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中国民生问题的财政投入研究
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摘要
解决中国的民生问题,需要对民生相关概念及其内涵进行研究,需要对国内外财政投入解决民生理论的发展及其相互关系进行研究,需要借鉴国外财政投入解决民生问题的好的做法,需要分析中国财政投入解决民生问题的不足以及应该采取的策略。只有这样,才能正确把握民生问题的发展规律,进一步提高民生工作的针对性和科学性。
     就民生的相关概念及其内涵而言,一是民生的概念和内涵。从理论和实践上来看,民生不仅包括公民的衣食住行等生存需求,还包括公民的自我发展需求、文化娱乐需求和环境美化等内容。当代中国经济的发展,民生问题已不再主要是解决温饱问题,而是追求更加富裕;不再主要是人的生存问题,而是人的自我实现;不再仅仅是利益的分配问题,而是制度上的保障。二是民生问题的范围、分类、性质和特点。民生问题是一个历史性的动态的概念,不同时代赋予它不同的内涵,当代中国的民生问题主要是就业、教育、分配、社保、医疗、环保等,其中每一个问题都有生存和发展的两个层次。当前,民生问题是老百姓如何共享社会发展的成果,在就业、教育、分配、社保、医疗、环保等方面得到更好的待遇的问题。民生问题的层次性也要求中国的经济发展应该更加注重老百姓的需求,维护老百姓的利益,促进老百姓的发展。三是民生财政。民生财政,具体而言就是在就业、教育、分配、社保、医疗、环保等与人们生活密切相关的民生支出占财政较大比例或主导地位的财政。民生财政理论与实践是一个不断发展的范畴,随着我国民生建设实践的不断发展,民生财政的内涵、外延将不断变化。
     就国内外民生财政理论的发展及其相互关系来看,首先,是马克思主义民生财政思想,马克思主义民生财政思想就是有关现实的个人的生计与生活、生存和发展的基本原理。其次,是近现代资本主义民生财政思想。近现代资本主义民生财政思想,是人类社会民生思想宝库中的重要组成部分,是人类社会的重要精神财富,为资本主义制度的巩固和发展,对资本主义民众生活的改善,对人类社会的进步都作出了重要的贡献。再次,中国特色社会主义民生财政思想是马克思主义中国化的产物,是马克思主义民生财政思想与中国具体国情相结合的理论创新成果,是一个不断发展的过程:从初步形成--毛泽东民生财政思想到创新发展----邓小平民生财政思想,再到不断丰富--江泽民民生财政思想,然后逐渐完善--胡锦涛的民生财政思想。
     从中国民生财政的现状来看,从总量上分析,民生财政投入与财政收入和支出的逐年增加呈现出变化的一致性;从结构上看,中国民生财政支出结构,随社会经济的快速发展和经济体制改革进程而出现不断的变化;从发展变化趋势进行分析,经济建设投资逐年下降,民生财政刚性增长。从2003-2012年的民生数据来看,中国民生财政的成就巨大:全国免费义务教育真正实现了;基本医疗卫生制度框架初步构建了;就业专项资金保障了就业促进政策有效落实;社会保障资金规模不断扩大;住房体系基本完善;保护生态环境,污染治理投资加强。
     在辉煌的成就面前,中国民生财政受到投入总量、结构、绩效、财政体制等因素的影响,中国民生财政也存在一些问题。这些问题的产生,与民生问题具有动态的特征有关,当前的中国,低层次的民生问题得到了一定程度的解决,较高层次的民生问题成为了当前面临的客观现实问题。
     在民生财政方面,中国可以借鉴国外典型国家财政投入解决民生问题的经验,美国、日本、德国、韩国。美国财政支出结构中,对医疗卫生领域的支出,对中国解决好民生问题具有重要的现实意义;德国的住房金融模式和房贷固定利率机制,为稳定房价提供了制度保障;借鉴日本的财政转移支付制度,对于缓解我国目前地区间财政不均衡状况意义重大,同时对于改善民生,加强民生财政建设意义重大;韩国的“新村运动”,对中国统筹城乡发展,注重民生的城镇化道路意义重大。美国、日本、德国、韩国的经验对中国民生财政思想的丰富和发展,对于中国更好地运用民生财政理论,解决好中国的民生问题具有重要的理论和现实意义。
     针对中国面临的民生现实,论文提出了相应的对策:财政支出必须依据民生需求的阶梯性和动态性,不断调整其结构以满足民生需求:适度增加民生财政投入规模,优化民生财政投入结构,提高民生财政投入绩效,构建科学的民生财政体制。需要对地方政府的有限资金进行合理的规划和控制,强化支出效益观念和改善民生的意识,合理配置财政资源,从而促进财政支出效益的提高,使老百姓充分享受经济社会发展成果。
In order to solve people’s livelihood-related issue in china, we need to studypeople’s livelihood-related concepts and connotations, research the theoreticaldevelopment of improving people’s well-being through financial investment at homeand abroad and their mutual relation, use the method of solving the people’s livelihoodissue through financial investment abroad for reference and analyze the defects ofsolving the people’s livelihood issue through financial investment in China andstrategies to be taken. Only in this way, can the regularities of the people’s livelihoodissue be mastered and consequently can the people’s livelihood work be more pertinentand scientific.
     As far as the related concepts and the connotations of the people’s livelihood areconcerned, there are three points. The first one is the concept and the connotation ofthe people’s livelihood. Besides the livelihood and the life of citizens, the people’slivelihood theoretically and practically includes the political needs, the cultural needsand the spiritual needs, and the life value, the health value and the dignity value and soon. In modern society, the people’s livelihood is not mainly about clothing and foodbut well-off, not mainly about people’s survival but people’s development in anall-around way, and not only about interest distribution but system guarantee. Thesecond one is the range, the classification, the property and the characteristic of thepeople’s livelihood issue. As a historical and dynamic concept, the people’s livelihoodissue has different connotations in different ages. In contemporary China, the people’slivelihood issue mainly includes employment, education, distribution, social security,heath care, environmental protection and the like with survival and development ineach problem. Currently, the people’s livelihood issue is how common people canshare the achievements of social development and how they can get better treatment inemployment, education, distribution, social security, heath care, environmentalprotection and the like. Because of the hierarchy characteristic of the people’slivelihood issue, the Chinese economic development should pay more attention oncommon people’s requirements, interests and development. The third one is thepeople's livelihood finance. Specifically speaking, the people's livelihood financerefers to the finance in which the expenditure for employment, education, distribution,social security, heath care, environmental protection and others related to people’s lifeaccounts for a large part or plays a dominant role in the entire financial expenditure. The people's livelihood finance is dynamic theoretically and practically. Theconnotation and the extension of the people's livelihood finance continuously changewith the development of China’s people's livelihood construction practice.
     As far as the development of the people's livelihood theories and their relationsat home and abroad are concerned, the first one should be Marxist people's livelihoodthought which is the fundamental principle about individual livelihood, life, survivaland development in reality. The second one is modern and contemporary capitalistpeople's livelihood thought which plays an important part in the people’s livelihoodthought treasury, is important spiritual wealth in human society and makes significantcontribution to the consolidation and development of capitalist system, theimprovement of capitalist common people’s life and the progress of human society.The third one is the socialist people's livelihood thought with Chinese characteristicswhich is the product of adapting Marxism to Chinese conditions, is the theoreticallyinnovative achievement of combining the Marxist people's livelihood thought withconditions in China and is a process developing continuously. As an initial stage, MaoZedong Thought of liberating people's livelihood is developed innovatively and thenDeng Xiaoping Theory of solving people's livelihood is formed which is enrichedfurther and gives rise to the Jiang Zemin important thought of Three Represents whichis perfected gradually and gives rise to Hu Jintao thought of scientific development andprotecting and improving people's livelihood.
     From the point of view of China’s people's livelihood finance current situation,the people's livelihood finance investment varies with the gradual increase of financialincome and expenditure in aggregate. From the point of view of structure, the people'slivelihood expenditure structure of China’s finance changes along with the rapiddevelopment of social economy and the reform process of economic system. From thepoint of view of development and change trend, economic construction investmentdeclines year by year and people's livelihood finance increases rigidly. According tothe people's livelihood data from2003to2012, the China’s people's livelihood financemakes great achievements. Free compulsory education is realized throughout thecountry; the framework of basic medical treatment and public health system is builtinitially; special employment fund ensures employment promoting polices to becarried out effectively; social security fund is increased gradually; housing system isimproved basically; and the investment for protecting environment and controllingpollution is increased. Although great achievements are made, China’s people’s livelihood finance is affected by investment total amount, structure, performance,financial system and the like; therefore some problems still exist in China’s people’slivelihood finance. These problems are related to the dynamic characteristic of thepeople’s livelihood issue. In China, the people’s livelihood issue at lower level issolved to a certain extent, but that at higher level still exists in realities.
     China can draw lessons from other typical countries on how to solve people’slivelihood issue through financial investment, such as America, Japan, Germany andSouth Korea. In America’s financial expenditure structure, the expenditure in medicaltreatment and public health area is practically significant for China to solve thepeople’s livelihood issue. Germany’s housing financial model and fixed rate mortgagesystem provide system guarantee for stabilizing housing price. Japan’s Finance transferpayment system is significant for China to relieve the financial imbalance among areas,to improve people’s well-off and to strengthen people’s livelihood financialconstruction at the same time. South Korea’s “new village movement” is of greatsignificance for china to carry out overall urban and rural development and emphasizethe urbanization of people’s livelihood. Experiences from America, Japan, Germanyand South Korea are theoretically and practically significant for enriching anddeveloping people’s livelihood thought, applying people’s livelihood theory better andsolving the people’s livelihood issue in China.
     Aiming at the people’s livelihood reality in China, this paper proposescorresponding solutions which include adjusting the structure of financial expenditureaccording to the hierarchical and dynamic characteristics of people’s livelihood needsin order to meet the people’s livelihood needs, properly increasing financial people’slivelihood investment, optimizing financial people’s livelihood investment structure,improving financial people’s livelihood investment performance and constructingscientific people’s livelihood finance system. We should properly plan and control thelimited fund of local governments, intensify expenditure benefit concept and improvepeople’s livelihood awareness, allocate finance resources rationally, and consequentlyimprove financial expenditure benefit and ensure that common people can share thedevelopment achievements of economic society to the full.
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    [2]中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部网站:http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/
    [3]中华人民共和国民政部网站:http://www.mca.gov.cn/
    [4]中华人民共和国国家统计局网站:http://www.stats.gov.cn/
    [5]中国共产党新闻网:http://cpc.people.com.cn/
    [6]中国人大新闻网:http://npe.people.corn.cn/
    [7]马克思主义研究网:http://myy.cass.cn/
    [8]光明网一理论频道:http://theory.gmw.cn/
    [9]人民网一理论频道:http://theory.people.com.cn/GB/index.html
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