美国资本主义之文化属性
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摘要
美国文明又被称为“经济文明”或“商业文明”，经济要素与文化元素相互作用、相互影响，这一过程贯穿美国资本主义发展史。作为核心文化元素之一，身份认同参与见证并记录下文化与经济间之互动状况。本文运用历史-文化研究方法，结合经济社会学理论，以身份认同为视角，探寻并诠释美国资本主义之文化特质及其成因。本文着重指出，资本主义作为一个社会体系，不仅包含经济结构，而且具有文化内涵。历史、经济、文化和心理交织构建出独具特色的美国资本主义。本文重点阐释身份认同之历史功能，突出文化身份在美国经济增长中之作用及影响。本文基于文化机体论与历史特殊论原则，将美国经济置于历史-文化领域进行分析与考量，对美国资本主义展开多维度、深层次的观察和剖析。只有深入理解美国资本主义之真正内涵，才有可能发现其发展之内在逻辑与特点。
本文一方面驳斥了当代主流经济学家“文化最微不足道”、“身份认同是个模糊概念”等观点，依据史实分析和逻辑推论证明，不仅美国人的经济行为有着明显的价值体系塑造痕迹，包括美国身份认同及制度在内的文化要素也在很大程度上影响着美国资本主义的发展方向及经济增长空间。另一方面，本文也驳斥了“文化几乎改变一切”的文化决定论思维，并指出，文化可以改进但无法真正替代市场经济之内在动力，而文化心理则极易受经济状况之影响而发生改变。对于经济而言，文化之积极意义主要体现在通过互动而建立起与经济发展之共同相关性，为经济增长集聚社会合力，对经济要素施与修正及制衡；文化的消极影响则主要表现在拖延甚至阻碍经济发展，以及使企业及商家丧失发展积极性方面。就当前美国经济危机而言，其在一定程度上源于全球化生态下的美国经济与美国文化间之“脱序”。美国经济现在急需将技术进步与专业化高效所带来的积极成果回报社会；美国文化则必须要在“苏格拉底式参与”和“笛卡尔式分离”间尽快作出选择。要改变这种经济与文化之间各自为战的局面，就要重新恢复经济与文化间之共同相关性，以使美国资本主义朝着“良好发展”的方向前行。在良好发展的社会氛围中，经济发展适度而有序。由此，建立民主身份认同是当前要务。不同于“碎片化身份认同”，“民主身份认同”是建立在社会交往与爱心的基础之上，因此更加稳固、真实，也更具人文关怀。回归社会秩序后的身份认同将成为联通经济与文化间的桥梁，为美国资本主义顺利前行铺平道路。
由此，本文强调指出，经济与文化是美国资本主义这枚硬币的两面，两者共同赋予这枚硬币以功能及意义。经济与文化“和”则资本主义发展，“失和”则发展停滞或陷入危机。要正确认识和诠释资本主义，就应该从经济和文化两方面着手。双管齐下，我们将有可能分析并诠释美国资本主义之特质。最后，本文尤其指出，美国资本主义体系建立在根植于其中的文化元素与经济要素间的历史性、结构性互动基础之上，由此而形成的特殊文化属性决定了美国资本主义难以成为社会发展之普世性标准与模式。
American civilization can be in truth an “economic civilization” or “businesscivilization”. Culture and economy interact throughout the history of capitalistdevelopment in America, forging different American identity at a given time. As theinteraction evolves over the time, identity, correspondingly, also takes a new form,witnessing and manifesting the interacting forces of economy and culture. The presentdissertation is an attempt to explore and interpret the cultural attributes of AmericanCapitalism from the perspective of identity. This dissertation adopts acultural-historical approach, coupled with theories of economic sociology. It arguesthat “capitalism” defines not only a country’s economic structure, but also its culturalcontents. Just as a nation has its own identity, so does its economic system have itsown uniqueness that defines what it is. The dissertation points out that history,economy, culture and psychology interweaved in the making of American Capitalism.In particular, it highlights the historical function of American identity in the processesof economic growth. Guided by principles of Cultural Organicism and HistoricalParticularism, it examines and analyzes American economy in the historical-culturalcontext, interptreting American Capitalism from multi-dimensional approaches anddissecting it by looking into its deep-rooted underpinning forces for its rapid growth.The central thrust of this dissertation is that only when we find out the undergirdingpower of culture operating in a capitalist system like the one in the US, can wepossibly appreciate and indeed fully understand the American Capitalism, thecharacter and logic of its successful development, so far at least.
To this end, the dissertation, on the one hand, argues against such assertationthat “culture is the least important” or “identity is a fuzzy concept”, held by currentmainstream economists. To prove this point, the dissertation relies on historical factsand the method of logical inference to demonstrate that not only has Americans’economic behavior been significantly shaped by values, but its economic orientation and capacity have been considerably influenced by American identity and value-basedinstitutions. At the same time, however, the dissertation refutes the notion propergatedby cultural determinists that “culture makes almost all the difference”, or “culturaldeterminer”, arguing that no matter how important culture is, it, in any economy,shapes rather than replace, much less determine, the underlying forces of a marketeconomy. In any economy, the positive effects of culture lie in its co-relativity toeconomic development, helping to harness all possible social forces to drive thegrowth of economy. Its negative effect is to stall or even deter the growth of economy,dampening any potential enthusiasm for entrepreneurship. To some extent, the currenteconomic troubles can be ascribed to the fact that in America, while the spread ofdiversity paralleled the triumph of New Economy in the1990s, these two forces travelon different tracks. On the one hand, American culture is at a crossroad: SocraticEngagement or Cartesian Detachment. On the other hand, what American Capitalismneeds now is help in integrating and synthesizing into a more comprehensive wholethe exponential increases brought about by technological advances and specialization.The co-relativity between economy and culture is essential to gooddevelopment—people have reasons for happiness and doing so under the condition ofjustice. A society that succeeds in terms of good development will naturally have justthe perfect rate of economic growth. To resume that co-relativity, democratic identityis the crux of the situation. As democratic identity comes through social attachmentand love under the condition of justice, it, compared with fragmented identity, will bemore solid, genuine, and humane. Therefore, the democratic identity may bridge thegap between economy and culture, so as to pave the way for capitalist development inAmerica.
In conclusion, the dissertation argues that economy and culture are the two sidesof the coin of capitalism, and only when they function on a parallel with each other,can it, to use a metaphor, sail smoothly. In this light, the right approach to theunderstanding and interpretation of American Capitalism is and must be twofold atleast, one economic and the other cultural. And in the process of this twofoldapproach, we shall be able to discern and find out the identity of American Capitalism. Finally, it points out that since American Capitalism has been shaped and constructed,among other things, by economic elements and cultural factors embedded in its socialstructure, its unique cultural attributes can not be “exported” to the world as universalvalues, and, by extension, American Capitalism can not be patterned upon by othercountries in the world as the model of capitalist system.
本文一方面驳斥了当代主流经济学家“文化最微不足道”、“身份认同是个模糊概念”等观点，依据史实分析和逻辑推论证明，不仅美国人的经济行为有着明显的价值体系塑造痕迹，包括美国身份认同及制度在内的文化要素也在很大程度上影响着美国资本主义的发展方向及经济增长空间。另一方面，本文也驳斥了“文化几乎改变一切”的文化决定论思维，并指出，文化可以改进但无法真正替代市场经济之内在动力，而文化心理则极易受经济状况之影响而发生改变。对于经济而言，文化之积极意义主要体现在通过互动而建立起与经济发展之共同相关性，为经济增长集聚社会合力，对经济要素施与修正及制衡；文化的消极影响则主要表现在拖延甚至阻碍经济发展，以及使企业及商家丧失发展积极性方面。就当前美国经济危机而言，其在一定程度上源于全球化生态下的美国经济与美国文化间之“脱序”。美国经济现在急需将技术进步与专业化高效所带来的积极成果回报社会；美国文化则必须要在“苏格拉底式参与”和“笛卡尔式分离”间尽快作出选择。要改变这种经济与文化之间各自为战的局面，就要重新恢复经济与文化间之共同相关性，以使美国资本主义朝着“良好发展”的方向前行。在良好发展的社会氛围中，经济发展适度而有序。由此，建立民主身份认同是当前要务。不同于“碎片化身份认同”，“民主身份认同”是建立在社会交往与爱心的基础之上，因此更加稳固、真实，也更具人文关怀。回归社会秩序后的身份认同将成为联通经济与文化间的桥梁，为美国资本主义顺利前行铺平道路。
由此，本文强调指出，经济与文化是美国资本主义这枚硬币的两面，两者共同赋予这枚硬币以功能及意义。经济与文化“和”则资本主义发展，“失和”则发展停滞或陷入危机。要正确认识和诠释资本主义，就应该从经济和文化两方面着手。双管齐下，我们将有可能分析并诠释美国资本主义之特质。最后，本文尤其指出，美国资本主义体系建立在根植于其中的文化元素与经济要素间的历史性、结构性互动基础之上，由此而形成的特殊文化属性决定了美国资本主义难以成为社会发展之普世性标准与模式。
American civilization can be in truth an “economic civilization” or “businesscivilization”. Culture and economy interact throughout the history of capitalistdevelopment in America, forging different American identity at a given time. As theinteraction evolves over the time, identity, correspondingly, also takes a new form,witnessing and manifesting the interacting forces of economy and culture. The presentdissertation is an attempt to explore and interpret the cultural attributes of AmericanCapitalism from the perspective of identity. This dissertation adopts acultural-historical approach, coupled with theories of economic sociology. It arguesthat “capitalism” defines not only a country’s economic structure, but also its culturalcontents. Just as a nation has its own identity, so does its economic system have itsown uniqueness that defines what it is. The dissertation points out that history,economy, culture and psychology interweaved in the making of American Capitalism.In particular, it highlights the historical function of American identity in the processesof economic growth. Guided by principles of Cultural Organicism and HistoricalParticularism, it examines and analyzes American economy in the historical-culturalcontext, interptreting American Capitalism from multi-dimensional approaches anddissecting it by looking into its deep-rooted underpinning forces for its rapid growth.The central thrust of this dissertation is that only when we find out the undergirdingpower of culture operating in a capitalist system like the one in the US, can wepossibly appreciate and indeed fully understand the American Capitalism, thecharacter and logic of its successful development, so far at least.
To this end, the dissertation, on the one hand, argues against such assertationthat “culture is the least important” or “identity is a fuzzy concept”, held by currentmainstream economists. To prove this point, the dissertation relies on historical factsand the method of logical inference to demonstrate that not only has Americans’economic behavior been significantly shaped by values, but its economic orientation and capacity have been considerably influenced by American identity and value-basedinstitutions. At the same time, however, the dissertation refutes the notion propergatedby cultural determinists that “culture makes almost all the difference”, or “culturaldeterminer”, arguing that no matter how important culture is, it, in any economy,shapes rather than replace, much less determine, the underlying forces of a marketeconomy. In any economy, the positive effects of culture lie in its co-relativity toeconomic development, helping to harness all possible social forces to drive thegrowth of economy. Its negative effect is to stall or even deter the growth of economy,dampening any potential enthusiasm for entrepreneurship. To some extent, the currenteconomic troubles can be ascribed to the fact that in America, while the spread ofdiversity paralleled the triumph of New Economy in the1990s, these two forces travelon different tracks. On the one hand, American culture is at a crossroad: SocraticEngagement or Cartesian Detachment. On the other hand, what American Capitalismneeds now is help in integrating and synthesizing into a more comprehensive wholethe exponential increases brought about by technological advances and specialization.The co-relativity between economy and culture is essential to gooddevelopment—people have reasons for happiness and doing so under the condition ofjustice. A society that succeeds in terms of good development will naturally have justthe perfect rate of economic growth. To resume that co-relativity, democratic identityis the crux of the situation. As democratic identity comes through social attachmentand love under the condition of justice, it, compared with fragmented identity, will bemore solid, genuine, and humane. Therefore, the democratic identity may bridge thegap between economy and culture, so as to pave the way for capitalist development inAmerica.
In conclusion, the dissertation argues that economy and culture are the two sidesof the coin of capitalism, and only when they function on a parallel with each other,can it, to use a metaphor, sail smoothly. In this light, the right approach to theunderstanding and interpretation of American Capitalism is and must be twofold atleast, one economic and the other cultural. And in the process of this twofoldapproach, we shall be able to discern and find out the identity of American Capitalism. Finally, it points out that since American Capitalism has been shaped and constructed,among other things, by economic elements and cultural factors embedded in its socialstructure, its unique cultural attributes can not be “exported” to the world as universalvalues, and, by extension, American Capitalism can not be patterned upon by othercountries in the world as the model of capitalist system.
引文
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“这是我的占领”——透视“占领华尔街”标语中的美国社会http://news.sina.com.cn/z/zlhejceby/index.shtml
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