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韩国对外直接投资的贸易效应研究
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摘要
五十年的时间里,韩国从贫穷的农业国一跃成为名列世界前茅的新兴工业化国家,对外直接投资在韩国的经济发展中起到了不容忽视的作用。韩国作为东亚重要的新兴工业化国家,不断扩大其贸易与投资规模,对本国经济起到了巨大的推动作用。本文把韩国作为经济发展比较成功的新兴工业化国家的代表,深入研究韩国对外直接投资的发展历程、特点以及韩国的对外直接投资对本国贸易数量、贸易结构与贸易利益分配等方面的影响,探索韩国发展对外直接投资的对策。
     研究韩国对外直接投资的贸易效应有重要意义。首先,近些年来韩国经济的迅猛发展很大程度上依赖于对外直接投资额的增长所带来的经济效应。在国际直接投资的舞台上,韩国扮演更多的是投资母国的角色,而不是东道国的角色。其次,虽然贸易的发展不是韩国追求经济发展的最终目标,但是韩国对外直接投资引致的贸易效应对国民经济的发展影响深远。
     近些年来,有关对外直接投资的研究主要以实证为主,这些实证又主要以发达国家,如英国、美国、德国等为研究对象,以新兴经济体国家作为母国为研究对象的成果不多;在研究对外直接投资的贸易效应方面,多数研究成果集中在贸易数量方面的影响,而不是贸易结构等方面的具体分析。
     本文遵守规范的经济学研究范式,在相关理论研究的基础上,建立理论模型并通过计量工具进行实证分析。笔者从对外直接投资的贸易数量效应、贸易结构效应和贸易条件效应三个方面分别研究韩国对外直接投资的贸易效应。
     在韩国对外直接投资的贸易数量效应方面,笔者在理论研究的基础上进行了系统的实证分析。理论研究表明,贸易政策、市场规模、汇率、投资动机、产业特征和要素价格等都是研究对外直接投资贸易创造效应或贸易替代效应的因素。在实证研究上,笔者借助经典的贸易引力模型,基于面板数据的回归方法分别分析了韩国对外直接直接投资对贸易出口和贸易进口的影响,探讨了韩国对外直接投资促进贸易增长的原因。实证结果表明,无论对于韩国的贸易出口还是进口,对外直接投资都使韩国获得了贸易创造效应;对外直接投资的存量对韩国贸易的影响大于投资流量的影响,也就是说对外直接投资的长期贸易效应将大于短期贸易效应;在韩国所有对外直接投资的动机中,资源寻求型和成本导向型的动机更加明显,其出口引致效应与反向进口效应相对较大。
     在韩国对外直接投资的贸易结构效应方面,笔者在理论研究的基础上进行了系统的实证分析。理论研究表明,对外直接投资对贸易结构转换的作用机理主要是通过技术差距、人均收入和消费者需求结构、要素禀赋差异等因素改变和提升母国相对要素生产率与要素禀赋,产生规模经济,形成相对技术领先优势从而带动产业结构的升级与贸易结构的转换。在实证研究上,在分析韩国贸易结构与投资结构变化的基础上,本文使用协整理论、ADF检验、Johansen检验等现代数理分析方法,以历年韩国投资额、各产业贸易额、GDP和汇率为研究对象,利用WTO、韩国贸易协会、世界银行和联合国贸发会议等网站数据库资料进行计量分析,得出韩国对外直接投资对贸易结构的影响:对外直接投资的流出结构与韩国进出口产业分布存在着“重叠性”特征;工业制成品的对外直接投资的贸易效应明显大于农产品等初级产品的贸易效应,对外直接投资对韩国贸易的促进作用主要通过工业制成品的出口来实现的;机器、运输设备和钢铁等工业制成品的直接投资产生的贸易创造效应最大等结论。
     在韩国对外直接投资的贸易条件效应方面,首先探讨了对外直接投资对价格、收入和要素贸易条件的作用机理,其次实证考察了韩国对外直接投资分别与价格贸易条件、收入贸易条件和要素贸易条件的变动走势,探讨二者之间的规律及联系。最后结合韩国贸易利益分配状况得出,在对外直接投资的作用下,韩国虽然价格贸易条件略显恶化,但是出口数量指数却大幅度上升,使得韩国的收入贸易条件得到改善;对外直接投资促进了韩国出口商品劳动生产率的提高,进而提高了韩国单要素贸易条件指数;由于进出口商品价格指数以及出口物量指数的变化,韩国获得的静态贸易利益的效率并不显著等结论。
     基于以上分析,本文对韩国对外直接投资的政策提出以下建议:在加强投资政策与贸易政策的整合方面,韩国有必要设立综合协调的境外企业的管理机构,其职责是制定投资政策、安排投资重点、优化投资的产业分布与区域结构、建立外汇使用和人才使用与技术流动的相关制度等;韩国政府要进一步完善投资保险与金融支持政策相关的法律法规,使企业的投保制度与金融扶持政策做到有法可依;加大对跨国经营人才的培养力度是提高韩国劳动生产率的根本手段,使韩国企业适应对外直接投资、开展跨国经营对人才的需要;韩国政府有必要对跨国公司、特别是中小企业的海外投资行为进行指导并提高信息技术和投资信息等方面的咨询,设立投资咨询机构帮助跨国企业进行海外投资分析、制定投资规划等信息咨询类服务,从而加强对跨国公司的投资引导与服务。
World economic powerful nations are often great powers of outward foreigndirect investment. Foreign direct investment has become a essential path for thenational economic growth. With the economic globalization nowadays, the foreigndirect investment further develops the optimizing allocations of world resources,expands the production and the market, and promotes technology transfer anddiffusion, etc. The economic phenomenon of synchronous growth of foreign directinvestment and trade has attracted the attention of many scholars. Peter Drucker said,in the past, trade was in advance of investment, but now trade depends on investmentmore and more. The foreign direct investment’s influence on a country's trade is alsovery obvious, for example, it can help the investing countries to get around tradebarriers, reduce the trade friction and the export of sensitive commodities, etc. In themeantime, foreign direct investment can optimize trade structure of home country,improve the proportion of knowledge and technology intensive industry, and improvethe terms of trade, etc. Therefore, it’s important to theoretically analyze andempirically test from the perspective of foreign direct investment in home countrysystematically.
     During fifty years, South Korea has become the world's twelfth largest economyfrom a poor agricultural country. Foreign direct investment plays an important role inSouth Korea’s economic growth that cannot be ignored. As one important emergingindustrialized country in East Asia, South Korea continues to expand its scale of tradeand investment, which promotes the national economy. Regarding South Korea as arepresentative of successful emerging industrialized countries, intensively study thedevelopment history of South Korea’s foreign direct investment and the characteristics,and its influence on volume of domestic trade, trade structure and trade benefit distribution, etc, and search the counter measures of South Korea’s foreign directinvestment.
     It’s important to study the economic effects of South Korea’s foreign directinvestment. First of all, in recent years, the rapid economical growth of South Korearelies heavily on economic effect which is caused by foreign direct investment. On thestage of international direct investment, South Korea plays a role of investing homecountry, rather than the role of the host country. Secondly, the scale and speed of SouthKorea’s foreign direct investment continue to rise, but the growth of foreign directinvestment has not brought the South Korea continuous increasing of trade interests.Finally, the final goal of South Korea’s pursuing economic growth is not trade, but theinfluence which the effect of foreign direct investment impacts on the nationaleconomic development has been profound.
     In recent years, foreign direct investment mainly applies empirical research,these empirical evidence are mainly chosen from the developed countries, such asBritain, Japan, Germany, as the research object, and few scholars choose emergingeconomies as the research object; A lot of researches are chosen from the hostcountries as the research object, analyzing on the economic effects of foreign directinvestment, but less research on the home country; in terms of trade effect of foreigndirect investment, most of research results are concentrated in the trade volume, ratherthan concrete analysis of trade structure, etc.
     This article follows the standard paradigm of economy research, on the basis ofrelevant theoretical research, creates theoretical model and empirically analyzesthrough measuring tools. The writer will have a research on trade effect of SouthKorea’s foreign direct investment in the three aspects of the effect of trade volume,trade structure and terms of trade.
     In the aspect of the effect of trade volume caused by South Korea’s foreign directinvestment, the writer has made a systematic empirical analysis on the basis oftheoretical research. Theoretical research shows, trade policy, the scale of the market,exchange rate, investment motivation, industry characteristics and factor prices are the factors to study foreign direct investment of creates effect and trade substitutes effect,In empirical research, the writer use classical gravity model of trade and panel data toanalyze South Korea’s direct investment effects on trade import and export separately,and to explore the cause of how South Korea’s foreign direct investment promotestrade growth. Research results show that: no matter for South Korea’s import or export,foreign direct investment creates trade effect; the stock of foreign direct investmenteffects South Korea’s trade greater than the outflow of foreign direct investment effects,that is to say the long-term trade effect of foreign direct investment will be greater thanthe short-term trade effect; for South Korea’s trade effect, there exists export causeseffect, export substitutes effect, the reverse import and import cause effect. SouthKorea has greater effect caused by export in the aspect of export, and also has greatereffect caused by reverse import in the aspect of import.
     In the aspect of the effect of trade structure caused by South Korea’s foreigndirect investment, the writer has made a systematic empirical analysis on the basis oftheoretical research. Theoretical research shows that the mechanism how foreign directinvestment effects the trade structure transformation is through technical gap, percapita income, consumer demand structure and the difference of factor endowment,and other factors to change and to promote home country’s relative factor productivityand factor endowment, generate economies of scale, forming advantage of relativeleading technology to drive the transformation and upgrading of the economic structureand trade structure.
     In the empirical research, on the basis of the analysis of changes of South Korea’strade structure and investment structure, use the methods of co-integration theory, ADFtest, Johansen test and other modern mathematical analysis, take South Korea’sinvestment amount in previous years, trade volume of each industry, GDP andexchange rate as research objects, using the data of website database of the KoreaInternational Trade Association, the world bank and United Nations Conference onTrade and Development to analyze, and then conclude the South Korea’s foreign directinvestment effect on trade structure: after analyzing on the characteristics of industrial structure of South Korea’s foreign direct investment and the change of import andexport trade structure, it’s found that the outflow structure of South Korea’s foreigndirect investment and South Korea’s import and export industrial distribution have“overlap” characteristic; the influences of South Korea’s direct investment onpromoting the import and export of industrial products is larger than promoting theimport and export of agricultural products and other primary products, the promotingeffect of South Korea’s foreign direct investment on national import and export trade ismainly through exporting industrial products; industrial products such as machines,transport equipments, and steel are the biggest industry which the Multi-NationalCorporations’ direct investments create.
     In the aspect of terms of trade of South Korea’s foreign direct investment, firstlytheoretically analyze on the effect of foreign direct investment on price terms of trade.Secondly investigate changing trend between the South Korea’s foreign directinvestment and price terms of trade, income terms of trade and factor terms of trade,explore the relationship and connection between the two parts. Finally, according toKorea’s trade interests distribution, it obtained: under the effect of foreign directinvestment, although South Korea’s terms of price trade is slightly worse, but theexport volume index rises dramatically, which improves South Korea’s income termsof trade; foreign direct investment promotes South Korea's labor productivity forexporting goods, thereby improving the Korea’s index of single factor terms of trade; itobtained that due to the changing of import and export commodity price index andexport volume index, South Korea’s static trade benefit was not efficient.
     Based on the above analysis, the paper puts forward the following Suggestions onthe south Korea’s foreign direct investment policy: in strengthening the integrationaspect of investment policy and trade policy, it is necessary to set up the managementinstitutions of comprehensive coordination of overseas enterprises, the mainresponsibility of the management institutions is to make investment policy, arrangeinvestment priorities, optimize investment industry distribution and regional structure,establish the policy of foreign exchange regulations for use and talent and technology flow, etc; the south Korea government should further improve the investmentinsurance laws and regulations relating to financial support policy, make the enterpriseinsurance legal system and the financial support policy to the laws; increasing oftransnational management talents is the basic means to improve South Korea's laborproductivity, that is the need to make the South Korea companies to adapt to foreigndirect investment, and carry out transnational operation; The south Korea governmentis necessary to guidance overseas investment and improve aspects such as informationtechnology and investment information consulting for multinational companies,especially small and medium-sized enterprises, set up investment advisory agencies,help multinational companies to make overseas investment analysis and makeinvestment planning, thus strengthen the guide and service for the investment ofmultinational companies, etc.
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