均表现出明显的差异性和代表性,通过案例分析深刻解析了创业企业成长能力在不同类型企业、不同成长阶段的重要意义。
在理论分析的基础上,本文设计了调查问卷,通过统计软件分析,验证了本文创业企业成长能力分析框架的有效性和合理性。并利用因子分析,提取了对于创业企业成长能力最重要的七个因子,构建了创业企业成长能力的评价函数。并通过实证方法,对本文提出的几项理论假设,作出了检验。
Entrepreneurial ventures are one of the important driving factors behind economic growth, which function as significant means of employment. It is worth mentioning that American enterprises have played a significant role in American economic growth, which have become a sparkling spot of American economy and many of which have grown into renowned enterprises. Since the reform and opening-up of China, Chinese enterprises have also played a crucial part in Chinese economic growth and social development. However, there is still some gap between the comprehensive ability of Chinese enterprises and enterprises in United States and other developed countries. First of all, the life expectancy of the enterprises in China is comparatively short. The enterprises always close up in face of market shocks. Second, the rates of enterprises in China growing into corporate are relatively low. Most enterprises have lost the ability of continuous development after the survival phase and remained at a relatively low level of development. All in all, the enterprises in China are comparatively lack of the comprehensive growth ability, which has become one of the huge issues limiting the growth of enterprises in China. This study chooses the entrepreneurial ability of the ventures which have been founded since the reform and opening-up of China, especially those under the current background as the subject of research in an aim to provide instructive research results as the guidance to the development of our entrepreneurial ventures in China.
The researches of entrepreneurship have been conducted for over10years. However, due to the complicated features and behaviors of entrepreneurial ventures, the researches demonstrate the attribute of diversity. Different schools emerged have conducted different researches on types, resources, motive, environment of entrepreneurship and features of entrepreneurs. This dissertation attempts to study the enterprises from the perspective of entrepreneurial ability. By integrating different factors into this perspective, this thesis attempts to build a new research system of entrepreneurship with entrepreneurial ability as the core element.
Firstly, this dissertation reviews the enterprise development theory and the main theories of entrepreneurship, theory of dynamic capability, which compose the theoretical basis of the dissertation. On the basis of the literature review and profound study on entrepreneurial activities, the concept of development of entrepreneurial ventures has been summarized which indicates the essential attributes of development of entrepreneurial ventures. Namely, the process of development of entrepreneurial ventures is integration of improvement of inner structure and function with external scale expansion. Associated with the new orientation of current development of entrepreneurial ventures, a profound discussion is conducted on the contradictions in entrepreneurial ventures'development process, including the contradiction between energy dependence and capability dependence, the contradiction between the current survival ability and future development ability, the contradiction between the entrepreneur's capability and the comprehensive capacity of the enterprise. By approaching the analysis of contradictions, it has been pointed out that the continuous development of the entrepreneurial ventures depends on the comprehensive growth ability of the entrepreneurial ventures as an organization to a large degree instead of on the capability of the entrepreneur and the resources controlled by the enterprise. Last, based on the enterprise development theory, especially by engaging the life-cycle approach, taking into consideration of development characteristics of modern entrepreneurial ventures, the three phases of development have been proposed, namely establishment phase, survival phase and expansion phase. Meanwhile, further analysis of the operational features of each phase has been made.
Based on the dynamic capability theory, the concept of entrepreneurial ventures'growth ability has been proposed. The analytic model of enterprises'growth ability has been raised that the system of growth ability of enterprises are composed of survival ability, market-share seizing ability and innovation ability. This system is an integrated model of these above three factors, describing the inner force of continuous enterprise growth. Then a profound and detailed analysis has been made on the factors which influence the entrepreneurial ventures'growth ability, deepening the connotation of this concept.
After the discussion of component model of entrepreneurial ventures'growth ability, this dissertation explores the cultivation process and source of entrepreneurial ventures'growth ability. The distinctive features of the abilities in different phases have been shown after the detailed analysis of the cultivation of the growth ability in difference phases. The study on mechanism formation of different growth abilities has indicated that survival ability, market-share seizing ability and innovation ability are interrelated and function differently. These three aspects not only cover the inner quality of enterprises, but also cover the interrelationship of enterprises and environment. These three aspects generalize the whole process of enterprise growth, in which survival ability serves as prerequisite, market-share seizing functions as foundation with constant innovation as the crucial means of growth. On the basis of the detailed research on the different aspects of enterprise growth ability, a conclusion has been drawn that the entrepreneur's spirit, organization and continuous learning is the crucial source of entrepreneurial ventures'growth ability
Based on the typical case studies of Baidu, Wuxi Sun-tech power company limited, Shaoxing H corporate, Hangzhou S Company and VANCL, which incorporates with the analysis of development process of enterprises, this dissertation substantiates the functions of different growth abilities in enterprise growth. The case studies are chosen especially to represent the distinctive features in types, stages of development and growth abilities of different enterprises. Through the analysis of the typical case studies, it is shown that different abilities are of great significance at different stages of different types of enterprises.
In line with the theoretical logical analysis, questionnaire is designed for this study. Through data analysis of the case study with statistical software, the validity and reasonability of the analytic model of entrepreneurial ventures'growth ability have been verified. Through analysis of the factors, the seven factors have been extracted to build up the evaluation function. Through empirical method, several hypothesis proposed by the study have been verified.
引文
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