长白山牛皮杜鹃的遗传多样性与分子亲缘地理学研究
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摘要
牛皮杜鹃（Rhododendron aureum Georgi或者Rhododendron chrysanthumPall），为多年生常绿小灌木，属杜鹃花科（Ericaceae），常绿杜鹃亚属，主要分布于长白山高山苔原带及岳桦林下，是长白山苔原生态系统的优势种。由于长白山特殊的地理条件，一定的海拔梯度和历史上的火山活动，为探讨牛皮杜鹃当今遗传变异分布格局及其成因，长白山特殊的地质历史活动对牛皮杜鹃进化历史及当今该物种的地理分布格局的研究提供了条件。
本论文采用ISSR和RAPD分子标记技术揭示长白山海拔梯度造成的生境差异对牛皮杜鹃遗传多样性和遗传结构的影响。同时利用cpDNA trnL-trnF片段的序列变异研究火山活动对牛皮杜鹃进化历史及地理分布的影响。
主要结果如下：
1.利用ISSR和RAPD分子标记研究了长白山北坡4个不同海拔的牛皮杜鹃自然居群的遗传多样性及遗传结构。分别用10个ISSR引物和7个RAPD引物扩增66个牛皮杜鹃个体的DNA。10个ISSR引物共检测到183个位点，多态位点百分数（PPB）达到87.43%，Shannon's信息指数（I）为0.4593；7个RAPD引物共检测到124个位点，多态位点百分数（PPB）达到95.16%，Shannon's信息指数（I）为0.4794。两种分子标记方法都揭示该物种具有较高的遗传多样性水平，且随着海拔梯度由低到高而增大。Nei's遗传结构（GST，0.3652in ISSR和0.2511in RAPD）和分子变异分析（AMOVA）的结果均表明大部分的遗传变异分布在居群内（61.96%in ISSR和70.23%in RAPD），小部分的遗传变异分布在居群间，不同海拔居群间出现了一定程度的遗传分化。通过遗传分化系数GST估计的基因流分别为0.8690（ISSR）and1.4910（RAPD）。基于ISSR和RAPD分子标记的UPGMA聚类分析结果表明来自于同一居群的所有个体都聚在一起，来自于中海拔的2个居群（TYD2a和YHLa）总是聚在一起。为了进一步研究海拔梯度对牛皮杜鹃居群的影响，利用ISSR分子标记技术，分别比较了来自3组相同海拔的各2个牛皮杜鹃居群，发现它们之间具有相似的遗传多样性水平和较低水平的遗传分化。如来自2,300米海拔的两个居群TYD2a和TYD2b，多态位点百分数（PPB）分别为68.31%和69.40%，Shannon's信息指数（I）分别为0.3619和0.3642；其遗传分化系数GST为0.1263，远低于海拔间的居群（GST为0.3652）。位于2,000米海拔的两个居群YHLa和YHLb间遗传分化水平更低（GST为0.0814），且不同海拔居群间的遗传分化水平虽海拔而增高。所有实验数据表明，除了繁殖策略之外，长白山当地的地理环境对牛皮杜鹃居群遗传多样性和遗传结构的塑造起了重要的作用。恶劣的高山环境可能赋予牛皮杜鹃居群更高的遗传多样性，同时高水平的遗传变异增强了牛皮杜鹃适应环境变化的能力。
2.在长白山北坡采集10个牛皮杜鹃自然居群共135个个体，扩增cpDNA的trnL-trnF片段并进行双向测序，比对后的序列长度为909bp，一共检测出9个多态位点，鉴定出5个cpDNA单倍型（Hap A-Hap E）。其中单倍型Hap A为古老单倍型，96%的牛皮杜鹃个体都享有此单倍型，其在长白山的低、中和高海拔地区都广泛存在。单倍型Hap B和Hap C是高海拔居群的特有单倍型；单倍型Hap D分布在中低海拔；Hap E只出现在低海拔地区。在物种水平上，牛皮杜鹃叶绿体核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性水平普遍较低，平均水平分别为0.2×10-3和0.087。AMOVA分析结果表明94.79%的变异发生在居群内，5.21%的变异发生在居群间，群体间的遗传分化处于较低的水平（FST=0.05206, P <0.001）。单倍型的系统发育分析结果显示5个单倍型聚为一支，这可能是由于火山活动，使牛皮杜鹃经历的种内分化时间较短，还没有足够的时间形成各自的支系，但是在同一支系中，分支的长短不同，说明各单倍型分化时间有差异。在10个居群划分的三个地理组中，低海拔组具有相对高的单倍型多样性，且中低海拔组除了共享单倍型Hap A之外，还共享单倍型Hap D，由此推断低海拔地区可能是长白山千年大喷发后北坡牛皮杜鹃的起源。较低的单倍型和核苷酸多态性，Tajima’s D值，Fu’s D*和F*值均为显著的负值以及星状的单倍型网络图都支持这样一个北坡牛皮杜鹃的群体进化历史：在火山喷发后其经历了从低海拔向高海拔的近期扩张过程，在此过程中可能遭遇了瓶颈效应。
Rhododendron aureum Georgi (syn. R. chrysanthum Pall.), a family ofEricaceae, is a perennial evergreen dwarf shrub inhabiting the alpine tundra and theBetula ermanii population ecotone of Changbai Mountain. It has become thedominant species of the tundra ecosystem in this area. Based on the rich geographicvariation from the low to high elevations on Changbai mountain, we discussed theinfluence of the altitudinal gradient (environmental stress) on the spatial distributionof genetic variations and the genetic structure of this species using ISSR and RAPDmarkers. Based on the special history of volcanic eruption, we discussed theinfluence of volcanic events on the evolutionary processes and geographicaldistribution of R. aureum located on the north slope using the genealogicalinformation obtained from cpDNA trnL-trnF sequences.
The main results are listed as following:
1. We used ISSR and RAPD markers to describe the diversity and geneticstructure within and among four natural populations located at different altitudes onnorth slope of Changbai Mountain. DNA from66individuals was amplified with tenISSR markers and seven RAPD markers. Ten ISSR primers generated183bandswith87.43%(160) polymorphic fragments. Seven RAPD primers produced124bands. Among the total number of bands,95.16%(118) were polymorphicfragments. Shannon's information index (I) was0.4593in ISSR and0.4794inRAPD. High genetic diversity was observed by these two techniques at the specieslevel. The genetic diversity of populations increased with altitudinal gradients fromlow to high. The coefficient of gene differentiation (GST,0.3652in ISSR and0.2511 in RAPD) and AMOVA analysis revealed that most genetic diversity wasdistributed within populations (61.96%in ISSR and70.23%in RAPD). The estimateof gene flow based on GSTwas0.8690in ISSR and1.4910in RAPD. The UPGMAclustering results using ISSR and RAPD showed that all individuals from the samealtitude were gathered together, and the two populations (TYD2a and YHLa) frommiddle altitudes always clustered together. Compared with populations fromdifferent altitudes, similar genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation wereobtained from populations at the same altitudes, as revealed by ISSR markers. Forinstance, two indexes of I and PPB indicated that the two populations at the2,300maltitude had similar genetic variation (0.3619and68.31%in TYD2a;0.3642and69.40%in TYD2b). The two populations (TYD2a and TYD2b) at the same altitudeexhibited a higher Nm (3.4595) and a lower differentiation (GST,0.1263). Thegenetic differentiation of populations increased with altitudinal gradients from lowto high (GST,0.0814,0.1263and0.1771). In addition to the reproductive strategy ofR. aureum, these data highlight that local environmental conditions may play animportant role in shaping the diversity and genetic structure of this species. Thegeneral increase in genetic diversity coincided with environmental stress. Themaintenance of genetic variation subject to environmental stress is of primeimportance in maintaining genetic diversity in natural populations because differentgenotypes display varying fitness under different environmental stresses. Highgenetic diversity can serve as the internal driving force allowing R. aureum toimprove its ecological tolerance and facilitate its adaptation along altitudinalgradients.
2. We examined135individuals from10populations of R. aureum via thesequencing of the trnL-trnF region of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). A total of909base pairs (bp), including9polymorphic sites, were sequenced, and5haplotypeswere identified. The ancestral haplotype A was the most common haplotype and wasshared in all populations (96%of R. aureum share the same haplotype A). Privatehaplotypes B and C were fixed in populations from high altitudes. Haplotype D were shared in populations from low and middle altitudes. Haplotype E was occurred onlyin population from low altitude. The nucleotide diversity and the haplotype diversityof cpDNA were generally low at the species level. The population differentiationwas relatively low in this species (FST=0.05206, P <0.001), as revealed by ananalysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The results of the construction of aneighbor-joining tree showed that5haplotypes did not form lineages that weredistinct from each other due to the short evolutionary history related to the eruptions.The haplotype diversity was slightly higher in R. aureum occurring at low altitudesthan at the middle and high altitudes. A low-altitude area could represent the originalcolonization site of R. aureum following a volcanic eruption on the north slope. Oneprobable demographic historical scenario is that R. aureum might undergone recentpopulation expansion from low altitudes to high altitudes following bottleneckevents influenced by volcanic activity of Changbai Mountain. This conclusion wassupported by the combined findings of low haplotype diversity, low nucleotidediversity, significant Tajima’s D and Fu and Li’s D*values, and a star-likephylogeny of haplotypes.
本论文采用ISSR和RAPD分子标记技术揭示长白山海拔梯度造成的生境差异对牛皮杜鹃遗传多样性和遗传结构的影响。同时利用cpDNA trnL-trnF片段的序列变异研究火山活动对牛皮杜鹃进化历史及地理分布的影响。
主要结果如下：
1.利用ISSR和RAPD分子标记研究了长白山北坡4个不同海拔的牛皮杜鹃自然居群的遗传多样性及遗传结构。分别用10个ISSR引物和7个RAPD引物扩增66个牛皮杜鹃个体的DNA。10个ISSR引物共检测到183个位点，多态位点百分数（PPB）达到87.43%，Shannon's信息指数（I）为0.4593；7个RAPD引物共检测到124个位点，多态位点百分数（PPB）达到95.16%，Shannon's信息指数（I）为0.4794。两种分子标记方法都揭示该物种具有较高的遗传多样性水平，且随着海拔梯度由低到高而增大。Nei's遗传结构（GST，0.3652in ISSR和0.2511in RAPD）和分子变异分析（AMOVA）的结果均表明大部分的遗传变异分布在居群内（61.96%in ISSR和70.23%in RAPD），小部分的遗传变异分布在居群间，不同海拔居群间出现了一定程度的遗传分化。通过遗传分化系数GST估计的基因流分别为0.8690（ISSR）and1.4910（RAPD）。基于ISSR和RAPD分子标记的UPGMA聚类分析结果表明来自于同一居群的所有个体都聚在一起，来自于中海拔的2个居群（TYD2a和YHLa）总是聚在一起。为了进一步研究海拔梯度对牛皮杜鹃居群的影响，利用ISSR分子标记技术，分别比较了来自3组相同海拔的各2个牛皮杜鹃居群，发现它们之间具有相似的遗传多样性水平和较低水平的遗传分化。如来自2,300米海拔的两个居群TYD2a和TYD2b，多态位点百分数（PPB）分别为68.31%和69.40%，Shannon's信息指数（I）分别为0.3619和0.3642；其遗传分化系数GST为0.1263，远低于海拔间的居群（GST为0.3652）。位于2,000米海拔的两个居群YHLa和YHLb间遗传分化水平更低（GST为0.0814），且不同海拔居群间的遗传分化水平虽海拔而增高。所有实验数据表明，除了繁殖策略之外，长白山当地的地理环境对牛皮杜鹃居群遗传多样性和遗传结构的塑造起了重要的作用。恶劣的高山环境可能赋予牛皮杜鹃居群更高的遗传多样性，同时高水平的遗传变异增强了牛皮杜鹃适应环境变化的能力。
2.在长白山北坡采集10个牛皮杜鹃自然居群共135个个体，扩增cpDNA的trnL-trnF片段并进行双向测序，比对后的序列长度为909bp，一共检测出9个多态位点，鉴定出5个cpDNA单倍型（Hap A-Hap E）。其中单倍型Hap A为古老单倍型，96%的牛皮杜鹃个体都享有此单倍型，其在长白山的低、中和高海拔地区都广泛存在。单倍型Hap B和Hap C是高海拔居群的特有单倍型；单倍型Hap D分布在中低海拔；Hap E只出现在低海拔地区。在物种水平上，牛皮杜鹃叶绿体核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性水平普遍较低，平均水平分别为0.2×10-3和0.087。AMOVA分析结果表明94.79%的变异发生在居群内，5.21%的变异发生在居群间，群体间的遗传分化处于较低的水平（FST=0.05206, P <0.001）。单倍型的系统发育分析结果显示5个单倍型聚为一支，这可能是由于火山活动，使牛皮杜鹃经历的种内分化时间较短，还没有足够的时间形成各自的支系，但是在同一支系中，分支的长短不同，说明各单倍型分化时间有差异。在10个居群划分的三个地理组中，低海拔组具有相对高的单倍型多样性，且中低海拔组除了共享单倍型Hap A之外，还共享单倍型Hap D，由此推断低海拔地区可能是长白山千年大喷发后北坡牛皮杜鹃的起源。较低的单倍型和核苷酸多态性，Tajima’s D值，Fu’s D*和F*值均为显著的负值以及星状的单倍型网络图都支持这样一个北坡牛皮杜鹃的群体进化历史：在火山喷发后其经历了从低海拔向高海拔的近期扩张过程，在此过程中可能遭遇了瓶颈效应。
Rhododendron aureum Georgi (syn. R. chrysanthum Pall.), a family ofEricaceae, is a perennial evergreen dwarf shrub inhabiting the alpine tundra and theBetula ermanii population ecotone of Changbai Mountain. It has become thedominant species of the tundra ecosystem in this area. Based on the rich geographicvariation from the low to high elevations on Changbai mountain, we discussed theinfluence of the altitudinal gradient (environmental stress) on the spatial distributionof genetic variations and the genetic structure of this species using ISSR and RAPDmarkers. Based on the special history of volcanic eruption, we discussed theinfluence of volcanic events on the evolutionary processes and geographicaldistribution of R. aureum located on the north slope using the genealogicalinformation obtained from cpDNA trnL-trnF sequences.
The main results are listed as following:
1. We used ISSR and RAPD markers to describe the diversity and geneticstructure within and among four natural populations located at different altitudes onnorth slope of Changbai Mountain. DNA from66individuals was amplified with tenISSR markers and seven RAPD markers. Ten ISSR primers generated183bandswith87.43%(160) polymorphic fragments. Seven RAPD primers produced124bands. Among the total number of bands,95.16%(118) were polymorphicfragments. Shannon's information index (I) was0.4593in ISSR and0.4794inRAPD. High genetic diversity was observed by these two techniques at the specieslevel. The genetic diversity of populations increased with altitudinal gradients fromlow to high. The coefficient of gene differentiation (GST,0.3652in ISSR and0.2511 in RAPD) and AMOVA analysis revealed that most genetic diversity wasdistributed within populations (61.96%in ISSR and70.23%in RAPD). The estimateof gene flow based on GSTwas0.8690in ISSR and1.4910in RAPD. The UPGMAclustering results using ISSR and RAPD showed that all individuals from the samealtitude were gathered together, and the two populations (TYD2a and YHLa) frommiddle altitudes always clustered together. Compared with populations fromdifferent altitudes, similar genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation wereobtained from populations at the same altitudes, as revealed by ISSR markers. Forinstance, two indexes of I and PPB indicated that the two populations at the2,300maltitude had similar genetic variation (0.3619and68.31%in TYD2a;0.3642and69.40%in TYD2b). The two populations (TYD2a and TYD2b) at the same altitudeexhibited a higher Nm (3.4595) and a lower differentiation (GST,0.1263). Thegenetic differentiation of populations increased with altitudinal gradients from lowto high (GST,0.0814,0.1263and0.1771). In addition to the reproductive strategy ofR. aureum, these data highlight that local environmental conditions may play animportant role in shaping the diversity and genetic structure of this species. Thegeneral increase in genetic diversity coincided with environmental stress. Themaintenance of genetic variation subject to environmental stress is of primeimportance in maintaining genetic diversity in natural populations because differentgenotypes display varying fitness under different environmental stresses. Highgenetic diversity can serve as the internal driving force allowing R. aureum toimprove its ecological tolerance and facilitate its adaptation along altitudinalgradients.
2. We examined135individuals from10populations of R. aureum via thesequencing of the trnL-trnF region of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). A total of909base pairs (bp), including9polymorphic sites, were sequenced, and5haplotypeswere identified. The ancestral haplotype A was the most common haplotype and wasshared in all populations (96%of R. aureum share the same haplotype A). Privatehaplotypes B and C were fixed in populations from high altitudes. Haplotype D were shared in populations from low and middle altitudes. Haplotype E was occurred onlyin population from low altitude. The nucleotide diversity and the haplotype diversityof cpDNA were generally low at the species level. The population differentiationwas relatively low in this species (FST=0.05206, P <0.001), as revealed by ananalysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The results of the construction of aneighbor-joining tree showed that5haplotypes did not form lineages that weredistinct from each other due to the short evolutionary history related to the eruptions.The haplotype diversity was slightly higher in R. aureum occurring at low altitudesthan at the middle and high altitudes. A low-altitude area could represent the originalcolonization site of R. aureum following a volcanic eruption on the north slope. Oneprobable demographic historical scenario is that R. aureum might undergone recentpopulation expansion from low altitudes to high altitudes following bottleneckevents influenced by volcanic activity of Changbai Mountain. This conclusion wassupported by the combined findings of low haplotype diversity, low nucleotidediversity, significant Tajima’s D and Fu and Li’s D*values, and a star-likephylogeny of haplotypes.
引文
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